Cyanidin Chloride Research Articles

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant (Dna Nicking Assay) and Antibacterial Activities of Morus Nigra L. Fruits Secondary Metabolites

The present study was carried out to identify the chemical composition of ethanol, flavonoid and anthocyanin extracts of Morus nigra fruits. The results revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds and the absence of alkaloids, saponins, free amino acids, proteins and tannins. TLC and column chromatography techniques were used to separate and purify the anthocyanin pigment from anthocyanin extract which is then subjected to acid hydrolysis to obtain the anthocyanidin pigment (a). Many techniques were also employed to confirm pigment (a) chemical structure including (TLC, UV-Visible and IR-Spectroscopy). According to the forgoing analytical results, the proposed structure for the isolated pigment (a) is cyanidin pigment. DNA nicking assay has been used to evaluate the ability of the prepared extracts and pigment (a) to prevent DNA nicking caused by free radicals generated from Fenton's reagent. The highest DNA protective effect was achieved in anthocyanin extract followed by pigment (a) and their effects were identical to the positive control (cyanidin chloride). Antibacterial activities of all extracts and pigment (a) were performed against the growth of two standards and pathogenic G+ and G- bacteria. The results indicated that all plants extracts showed more potent activity against standard bacteria strains than pathogenic ones.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФЕНОЛЬНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ ЭКСТРАКТОВ ПЛОДОВ РЯБИНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ

The report presents the results of the study of phenolic complex of water, 40 and 95% acidified aqueous-ethanolic extracts of berries of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L., family Rosaceae). The berries of mountain ash were collected by the authors in the natural habitats of the species in late August – early September 2014 in the territory of the Tomsk district Tomsk region; Angara district of the Irkutsk region, as well as the samples of raw materials of «Krasnogorskleksredstva». Prepared from rowan fruit hydroalcoholic extracts which are then separated into fractions using butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform. Investigated crude fraction and fraction purified by column chromatography. The studies was conducted using chromatography on paper (PC), a thin layer of adsorbent (TLC), HPLC, HPLC-MS. HPLC was conducted on a chromatograph «Dionex Ultimate 3000» with UV - detector in the wavelength range from 254 to 330 nm. Separation was performed by a column with reversed-phase sorbent «Restek Pinnacle IIC18» (150×4,6 mm, particle size 5 µm), flow rate of mobile phase is 1 ml/min; temperature is 20 °C, mobile phase (50 ml of acetonitrile, 50 ml of 0,1% trifluoroacetic acid). HPLC-MS conducted on a chromatograph «Agilent Technologies 1100 Series LS / MSD» with UV - and mass selective detector. The stationary phase was a column with reversed phase «Zorbax XDB-C8 Rx-C18» (150×4,6 mm, particle size 5 µm, pore size 80 A), 2.3% of НСООН-МеОН (gradient 40 to 90% methanol with 5 to 10 minute) flow rate of mobile phase 1 ml/min.Using methods of PC, TLC HPL, HPLC-MS by comparison with authentic substances were identified: cyanidin chloride, rutin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, baicalin, baicalein, apigenin, kaempferol, skutellarin, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid. In the berries of Sorbus aucuparia baicalin and scutellarin identified for the first time. The results obtained allowed us to substantiate the choice of flavonoids and anthocyanins for the procedure of standardization of raw material and to enable methods of their determination in the project pharmacopeia monograph on the the berries of Sorbus aucuparia.

Defenition of quantitative content of dihydroquercetin in dietary supplements. Report 2

Prevention cardiovascular disease is a vital measure for each person and for the entire nation. To prevent diseases the cardiovascular system as a source essential bioactive substances are used dietary supplements on the base medicinal plants and bioflavonoids. Aim. The aim was to develop specific technique to quantify the dihydroquercetin in dietary supplements Kapilliarol, forte and Cardio-Vert with and determination its validation characteristics. Methods. Photocolorimetric method quantification DQW, which was based on the specific reaction cyanidine chloride formation when added zinc powder to dihydroquercetin solution in an acidic medium. Results. Flavonoid contents recalculating on dihydroquercetin in dietary supplements in Kapilliarol, forte and Cardio-Vert Dihydroquercetin of has been stated, the basic validation characteristics have been determined. Contents DQV has been defined in dietary supplements: Kapilliarol not less than 0.02 g, Forte not less than 0,015 g, Cardio-Vert with not less than 0.02 g. Conclusions. The obtained metrological data the developed photocolorimetric technique has shown that the method reproduced in conditions two different laboratories with confidence probability 95 % deviation unit value was 100,93±2,15 %. Complete uncertainty analysis was 1.35 %, including sample preparation uncertainty 1.15 %, that indicates a significant influence sample preparation on the results the analysis

Effect of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation in induced and non-induced primary myoblasts from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

A study was conducted to test whether an anthocyanidin mixture (peonidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin chloride) modulates myogenesis in both induced and non-induced myogenic cells from juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We evaluated three different anthocyanidin concentrations (1×, 2.5× and 10×) at two sampling times (24 and 36h). To test for treatment effects, we analyzed the expression of myoD and pax7 as well as two target genes of the Notch signaling pathway, hey2 and her6. In induced myogenic cells, the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses caused significantly greater expression of myoD after 24h of treatment compared to control. A significantly higher expression of pax7 in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin treatment during 36h compared was observed. Similarly, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to the lowest anthocyanidin doses during 24h compared to control. No significant effect of anthocyanidin treatments on the expression of hey2 and her6 at either sampling point was detected. In non-induced cells, we observed no effect of anthocyanidins on myoD expression and significant down-regulation on pax7 expression in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin mixture concentrations after 24 and 36h of treatment compared to control. Further, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin doses at both sampling time. In non-induced cells, the highest anthocyanidin dose provoked significantly greater expression of hey2 after 24h of treatment compared to control. We detected no such effect in non-induced cells exposed to the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses during 24h of treatment. The expression of her6 was unaffected by anthocyanidin treatments at either sampling time or doses compared to control. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that anthocyanidins modulate specific components of the myogenic programming in fish, thereby potentially affecting somatic growth in fish fed plant-derived extracts rich in this type of polyphenols. Moreover, in early differentiating myogenic cells, the anthocyanidin effect on myogenic programming appears to differ based upon the exposure time and the differentiation stage of the myogenic cells by boosting myogenic differentiation signaling after 24h treatment while pausing differentiation, potentially favoring cell survival after 36h treatment. Further research to determine whether plant-derived secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and essential oils can modulate myogenic programming in myogenic cells isolated from finfish species is warranted.

Development of method quantitative content of dihydroquercetin. Report 1

Today is markedly increasing scientific interest in the study of flavonoids in plant objects due to their high biological activity. In this regard, the urgent task of analytical chemistry is in developing available analytical techniques of determination for flavonoids in plant objects. Aim. The aim was to develop specific techniques of quantitative determination for dihydroquercetin and determination of its validation characteristics. Methods. The technique for photocolorimetric quantification of DQW, which was based on the specific reaction of cyanidine chloride formation when added zinc powder to dihydroquercetin solution in an acidic medium has been elaborated. Results. Photocolorimetric technique of determining flavonoids recalculating on DQW has been developed, its basic validation characteristics have been determined. The obtained metrological characteristics of photocolorimetric technique for determining DQW did not exceed admissibility criteria in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Conclusions. By the results of statistical analysis of experimental data, it has been stated that the developed technique can be used for quantification of DQW. Metrological data obtained indicate that the method reproduced in conditions of two different laboratories with confidence probability 95 % unit value deviation was 101,85±2,54 %

Effects of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation and antioxidant defense in primary myogenic cells isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

There is increasing interest in using plant-derived extracts to promote growth and health in finfish species in recent years. Elucidating the effects of plant secondary metabolites on skeletal muscle growth signaling will contribute to an improved understanding of the effects of feeding carnivorous fish diets supplemented with plant extracts on fish somatic growth. Dietary intake of anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid widely distributed in plants, has long been associated with beneficial effects in both human and animal health; however, their effects in finfish are largely unknown. We conducted an experiment to test the effect of three doses (treatments A, B and C; 1×, 2.5× and 10×, respectively) of a mixture of three types of anthocyanidins (peonidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin chloride) on the expression of several genes in primary myogenic cells isolated from the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 24h of treatment. The genes of interest analyzed are involved in myogenic programing (pax7, myoD and myogenin), Notch signaling (her6 and hey2) and antioxidant enzymes (sod1, cat and gpx1). Significantly greater expression of pax7 in cells under treatment B compared with the untreated cells was detected. Although no differences in expression of myogenic regulatory factors, myoD and myogenin between test groups or the control were detected, a trend toward significantly lower expression in all groups tested compared with the control group was observed. Moreover, significantly higher expression levels of her6 and hey2 in cells under treatments A and B compared with untreated cells were detected. Although no significant differences in the expression of cat and sod1, significantly greater expression in gpx1 in all treated groups compared with the control group was detected. Collectively, we demonstrated that anthocyanidins enhance the expression of gpx1 in primary myogenic cells, thereby contributing to skeletal muscle tissue defense against oxidative stress in finfish species. Further, anthocyanidins appear to delay myogenic differentiation in primary myogenic cells by up-regulating the expression of pax7 while decreasing myogenic regulatory factors in a Notch signaling-dependent interaction. Whether this effect results a reduced growth performance and/or an increase in feed conversion ratio in fish fed diets supplemented with plant extracts rich in anthocyanins or anthocyanidins needs further study, and the need to better define the potential effects of different polyphenol classes in myogenic differentiation on primary myogenic cells from carnivorous fish is warranted. Statement of relevanceThe study contributes to increase our understanding regarding the effect of plant-derived secondary metabolites such as anthocyanidins on myogenic program and antioxidant enzyme defense in differentiating myogenic cells from carnivorous fish. We have demonstrated that anthocyanidins may delay the progress of the myogenic differentiation process and promote antioxidant defense expression in myogenic cells.

Anthocyanins inhibit high-glucose-induced cholesterol accumulation and inflammation by activating LXRα pathway in HK-2 cells.

The dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation plays a significant role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Anthocyanins are polyphenols widely distributed in food and exert various biological effects including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic effects. However, it remains unclear whether anthocyanins are associated with DN, and the mechanisms involved in the reciprocal regulation of inflammation and cholesterol efflux are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside chloride [C3G] or cyanidin chloride [Cy]) and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of action using high-glucose (HG)-stimulated HK-2 cells. We found that anthocyanins enhanced cholesterol efflux and ABCA1 expression markedly in HK-2 cells. In addition, they increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) expression and decreased the HG-induced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), as well as NFκB activation. Incubation with the PPARα-specific inhibitor GW6471 and LXRα shRNA attenuated the anthocyanin-mediated promotion of ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, suggesting that anthocyanins activated PPARα-LXRα-ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the knockout of LXRα abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins, whereas the PPARα antagonist GW6471 does not have this effect. Further investigations revealed that LXRα might interfere with anthocyanin-induced decreased ICAM1, MCP1, and TGFβ1 expression by reducing the nuclear translocation of NFκB. Collectively, these findings suggest that blocking cholesterol deposition and inhibiting the LXRα pathway-induced inflammatory response might be one of the main mechanisms by which anthocyanins exert their protective effects in DN.

Resveratrol compounds inhibit human holocarboxylase synthetase and cause a lean phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) is the sole protein-biotin ligase in the human proteome. HLCS has key regulatory functions in intermediary metabolism, including fatty acid metabolism, and in gene repression through epigenetic mechanisms. The objective of this study was to identify food-borne inhibitors of HLCS that alter HLCS-dependent pathways in metabolism and gene regulation. When libraries of extracts from natural products and chemically pure compounds were screened for HLCS inhibitor activity, resveratrol compounds in grape materials caused an HLCS inhibition of >98% in vitro. The potency of these compounds was piceatannol>resveratrol>piceid. Grape-borne compounds other than resveratrol metabolites also contributed toward HLCS inhibition, e.g., p-coumaric acid and cyanidin chloride. HLCS inhibitors had meaningful effects on body fat mass. When Drosophila melanogaster brummer mutants, which are genetically predisposed to storing excess amounts of lipids, were fed diets enriched with grape leaf extracts and piceid, body fat mass decreased by more than 30% in males and females. However, Drosophila responded to inhibitor treatment with an increase in the expression of HLCS, which elicited an increase in the abundance of biotinylated carboxylases in vivo. We conclude that mechanisms other than inhibition of HLCS cause body fat loss in flies. We propose that the primary candidate is the inhibition of the insulin receptor/Akt signaling pathway.

Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of black, brown and red rice varieties of northern Thailand

Rice, the seed of Oryza species, is the major cereal crop in most of the developing countries. Nearly 95% of global rice production is done in Asian countries, and about half of the world’s population consumes it. Some speciality rices are not commonly consumed. Colored rice is one of such variety. In these varieties, high amounts of anthocyanin pigment are deposited in the rice coat to form its black (also known as purple), brown and red colors. Minimum studies are there to explain the properties of these rice varieties of Thailand. Thus, the current study was aimed to assess the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of three rice varieties (Chiang Mai Black rice, Mali Red rice and Suphanburi-1 Brown rice) of different cultivars of northern Thailand. Rice bran extracts of these three cultivars were prepared with different solvents (polar and non-polar) for the evaluation of total phytochemical content and anti-oxidant free-radical-scavenging properties. Chiang Mai Black rice contained higher concentration of phenolic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins (Cyanidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin chloride). Chiang Mai Black rice is richer in free-radical-scavenging compounds and activities than the other tested varieties. Polar extractions of rice bran are high in anti-oxidative compounds and activities than non-polar extractions.

COMPARISON OF POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM FRUITS OF TWO CRATAEGUS SPECIES

UDK: 547.56:582.711.714(234.422 Trebević)
 Methanolic and acidified methanolic extracts of C. monogyna and C. rhipidophylla dried fruits were used in estimation of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The extracts of fruit were examined for their antioxidant activity by DPPH method. Antioxidant activity of the extracts varied from 17.65 to 22.05 mg ascorbic acid equivalents per g-1 dry weight. Total phenols, flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in fruits ranged from 21.53 to 34.72 mg gallic acid equivalents per g-1 dry weight, 0.75 to 1.92 mg rutin equivalents and 0.13-0.93 mg quercetin equivalents per g-1 dry weight, 0.51 to 0.82 mg cyanidin-3- glucoside equivalents per g-1 dry weight, 11.27-18.77 mg cyanidin chloride equivalents per g-1 dry weight respectively. The higher values of total flavonoids generally are obtained with 80% methanol extracts for both species.
 The amounts of all investigated compounds and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in C. monogyna fruits which were confirmed by one-way ANOVA analysis. Correlations between antioxidant activity and total phenols and proanthocyanidin contents were found as the main compounds influencing the antioxidant capacity of the samples. Obtained results suggest that both species represent valuable source of antioxidant compounds.

Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components.

Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) is one of the oldest medicinal plants noted for its cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of the American elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis) pomace as well as some of the anthocyanins (cyanidin chloride and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) and flavonols (quercetin and rutin) in bv-2 mouse microglial cells. The bv-2 cells were pretreated with elderberry pomace (extracted with ethanol or ethyl acetate) or its anthocyanins and flavonols and stimulated by either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-γ (IFNγ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production (indicating oxidative stress and inflammatory response) were measured using the ROS detection reagent DCF-DA and the Griess reaction, respectively. Analysis of total monomeric anthocyanin (as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalents) indicated five-fold higher amount in the freeze-dried ethanol extract as compared to that of the oven-dried extract; anthocyanin was not detected in the ethyl acetate extracts. Elderberry ethanol extracts (freeze-dried or oven-dried) showed higher anti-oxidant activities and better ability to inhibit LPS or IFNγ-induced NO production as compared with the ethyl acetate extracts. The phenolic compounds strongly inhibited LPS or IFNγ-induced ROS production, but except for quercetin, they were relatively poor in inhibiting NO production. These results demonstrated differences in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of elderberry extracts depending on solvents used. Results further identified quercetin as the most active component in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses on microglial cells.

PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA L. FRUIT EXTRACTS

UDK: 547.56:582.711.714
 582.711.714:581.47
 The aim of this work was to determine the content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total monomeric anthocyanins, total proanthocyanidins, and antioxidant activity of Crataegus monogyna L. fruit in water, hydroalcohol and alcohol extracts. Phenolic content and antioxidant assay of the different fruit extracts was determined using spectrophotometric methods. Obtained results indicated that the content of total polyphenols in the investigated extracts varied from 2.01 to 4.60 mg GAE g-1 of fresh hawthorn fruit. The content of flavonoids ranged from 0.254 to 0.595 mg RUE g-1 fresh fruit extracts. Total monomeric anthocyanins varied from 0.004 to 0.132 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside g-1 of fresh fruit and total proanthocyanidins varied from 0.187 to 1.168 mg cyanidin chloride g-1 fresh fruit. The best antioxidant activity was obtained for hawthorn extract with 80% methanol. A good correlation between antioxidant activity and total polyphenols (R² = 0.9473) and proanthocyanidins (R² = 0.7469) was observed.

Botanical Investigation of Fallopia Dumetorum (L.) Holub (Polygonaceae) and Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of its Polyphenolic Compounds

Abstract Background: Considering the continuous need to find new sources of polyphenolic compounds, we performed a pharmacognostical examination of the species Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub sin. Polygonum dumetorum L. (Polygonaceae). The plant is common in the plain regions of Romania and has not been exploited therapeutically. Materials and method: Microscopic examination was performed on cross-sections, surface preparations and on powder obtained from the aerial parts of the flowering plant. Qualitative chemical analysis was realized by phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Phenolic compounds were assayed by spectrophotometric methods: flavonoids expressed as rutin (with aluminium chloride), phenolcarboxylic acids expressed as chlorogenic acid (Arnow’s method) and proanthocyanidins expressed as cyanidin chloride (in acidic medium, by conversion to anthocyanins). Results: The species has the following microscopic characters: anomocytic stomata, druses of calcium oxalate, sessile, pluricellular glandular hairs and pollen grains with smooth exine. Polysaccharides, reducing compounds, coumarins, sterols/triterpenes, phenol-carboxylic acids, flavones, proanthocyanidins, tannins and carotenoids were identified by phytochemical screening; chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and stigmasterol/beta-sitosterol were detected by TLC. F. dumetori herba has a content of 1.49 ± 0.105 g% polyphenol-carboxylic acids, 0.40 ± 0.087g% flavonoids and 0.18 ± 0.002 g% proanthocyanidins. Conclusions: We have characterized pharmacognostically the native species F. dumentorum. Due to its content in phenolic compounds it might serve as a source of polyphenols.

EVALUATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS (JASWAND) BY ETHANOL-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN RATS

The present study was planned to evaluate and compare the immunomodulatory activity of ethyl acetate extract (EAE 100 mg/kg p.o.) and standardized extract of H. rosa sinensis in terms of cyanidin chloride (SEC 4 and 8 mg/kg p.o.) from petals of H. rosa sinensis. Immunosuppression was induced by chronic administration of ethanol whereas treated groups received ethanol concurrently with either extracts or standard drug for 28 days. Biochemical parameters like lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed in blood. Spleen and thymus were examined for histopathology. Chronic administration with ethanol showed drastic decrease in the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH but highly raised levels of LPO. Administration of EAE and SEC restored to near normal the markers of oxidative stress which could further prevent ethanol induced damage due to immunological and oxidative stress.

Treatment of Diabetes in the Mouse Model by Delphinidin and Cyanidin Hydrochloride in Free and Liposomal Forms

Cyanidin and delphinidin are the main phenolic antioxidants in the grape (Vitis vinifera). The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of delphinidin and cyanidin chloride in the free and liposomal forms on the albumin glycation reaction. Delphinidin and cyanidin chlorides were encapsulated in the liposomes using an extrusion method. The rate of albumin glycation was evaluated using the ELISA method. Finally, in vivo anti-glycation of delphinidin and cyanidin chloride in the free and liposomal forms in diabetic mice was investigated. The encapsulation efficacies of delphinidin and cyanidin chloride in the liposomes were 89.05 % ± 0.18 and 85.00 % ± 0.15, respectively. In vitro treatment with 100 mg/mL delphinidin and cyanidin chloride in free forms could reduce the rate of albumin glycation to 30.50 ± 3.46 and 46.00 ± 2.50 %, respectively. Under identical conditions, the delphinidin and cyanidin chloride-loaded liposomes could reduce the rate of albumin glycation to 8.50 ± 2.10 and 14.60 ± 3.60 %, respectively. In vivo testing showed that anti-glycation activity of delphinidin and cyanidin in loaded forms was higher than in free forms. The daily administration of 100 mg/kg delphinidin chloride-loaded liposomes to diabetic mice at eight weeks could decrease the rate of albumin and HbA1c glycation to 46.35 ± 1.20 and 3.60 ± 0.25 %, respectively. Moreover, under identical conditions, the loaded liposomes with cyanidin chloride could decrease the rate of albumin and HbA1c glycation to 55.56 ± 1.32 and 4.95 ± 0.20 %, respectively. The findings showed that delphinidin and cyanidin chloride, in particular in the liposomal forms, could be used for treatment of diabetes mellitus complications.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES OF TAIF GRAPE (<i>VITIS VINIFERA</i>) CULTIVARS

Extract of grape Vitis vinifera has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antim utagenic activities and the phenolic compounds play a vital role in determining these activities. Therefore; the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-muta genic activities as well as the phenolic compositio n of different grape cultivar extracts collected from Ta if region. The grape cultivars namely; Italian, Ame rican, Lebanese, Taify b and Taify e were collected at maturity stage to represent Taif region cultivars. The total concentrations of phenoles were determined for the five cultivar extracts and results indicated that t he concentrations ranged from 115-960 mg L -1 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). Also, HPLC analysis included was carried out of nine important phenolic compounds namely; Cyanidine chloride, Myricetin, Chrysin, Quercetin, Delphinidine chloride, Malvidine chlorid e, Naringenin, Galangin and Caffeic acid. Significa nt differences among cultivars were obtained for each compound. However, the highest cultivar for each compound differed from compound to another. At the same time, DPPH was used to estimate antioxidant activity and the data showed that different grape c ultivar extracts were able to quench 47-60% of DPPH radical solution and to exhibited potent radical sc avenging activity. Also, antimutagenic activity was measured as a decrease of chromosomal aberrations i n bone marrow cells of mice treated with the mutage n Endoxan. Results showed that treatment of mice with grape cultivar extracts resulted in a significant decrease in all types of chromosomal aberrations in duced by Endoxan. Also, the anticlastogenic effect was measured using micronulei test and results indicate d that all grape cultivar extracts reduced signific antly the effect of Endoxan on micronulei test. Finally, trea tment of mice with grape cultivar extracts enhanced mitotic index of mice bone marrow cells reduced by Endoxan treatment. The relationship between phenolic compound concentrations and antioxidant capacity was discussed.

Modulation of the Expression of the Proinflammatory IL-8 Gene in Cystic Fibrosis Cells by Extracts Deriving from Olive Mill Waste Water

A persistent recruitment of neutrophils in the bronchi of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients contributes to aggravate the airway tissue damage, suggesting the importance of modulating the expression of chemokines, including IL-8 during the management of the CF patients. Polyphenols rich extracts derived from waste water from olive mill, obtained by a molecular imprinting approach, have been investigated in order to discover compounds able to reduce IL-8 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (IB3-1 cells), derived from a CF patient with a ΔF508/W1282X mutant genotype and stimulated with TNF-alpha. Initially, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were performed to determine whether the different active principles were able to inhibit the binding between transcription factor (TF) NF-kappaB and DNA consensus sequences. Among different representative active principles present in the extract, three compounds were selected, apigenin, oleuropein, and cyanidin chloride, which displayed remarkable activity in inhibiting NF-kappaB/DNA complexes. Utilizing TNF-alpha-treated IB3-1 cells as experimental model system, we demonstrated that apigenin and cyanidin chloride are able to modulate the expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated IL-8 gene, while oleuropein showed no effect in regulating the expression of the gene IL-8.

Constitutive Expression of the Maize Genes B1 and C1 in Transgenic Hi II Maize Results in Differential Tissue Pigmentation and Generates Resistance to Helicoverpa zea

Anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize protects tissues from biotic and abiotic stresses. Constitutive expression of the maize B1 and C1 genes, which induces anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulted in transgenic plants with varied phenotypes. Some colored leaves were substantially resistant to thrips damage, while only leaves with the highest levels of cyanidin, the predominant anthocyanidin detected in all colored transgenic tissues, were resistant to corn earworm (CEW) larvae. Colored anthers were resistant to CEW feeding, and reductions in CEW growth were significantly correlated to levels of cyanidin in the anthers. Cyanidin chloride and cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride added to insect diet slowed the growth of CEW larvae. Attempts to produce 3'5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins in colored maize with the expression of a petunia F3'5'H hydroxylase gene were unsuccessful.

Identification of the degradation products of proanthocyanidines in root rhizomes of the marsh cinquefoil

The degradation products of proanthocyanidines of root rhizomes of the marsh cinquefoil were studied. The anthocyanidine extracted was identified as cyanidine chloride using chromatographic and UV spectrophotometric methods.

Potentials of 3, 31, 41, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavylium of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) flowers as ligand in the quantitative determination of Pb, Cd and Cr.

3, 31,41,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavylium chloride (cyanidin chloride) was extracted from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and blackberry fruits and the purity confirmed by co-chromatography with authentic marker on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and paper chromatography (PC). UV-Visible spectrophotometric determinations of the sample and its Pb (II), Cr (III) and Cd (II) complexes at various pH were carried out. The cyanidin sample absorbs at 530 and 540 nm in methanol and ethanol respectively. A Cyanidin-Pb (II) complex was formed at pH 4.2 (λmax = 555 nm, in methanol). A Cyanidin-Cr (III) complex was formed at pH 1.0 (λmax = 682 nm, methanol and ethanol) while a Cyanidin-Cd (II) complex was formed at pH 3.0 [λmax = 706 nm (methanol) and 679 nm (ethanol)]. All the metal-ligand complexes occur in the ratio of 1:2 and the molar absorptivities are 9.66 x 102, 8.77 x 102 and 9.77 x 102 L.mol-1.cm-1 for Pb, Cr and Cd respectively. Under optimum conditions, the absorbance of the complexes was found to increase linearly with increase in metal-ion concentrations, which corroborated with the correlation coefficient values. The linear range of the calibration graph was 0.1 – 0.5 mM for all the complexes. The results show that cyanidin could be used as a reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of Cr (III), Pb (II) and Cd (II) and by varying the pH, these metals could be determined simultaneously in solution. Key words: Cyanidin chloride, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, metal - ligand complex, Lead (II), chromium (III), Cadmium (II), spectrophotometric assay.