Cyanidin-3-rutinoside Research Articles

Flavonoid pigments responsible for ultraviolet patterning in petals of the genus Potentilla

Ultraviolet absorption in petals of Potentilla species with yellow flowers is provided by both the yellow chalcone isosalipurposide and by colourless flavonol glycosides. Isosalipurposide was detected in about half those species with patterning but also occurred in several where the whole petal is absorbing. Among the quercetin glycosides present are the 3-glucoside,, the 3-glucuronide and the 3′-glucoside. The flavanone naringenin 7-glucoside was also detected in some 10 species, but its occurrence was not correlated with chalcone synthesis. Two species with red flowers. P. nepalensis and P. atrosanguinea, were found to lack chalcone, but contain cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside instead.

Properties and genetic control of anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase in flowers of Petunia hybrida

An anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase from flowers of Petunia hybrida was purified about 30-fold. Using uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose as glucose donor (Km 0.22 mM), the enzyme glucosylated the 3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside derivatives of delphinidin and petunidin (Km 3 μM), isolated from pollen of Petunia. Delphinidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and delphinidin 3-glucoside did not serve as substrates. The glucosylation of petunidin 3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside showed a pH-activity optimum at pH 8.3 and was neither stimulated by Mg(2+) or Ca(2+), nor inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. After separating the 5-O-glucosyltransferase from the anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase by means of chromatofocusing, it was shown that both enzymes exhibit a high degree of positional specificity. The 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity was correlated with the gene An1, but not with the gene Gf.

Anthocyanin pigments and leaf flavonoids in the family araceae

Anthocyanins, variously identified in inflorescence, fruit, leaf or petiole of 59 representative species of the Araccae, are of a simple type. The most common pigment is cyanidin 3-rutinoside, while pelargonidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside are regularly present. Two rare pigments are: cyanidin 3-gentiobioside in Anchomanes and Rhektophyllum, both in the subfamily Lasioideae; and delphinidin 3-rutinoside in Schismatoglottis concinna. In a leaf survey of 144 species from 58 genera, flavone C-glycosides (in 82%) and proanthocyanidins (in 35–45%) were found as the major flavonoids. In the subfamily Calloideae, subtribe Symplocarpeae, flavonols replace glycoflavones as the major leaf components but otherwise flavonols are uncommon in the family (in 27% of the sample) and more usually co-occur with flavone C-glycosides. Two new flavonol glycosides were characterized from Lysichiton camtschatcense: kaempferol 3-(6-arabinosylgalactoside)and kaempferol 3-xylosylgalactoside. Simple flavones, luteolin and chrysoeriol (in 6%) were found only in the subtribes Arinae and Cryptocoryninae, subfamily Aroideae. Flavonoid sulphates were identified in only four taxa: glycoflavone sulphates in two Culcasia species and Philodendron ornatum and a mixture of flavone and flavonol sulphates in Scindapsus pictus. Caffeic ester sulphates were more common and their presence in Anthurium hookeri was confirmed. These results show that the Araceae are unusual amongst the monocots in their simple and relatively uniform flavonoid profile; no one subfamily is clearly distinguished, although at tribal level some significant taxonomic patterns are observed. The best defined groups are the subfamilies Lasioideae and Monsteroideae, and the tribes Symplocarpeae and Arophyteae, and the subtribe Arinae. The greatest chemical diversity occurs in Anthurium and Philodendron, but this may only reflect the fact that these are the two largest genera in the family. The origin and relationship of the Araccae to other monocot groups are discussed in the light of the flavonoid evidence.

A survey of anthocyanins in fruits of some angiosperms, I

The anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of fifty-two species belonging to seventeen families of angiosperms were investigated paper-chromatographicallly. They were identified as cyanidin 3-monoglucoside, pelargonidin 3-monoglucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-xylosylglucoside, cyanidin 3-xylosylgalactoside, delphinidin 3-xylosylglucoside and delphinidin 3-sophorosido-5-monoglucoside. Of those anthocyanins detected, the most common was cyanidin 3-monoglucoside. In general, the plants belonging to a certain genus contained the same anthocyanin.

Fruit Anthocyanin Pigments of Red Raspberry Cultivars 1

Abstract The distribution of cyanidin and pelargonidin fruit anthocyanins is presented for 37 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars and selections. Nine cultivars contained 2 major fruit pigments, cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy 3-G1) and cyanidin 3-sophoroside (Cy 3-Sop); 27 cultivars contained in addition 2 other major pigments, cyanidin 3-rutinoside (Cy 3-Ru) and cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside (Cy 3-G1Ru); and 1 selection ‘SHRI 6626/41’ contained in addition to the 4 pigments, cyanidin 3-sambubioside (Cy 3-Sam) and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside (Cy 3-XylRu). Related pelargonidin glycosides were detected most cultivars and cyanidin 3, 5-diglucoside (Cy 3, 5-diG1) was detected in 13 cultivars.

ANTHOCYANINS IN THE PERICARP AND COLEOPTILES OF PURPLE-SEEDED RYE

The major anthocyanins in the pericarp of purple-seeded rye (Secale cereale) cultivars were found to be cyanidin 3-glucosides, peonidin 3-glucosides, and acylated forms of these glycosides. Trace amounts of cyanidin 3-rutinoside, peonidin 3-rutinoside, and the corresponding acylated derivatives were detected. The ratio of the aglycones varied between cultivars. Similar differences were found in the proportion of the acylated forms. Only cyanidin 3-rutinoside was present in the coleoptiles, whereas the first leaves contained only cyanidin 3-glucoside.

Anthocyanins from five species of the podocarpaceae

Cyanidin 3-glucoside has been identified in five species of Podocarpaceae. In addition, pelargonidin 3-glucoside was isolated from Microcachrys tetragyna Hook., and cyanidin 3-rutinoside from Podocarpus lawrencii Hook.

Characterization of Anthocyanin Pigments in Three Cultivars of Garden Canna1

Abstract The 3 cultivars of garden Canna, ‘The President’ (red), ‘Dorothy’ (pink) and ‘Copper Giant’ (orange) contain cyanidin 3-rutinoside as the major anthocyanin pigment, which was confirmed by chromatographic and spectral methods, partial hydrolysis and controlled oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. The differences in color seemed to be related to the concn of this pigment in the 3 cultivars.

Cellulose thin layers for anthocyanin analysis, with special reference to the anthocyanins of black raspberries

The anthocyanins of the American black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis) were reinvestigated, since quite different glycosidic characteristics had been attributed to them by different authors. New evidence was presented by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography to show that the four black raspberry anthocyanins are: cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside. Boysenberries were also reinvestigated and found to contain the following four anthocyanins: cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-sophoroside and cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside.

Comparative biochemistry of the flavonoids-VI. : Flavonoid patterns in the bignoniaceae and the gesneriaceae

3-Desoxyanthocyanins which characterize the sub-family Gesneriodeae of the Gesneriaceae have been reported once in the closely related Bignoniaceae, in Arrabidaea. A search of sixteen representative species has now failed to reveal any further occurrences of these rare plant pigments in the Bignoniaceae. The common anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-rutinoside was found, instead, in Campsis radicans, Catalpa bignonoides, Eccremocarpus scaber, Incarvillea mairei and Tecoma garrocha petals. Orange and yellow petal colours in Anemopaegma chamberlaynii and Pyrostegia venusta were found to be due to carotenoids, not to 3-desoxyanthocyanins. An examination of the other flavonoids in leaf and petal of bignoniads showed that most species contained flavones rather than flavonols. A new pigment, 5,6,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone (6-hydroxyluteolin) was identified in fresh leaves of Catalpa bignonioides and C. speciosa and in herbarium material of C. bungei and Tecoma australis. An earlier chemotaxonomic survey of flavonoids in leaf and flower of the closely allied Gesneriaceae has been extended to a further twenty-five species and the previously noted differences in flavonoid pattern at the sub-family level have been confirmed. 3-Desoxyanthocyanins were identified in a further eleven species of the Gesnerioideae and the yellow chalcone isosalipurposide or the yellow aurone cernuoside noted in a further six species of the Cyrtandroideae. Preliminary evidence was obtained that a C-glycosylcyanidin derivative occurs in sepals of Cyrtandra pendula.