Cybercrime Unit Research Articles

Influence of cyber violence and online victimization on cognitive development of female students from Pakistani higher education institutions

PurposeCyber violence is a global emerging issue which is growing with technology or online spaces, having a great influence on individual’s development. The purpose of this study is to identify the dominant factors of cyber violence and its influence on the cognitive development of female undergraduate students.Design/methodology/approachIn this quantitative study, a questionnaire is used as a data collection tool. Moreover, this research is conducted on female undergraduate students (n = 300). Whereas, the purposive sampling technique is used and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 27.0) software is used to analyze the data.FindingsThe findings of this study show that cyber bullying is the dominant factor of cyber violence, whereas cyber doxxing has high influence on cognitive development of female undergraduate students. In addition, the value of correlational coefficient is 0.683, which indicates a strong positive correlation. Therefore, it supports that the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study are of great importance for policymakers to update the regulations for cyber violence and provide the protection laws for victims whereas it is helpful for the investigation agencies and cybercrime units to be more active and needs to take immediate actions on reported incidents to minimize its further spread and support victims of it. Also, it helps society to understand the influence of it on cognitive health, which helps them to create a safer environment. Similarly, parents and teachers need to make a safe and comfortable environment around children and keep an eye on them. Further, it is beneficial for companies or online platforms to keep their sites or apps more secure for the users. Moreover, future research studies could expand the topic by involving different genders and age group peoples by using different methodologies to explore in depth.Originality/valueThis study is unique as there are limited studies, which identify the factor of cyber violence and its influence on cognitive development. Also, fewer studies can be seen in the context of Pakistan.

Expertise Integration in Cybercrime Policing: Exploring Civilian Career Lifecycles

ABSTRACT This study examines the internal dynamics and composition of federal police cybercrime units with a focus on civilianization. The study is based on interviews with 56 sworn and civilian (unsworn) members of two federal law enforcement organizations located in two of the Five Eyes countries. Both police organizations had a significant number of civilian employees in their cybercrime units and were in the process of actively recruiting more. The findings relate to civilianization across four domains: organizational design and structure; recruitment and remuneration; education and training; and attrition and retention. These four (interrelated) domains were identified as core organizational challenges that impacted the capacity of police cybercrime units to optimally harness civilian expertise to enhance cybercrime capability. Our study finds widespread support for civilianization within federal police cybercrime units as an approach to improving capability but highlights several challenges for police organizations across the civilian career lifecycle. The main challenges relate to recruitment and retention. A much broader tension relates to how police organizations remunerate sworn and civilian employees and provide opportunities for career advancement. There is an increasing need for new policy solutions to this issue as police organizations continue to adapt to evolving cybercrime challenges.

The Role of Computer Technologies in Structuring Evidence Gathering in Cybercrime Investigations: A Qualitative Analysis

In recent decades, law enforcement agencies have increasingly prioritized cybercrime investigations, as evinced by the growing adoption of specialized cybercrime units and personnel. A burgeoning literature has emerged which examines cybercrime units and investigators. Yet, little attention has been given to the role of computers in shaping these investigations. This study addresses this gap through an analysis of qualitative interviews with 47 cybercrime investigative personnel including sworn detectives, civilian analysts, and unit administrators. This analysis confirms and extends prior research by exploring challenges presented by computers to cybercrime investigations including issues surrounding anonymization, encryption, jurisdiction, caseloads, backlogs, data volume, eliciting data from electronic service providers, and the ever-changing technological landscape. Also considered are the advantages offered by such technologies for cybercrime investigations. Computer and network technologies facilitate undercover investigations, provide easy access to global networks and databases, and supply large quantities of evidence to help secure convictions. Finally, this study considers elements of cybercrime investigations not supplanted by computer databases, automation, or network systems. Directions for future research and policy implications are considered.

Penegakan Hukum Kejahatan Carding dengan Modus Wiretapping di Polda Jawa Timur

Modernization in the field of financial transactions is the modernization of new criminal modes, this can occur because the electronic financial transaction network system creates a blemish that can be exploited by every cyber crime actor. In this case, it is the carding perpetrator, the carding crime has also undergone a revolution in accordance with the development of the financial transaction system, of course in this era of electronic banking, the crime of carding also uses the internet network system. Wiretapping is done by tapping credit card transactions through a communication network. there are problems faced in law enforcement of Carding wiretapping crime. In this case, the author is interested in exploring more clearly related to how the cyber crime unit of the East Java Police in carrying out law enforcement for carding crimes. This study uses a normative juridical approach, in order to examine legal protection for victims of carding crime, so that later it produces a descriptive conclusion. The implementation of law enforcement is carried out by means of members of the Cyber Team of the Ditreskrimsus Polda Jatim conducting investigations in the form of cyber patrol activities against perpetrators who previously communicated on social media such as Facebook groups by using wiretapping tools that can find perpetrators quickly through the Cyber system. The efforts that have been made by the Cybercrime Unit of the East Java Regional Police are to create a report hotline number addressed to the public to make it easier to submit complaints. And we also make socialization through social media that never give personal data to others.

Reducing Ransomware Crime: Analysis of Victims’ Payment Decisions

In this paper, the decision-making processes of victims during ransomware attacks were analysed. Forty-one ransomware attacks using qualitative data collected from organisations and police officers from cybercrime units in the UK were examined. The hypothesis tested in this paper is that victims carefully analyse the situation before deciding whether to pay a ransom. This research confirms that victims often weigh the costs and benefits of interventions before making final decisions, and that their decisions are based on a range of reasons. As ransomware attacks become more prevalent globally, the findings should be highly relevant to those developing guidance and policies to prevent or minimise ransom payments.

Perceptions of police training needs in cyber-crime

A common observation in the literature on cyber-crime policing is the need for more training. However, there is little detail of who within the police organisation requires training and what type of training may be needed. Based on survey and interview data from three specialist cyber-crime units in Australia, this article identifies that ‘lack of training’ is likely to have distinct meanings for different groups within the police: (a) front-line officers, (b) higher management, (c) generalist investigators, and (d) specialist investigators and civilians in cyber-crime units. Each of these groups is likely to face unique training needs that undermines the overall effectiveness of police organisations to respond to cyber-crime. The article explores the perceived training requirements across each of these groups and some potential ways in which they can be addressed in an effort to stimulate further research in this area focusing on the differentiated internal needs of police organisations.

Cyber-attack method and perpetrator prediction using machine learning algorithms.

Cyber-attacks have become one of the biggest problems of the world. They cause serious financial damages to countries and people every day. The increase in cyber-attacks also brings along cyber-crime. The key factors in the fight against crime and criminals are identifying the perpetrators of cyber-crime and understanding the methods of attack. Detecting and avoiding cyber-attacks are difficult tasks. However, researchers have recently been solving these problems by developing security models and making predictions through artificial intelligence methods. A high number of methods of crime prediction are available in the literature. On the other hand, they suffer from a deficiency in predicting cyber-crime and cyber-attack methods. This problem can be tackled by identifying an attack and the perpetrator of such attack, using actual data. The data include the type of crime, gender of perpetrator, damage and methods of attack. The data can be acquired from the applications of the persons who were exposed to cyber-attacks to the forensic units. In this paper, we analyze cyber-crimes in two different models with machine-learning methods and predict the effect of the defined features on the detection of the cyber-attack method and the perpetrator. We used eight machine-learning methods in our approach and concluded that their accuracy ratios were close. The Support Vector Machine Linear was found out to be the most successful in the cyber-attack method, with an accuracy rate of 95.02%. In the first model, we could predict the types of attacks that the victims were likely to be exposed to with a high accuracy. The Logistic Regression was the leading method in detecting attackers with an accuracy rate of 65.42%. In the second model, we predicted whether the perpetrators could be identified by comparing their characteristics. Our results have revealed that the probability of cyber-attack decreases as the education and income level of victim increases. We believe that cyber-crime units will use the proposed model. It will also facilitate the detection of cyber-attacks and make the fight against these attacks easier and more effective.

CRIMINAL OPPORTUNISM OF CYBER CRIME AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

Purpose: to analyze the issues of combating cybercrime during the COVID-19 pandemic and to suggest ways to strengthen cybersecurity in Ukraine. Methods: general philosophical, comparative and phenomenological methods are used in the research process. Results: some types of cybercrimes that should be considered during a coronavirus pandemic have been identified; special attention is paid to social engineering, cyber-fraud, APT-attacks on critical infrastructure; proposals for improving the current legislation, and proposals for combating fraud. Discussion: the need to strengthen international cooperation and improve the current legislation, in particular on electronic evidence, in the conditions of increasing the number and complexity of cybercrimes is substantiated, methods of protection against cybercriminals are proposed. The researchers believe that given that the coronavirus pandemic will not disappear in the near future and the number of remote users will increase, the number of cybercrimes will increase accordingly. The authors conclude that the problem of fraud, particularly in cyberspace, due to its dynamics poses a threat to the development of the information society in Ukraine. In this regard, this trend needs to be covered in the new Cyber Security Strategy of Ukraine. Professional training of relevant specialists of cybercrime units is highly important, as well as the implementation of a system to improve the detection of cybercrime. It will also be useful to provide educational information on cyber hygiene in schools and information campaigns, to combat payment fraud. In addition, the authors recommend detecting and combating fraud: 1) use only proven resources and make sure the name of the required site is correct. One inconspicuous character in the site name in the address bar may indicate that you are on a phishing site; 2) do not pass on your bank card details (especially CVV-code and pin-code) to anyone, because bank employees never ask for such information; 3) it is recommended to always use cash on delivery to eliminate the chances of fraudsters seizing your funds.

Cyber Violence against Women and Girls in Nepal

Violence against women and girls in the virtual space is the emerging concern in the global context. With the growth in use of technologies and the internet, cyberspace has been an equally vulnerable area for violence targeted against women and girls as that of public space. With the rise in numbers of existing forms of violence, conceptual clarification on the dynamics of cyber based violence is a major need of time. Moreover, it has been an issue of immediate concern to assess the current situation of Nepal for the identification of policy and legal remedies. The present study attempts to identify the pattern and forms of cyber based violence against women and girls in Nepal through the study of registered cases in Cyber Crime Unit of Nepal Police and also, reflect on the nature of cases adjudicated by the Kathmandu District Court. In the absence of a clear legal framework and technical knowhow of cyber based crimes, law enforcement authorities have been constantly facing challenges to critically intervene the process and secure safe spaces for women and girls in use of technology. The study concludes that a coherent approach from all concerned stakeholders is required in defining a clear legal and policy framework to ensure use of information and technology as a tool of gender empowerment, thus addressing the crimes committed through cyberspace.

Cyber incident response approach framework for local government

This paper provides an overview and executive summary of the Cyber Incident Response Framework (CIRF) and supporting materials; it is a ‘start here’ guide. The CIAF can be adapted to different types of organisation. It contains information on specific public sector/UK Government aspects relating to the Civil Contingencies Act and local resilience forums (LRF); again, these aspects can be adapted for organisations not covered by those legal and regulatory requirements.1 All UK organisations are covered by the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) remit; however, its intervention outside of the government/public sector would only be in time of national emergency. Other cyber incidents and cybercrime are covered by action fraud and local policing supported by the Regional Organised and Cyber Crime Units (ROCCU).

Civilianising specialist units: Reflections on the policing of cyber-crime

Civilianisation refers to utilising non-sworn personnel to perform certain roles within police organisations. While the civilianisation of policing has been examined in a variety of contexts, it has generally been in relation to attempts to improve police efficiency. The current literature is much less focused on efforts to intentionally seek out civilians to improve police effectiveness, which, we suggest, is likely to apply in the case of police responses to cyber-crime. Using empirical data collected with three specialist cyber-crime units in Australia, we explore the arguments for and against civilianising cyber-crime units as a strategy to improve police capacity, as reported by police and civilian members of these units. We consider these arguments in relation to a broader debate as to whether it is better to improve police capacity by employing civilian experts or attempt to develop greater expertise on cyber-crime among police.

Exploring the implications of ‘low visibility’ specialist cyber-crime units

Using original data gathered within Australia, this paper argues that specialist cyber-policing units experience a pronounced level of low visibility within the police. This low visibility has thre...

Wordnet-Based Criminal Networks Mining for Cybercrime Investigation

Cybercriminals exploit the opportunities provided by the information revolution and social media to communicate and conduct underground illicit activities, such as online fraudulence, cyber predation, cyberbullying, hacking, blackmailing, and drug smuggling. To combat the increasing number of criminal activities, structure and content analysis of criminal communities can provide insight and facilitate cybercrime forensics. In this paper, we propose a framework to analyze chat logs for crime investigation using data mining and natural language processing techniques. The proposed framework extracts the social network from chat logs and summarizes conversation into topics. The crime investigator can use information visualizer to see the crime-related results. To test the validity of our proposed framework, we worked in a joint effort with the cybercrime unit of a Canadian law enforcement agency. The experimental outcomes on real-life data and feedback from the law enforcement officers suggest that the proposed chat log mining framework meets the need for law enforcement agencies and is very effective for crime investigation.

Cybercrime: The Police Response

Detective Superintendent Andrew Gould, the National Cybercrime Programme Lead and former head of the Met’s Cybercrime Unit, talks about the threat landscape and what the police are doing to combat it.

SILATIP Dit Reskrimsus Polda Jateng Unit Cyber Crime Menggunakan Metode Extreme Programming

The Special Criminal Investigation Directorate is the executing element of the main task under the Regional Police Chief, led by Dir Reskrimsus with the rank of Chief of the Police Commissioner (Kombes Pol) / Echelon II-B, tasked with conducting investigations and investigating special crimes, coordinate, supervise, and administer PPNS investigations in accordance with statutory regulations. So far, the Directorate of Criminal Investigation of the Central Java Regional Police, especially the Cyber Crime Unit, in its service still uses manual methods. This was felt to be inefficient because of the large number of complaints coming in and the lack of police personnel who handled complaints from reporters so that servants to the community were judged to be less than optimal and needed a long time in a complaint report. This study uses the Extreme Programming method in designing the developed system. Based on the analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that Extreme Programming is one method that supports the acceleration of the development of a small to medium scale system and can improve the quality of the system. Unfortunately, Extreme Programming does not have formal documentation so there is no measuring instrument that shows that the system has been completed.

The challenges facing specialist police cyber-crime units: an empirical analysis

ABSTRACTThe growing threat of cyber-crime poses significant challenges for police organisations. This paper presents original, empirical research on specialist cyber-crime units in Australia to report on the issues and problems faced by police staff at the frontline of cyber-policing. Using a mix of survey data and in-depth interviewing with supervisors, key investigators, and civilian staff from two specialist cyber-crime units, this paper outlines the priority challenges as identified by members of these units. While staff report generally positive levels of job satisfaction working in the field of cyber-crime, three major themes emerged: (a) the accelerating quantity of the workload as cyber-crime becomes a bigger social problem; (b) the resourcing of the units has not developed commensurate with demand and (c) the level of skills and training within units are insufficient to address the unique nature and growing complexities of policing cyber-crime. Suggestions by staff regarding how to improve this situation are considered.

Successfully tackling cybercrime at the local level

This is an opinion piece which seeks to contribute to the wider debate on cybercrime prevention, based on the policing experience of the author over the past 22 years, during which he has been fortunate enough to work across a number of disciplines including intelligence, investigations, economic crime and criminal justice. More recently his work has included designing, implementing and running the first joint police force collaboration cybercrime unit in the UK. Achieving successful cybercrime reduction and prevention may require police forces to more closely complement national safer behaviour campaigns with pragmatic local community action. At the heart of this endeavour should be a recognition that people often need other people to help them understand how to change, why the change is needed and the consequences if they don’t. Multimedia cybercrime communication campaigns may be insufficient on their own to reach many of the most vulnerable. The impact and scale of cybercrime precludes any single organisation from tackling it alone. To meet this challenge, local policing is developing a model to identify and support community groups, local authorities, voluntary sector and public sector in reaching people who rely more on personal contact than broadcast messages. In its simplest form, the idea is to ‘plug together’ existing networks by better aligning those with the knowledge and material with those who do not.

The use of specialized cybercrime policing units: an organizational analysis

Given the increased focus and importance of cybercrime, some police agencies have turned to the use of specialized cybercrime policing units. Research has yet to examine how frequently these units are used in policing, nor has research examined the types of agencies most likely to use these units. The current research, drawing on contingency theory, institutional theory, and Maguire’s theory of police organizational structure, uses four waves of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Survey data to provide a descriptive analysis of specialized cybercrime units with a focus on identifying organizational correlates, environmental pressures, and the role of time. Trend data show that cybercrime units have proliferated over time and are on the path to becoming a normative aspect of policing, with about one-half of all state-level agencies and around one-quarter of all county and municipal agencies making use of cybercrime units as of 2013. Regression results indicate that larger agencies, agencies facing more task routineness and larger task scope challenges, agencies which make use of broader material technologies, and agencies which have adopted specialization strategies are more likely to use cybercrime units than other agencies. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed, as are promising future research directions.

Patrol officers' perceived role in responding to cybercrime

PurposeLittle empirical research exists regarding how local law enforcement has responded to cybercrime. This paper aims to understand: the law enforcement agencies that line officers believe should be primarily responsible for investigating cybercrime cases; their perceptions about their agency's current ability to respond to these offenses; and their beliefs regarding the best ways to improve the social response to cybercrime.Design/methodology/approachThe authors surveyed patrol officers in the Charlotte‐Mecklenburg and Savannah‐Chatham Metropolitan police departments.FindingsThe authors found that officers do not believe that local law enforcement should be primarily responsible for handling cybercrime cases and they have little information on how upper management is addressing cybercrime. Officers indicated that the best strategies to deal with cybercrime were greater care taken by citizens online and improvements to the legal system.Research limitations/implicationsLocal law enforcement agencies feel they are unable to fully address cybercrime. Although the findings were generally consistent across demographic and experiential characteristics and cities, two cities in the southeastern United States were surveyed.Practical implicationsAccording to these officers, they want citizens to be more careful online and for clarification of cybercrime laws and increased prosecutions. They do not favor local cybercrime units and additional computer training for line officers as much as scholars and police administrators advocate.Originality/valueThis paper studied the perceptions of patrol officers, who are the first responders to most crime scenes, on local law enforcement responses to cybercrime and the strategies they view to be most effective in combating cybercrime.

US cybercrime units on the world wide web

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to quantify the number of cybercrime units that are on the world wide web and the manner in which they represent themselves, and to clarify how they are communicating information to their constituency (i.e. the visitors to their site) through new technology.Design/methodology/approachThere is no sampling frame that serves as an exhaustive list of law enforcement departments with web sites, nor law enforcement departments with computer crime units, nor law enforcement departments with cybercrime unit web sites. As such, the world wide web was combed using popular search engines to find as many US‐based cybercrime unit web sites as possible. The final sample size was 88.FindingsThe findings suggest that though cybercrime units across the USA typically have similar missions (e.g. to respond to one or more forms of computer crime), they used their self‐representing web site in different ways. Beyond providing basic contact information and details about the cybercrime unit, web sites varied considerably in the depth and nature of their content. Units largely utilized these sites to simply exist on the world wide web. It was also unclear whether the sites actually fostered two‐way communication between agencies and their constituents. Sites also placed an emphasis on providing information that visitors might use to reduce their vulnerability to victimization through educational efforts.Research limitations/implicationsThe sites in the sample all sought to inform their constituencies about the existence of the cybercrime unit they represent and the services they render, and to provide basic contact information. They seemingly differed, though, in the main intent and purpose of their site – which introduced variability in terms of the delivery of their content. Furthermore, disparities in available resources likely dictated the quality and depth of information presented on these sites.Practical implicationsThis work assesses the current state of law enforcement information delivery over the world wide web, and also informs best practices in quality, depth, and comprehensiveness of that information delivery. This can then be used by law enforcement departments who have a cybercrime unit web site to improve its current state and fine‐tune communications and information dissemination efforts.Originality/valueThis is the first assessment of the world wide web presences of US law enforcement cybercrime units and contributes to the knowledgebase associated with agency communication with external entities.