Prevalence Of CVD Research Articles

Prevalente of color vision anomalies among brazilian industrial workers and the telemedicine role

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the use of a color blindness test (Eyecare Color Vision Test®) applied through of telemedicine to assess the prevalence of color blindness, its subtypes and intensity of presentation in Brazilian industrial workers.Methods: An observational, cross‐sectional, and retrospective study was carried out. The study sample was a convenience sample, which included all patients from a company with headquarters in all Brazilian regions who underwent consultations for occupational purposes via telemedicine through Eyecare clinic between the months of October 2023 and January 2024. All patients underwent Eyecare Color Vision Test®, a validated virtual test based on the Ishihara Test that consists of 14 images with symbols and numbers. A score above 7 was considered normal for color vision defect.Results: 2197 workers from 5 regions of Brazil were evaluated through telemedicine. 91.81% were male, the mean age was 37 years, mean visual acuity for right eye was 0.24 ( ± 0.18) and for left eye was 0.19 ( ± 0.16). 50 patients, all male, showed changes in the Eyecare Color Vision Test® which resulted in a prevalence of color blindness of 2.28%. From patients with color blindness, 44% had protanomaly or deuteranomaly, 26% had deuteranopia, 18% had protanopia and 12% had an undiagnostic subtype.Conclusions: Our study was in line with international literature since we found a 2.28% prevalence of CVD in Brazilian industrial workers. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that telemedicine can be an important tool for democratizing access to eye health.References Parikh D, Armstrong G, Liou V, Husain D. Advances in Telemedicine in Ophthalmology. Semin Ophthalmol. 2020 May 18; 35(4): 210–5; 30. Sorkin N, Rosenblatt A, Cohen E, Ohana O, Stolovitch C, Dotan G. Comparison of Ishihara Booklet with Color Vision Smartphone Applications. Optometry and Vision Science. 2016 Jul; 93(7): 667–72.

Prevalente of color vision anomalies among Brazilian industrial workers and the telemedicine role

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the use of a color blindness test (Eyecare Color Vision Test®) applied through of telemedicine to assess the prevalence of color blindness, its subtypes and intensity of presentation in Brazilian industrial workers.Methods: An observational, cross‐sectional, and retrospective study was carried out. The study sample was a convenience sample, which included all patients from a company with headquarters in all Brazilian regions who underwent consultations for occupational purposes via telemedicine through Eyecare clinic between the months of October 2023 and January 2024. All patients underwent Eyecare Color Vision Test®, a validated virtual test based on the Ishihara Test that consists of 14 images with symbols and numbers. A score above 7 was considered normal for color vision defect.Results: 2197 workers from 5 regions of Brazil were evaluated through telemedicine. 91.81% were male, the mean age was 37 years, mean visual acuity for right eye was 0.24 (± 0.18) and for left eye was 0.19 (± 0.16). 50 patients, all male, showed changes in the Eyecare Color Vision Test® which resulted in a prevalence of color blindness of 2.28%. From patients with color blindness, 44% had protanomaly or deuteranomaly, 26% had deuteranopia, 18% had protanopia and 12% had an undiagnostic subtype.Conclusions: Our study was in line with international literature since we found a 2.28% prevalence of CVD in Brazilian industrial workers. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that telemedicine can be an important tool for democratizing access to eye health.References Parikh D, Armstrong G, Liou V, Husain D. Advances in Telemedicine in Ophthalmology. Semin Ophthalmol. 2020 May 18;35(4):210–5; 30. Sorkin N, Rosenblatt A, Cohen E, Ohana O, Stolovitch C, Dotan G. Comparison of Ishihara Booklet with Color Vision Smartphone Applications. Optometry and Vision Science. 2016 Jul;93(7):667–72.

Cardiovascular disease burden in the North Africa and Middle East region: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 1990–2021

AimsCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region. Due to the paucity of research on this issue, we aimed to estimate the burden of CVD and its attributable risk factors in the NAME region.Methods and resultsData from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) were retrieved to estimate the incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for CVD across 21 countries and both sexes. From 1990 to 2021, the incidence of CVD increased, but the age-standardized incidence rate slightly declined. The prevalence of CVD rose, with stable age-standardized prevalence rates. Additionally, the age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 11421.8 to 7353.8 per 100,000 people. Men consistently had higher rates of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs compared to women. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and hypertensive heart disease were the leading causes of DALYs. Furthermore, high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, and high LDL cholesterol were the top risk factors across NAME countries. countries with a history of war or ongoing conflict experience higher rates of death, disease burden (DALYs), and disease incidence compared to countries without such a history.ConclusionDespite the Progress in reducing the CVD burden in the NAME region, CVD remains a major public health problem, specifically due to significant sex disparities and various socio-economic factors. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions addressing these disparities and socio-economic determinants.Clinical trial numbernot applicable.

Ethnic disparities and lifestyle determinants in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease among Han majority and Ha Ni ethnic minority older adults in rural Southwest China

ObjectivesCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in China. This study compared ethnic disparities and lifestyle determinants in the prevalence of CVD (hypertension, coronary heart disease [CHD], and stroke) among older adults of the Han majority and Ha Ni ethnic minority in rural southwest China, to provide evidence for preventing and controlling CVD among older-adult minority communities.MethodsA multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select 1,413 Han majority participants and 1,402 Ha Ni ethnic minority participants aged ≥ 60 years in rural Southwest China. Data on general demographic characteristics, behavioral lifestyle, and self-reported diagnostic information for patients with CHD and stroke were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure of each participant were recorded. The relationship between lifestyle factors and CVD was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsHan majority older adults had a higher prevalence of CHD (6.4% vs. 3.6%) and stroke (7.9% vs. 2.9%) than their Ha Ni minority counterparts (P < 0.01). Han majority participants had a markedly higher prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and physical inactivity than their Ha Ni ethnic minority counterparts (9.2%, 48.3%, and 55.1% vs. 3.4%, 19.1%, and 49.2%, respectively, P < 0.01). By contrast, Ha Ni ethnic minority participants had a higher prevalence of current drinking than Han majority participants (31.2% vs. 14.4%, P < 0.01). Among Han majority and Ha Ni ethnic minority older adults, participants with central obesity (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.62–2.69 vs. OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.88–3.76) had a higher risk of hypertension, participants with obesity (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.02–3.67 vs. OR = 3.66, 95% CI: 1.39–9.66) were more likely to suffer from CHD, and participants with physical inactivity (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.18–2.98 vs. OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.13–4.64) had a higher probability of suffering from stroke. Furthermore, Current drinking status increased the risk of CHD (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.05–5.08), but decreased the risk of stroke (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13–0.83) in Ha Ni ethnic minority participants.ConclusionCHD and stroke are more prevalent among the Han majority older adults in rural Southwest China, and lifestyle factors significantly influence CVD.

Incidence of Diabetes and Ischemic Heart Disease in COVID-19 Post Pandemic

Background: The long-term effects of COVID-19 Pandemic are currently getting more attention. The majority of individuals with COVID-19 report having symptoms for duration greater than four weeks following their initial appearance. After COVID-19 infection, there is worry that cardiovascular conditions and metabolic conditions may be harmed. The severity of the sickness and COVID-19 vulnerability, meanwhile, are known to be linked to cardiometabolic risk. Aim: To study the incidence of ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus post COVID 19 pandemic Methods and Materials: Information for all individuals diagnosed as suffering of COVID-19 were taken at the beginning of the investigation from the health department's release of electronic medical records in February 2021. The main outcomes analyzed were first ever documented CVD as well as DM diagnoses. The data were then collected at different time periods. They were as follows: Before date of indexing. Acute: Follow up till four weeks from index. Post-acute: Five to twelve weeks from date of indexing. Long: Thirteen weeks to fifty-two weeks from date of indexing. Poisson confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Results: CVD events was 1362 in COVID -19 study group while it was 131 in control study group at phase corresponding to four weeks after the indexed date. CVD events was 781 in COVID -19 study group while it was 298 in control study group at phase corresponding to five to twelve weeks since the date of indexing. CVD events was 781 in COVID -19 study group while it was 298 in control study group at phase corresponding to five to twelve weeks since the date of indexing. CVD events was 2,134 in COVID -19 study group while it was 298 in control study group at phase corresponding to 13 to 52 weeks since the date of indexing. Conclusion: Early on after COVID-19 infection, the risk of CVD is elevated, and this risk is elevated for up to three months. However, it was not observed that there was a long-term rise in the prevalence of CVD or DM in COVID-19 patients who do not already have these illnesses.

Pericoronary adipose tissue computed tomography attenuation (PCAT) as a marker of premature CVD in asymptomatic people living with HIV (PLWH) without traditional risk factors: H-ART to heart study

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding the contribution of HIV, ART or traditional risk factors to CVD risk in PLWH. The H-ART to Heart study investigates the prevalence of subclinical CVD in asymptomatic PLWH without cardiovascular risk factors compared to negative controls(-). Vascular inflammation inhibits local adipogenesis in pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) and thus can be detected on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTCA) as an increase in CT attenuation of PCAT surrounding the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Methods This cross-sectional study compared PLWH aged 35-55yrs (diagnosed &amp;gt;10 yrs, on ART) to matched controls. Included were Caucasian men who have sex with men(MSM) and Black African/Caribbean women (BW) with traditional risk factors excluded (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, kidney disease, smoking, depression, inflammatory conditions, etc.). Detailed vitals, 10 year CVD risk calculation (Q-RISK 3) were recorded. CTCA were performed with novel analysis using PCAT to assess for coronary inflammation (Figure 1.) Results 98 participants were recruited (49M; 51 PLWH). Mean Q Risk 3 (10yr CVD risk - %) was low across the groups (HIV+MSM 4.65±2.1, HIV-MSM 3.88±2.7;p=0.29; HIV+BW 2.03±1.3, HIV-BW 1.38±0.98 p=0.66). 79 participants (42 PLWH; 37 controls) completed a CTCA with only 2 PLWH having clinically significant disease (CAD-RAD 3+ ie. &amp;gt;50% luminal stenosis) and none in the control group. (p=0.49) The CT scans of 69 patients were assessed for peri-coronary adipose tissue (PCAT) density, 2 were ruled out due to a small non-dominant RCA. The PCAT density of PLWH was higher than that of the controls (-71.2±27.6 vs -75.5±30.3 P=&amp;lt;0.05). Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that HIV status was an independent predictor of coronary inflammation (p=0.037) after adjusting for age, gender and BMI. Conclusion PWLH without traditional CV risk factors did not have significant evidence of more clinically relevant stenosis than controls on CTCA. However PCAT demonstrated a higher signal of coronary inflammation, despite stable disease, compliance with ART and low CVD risk scores. PLWH remain at risk of CV disease, this study supports the rationale for early preventative strategies for CVD prevention in PLWH.PCAT showing HIV inflammation Vs Control

Linkage error and ethnicity information source affect estimates of ethnic disparities in non-communicable disease rates

Objective and ApproachThis study examined the impact of two sources of bias on differences in ethnic disparities in non-communicable disease rates in New Zealand (NZ). Data were sourced from Stats NZ’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI), a collection of deidentified whole-population administrative (eg, health, justice, housing) and survey datasets (eg, NZ Census) linked at the individual level using probabilistic linkage procedures. Linking several datasets reduces the size of the population available for study because not all individuals can be linked. In addition, there are several sources of ethnicity information that may disagree with each other. We will illustrate the impact of population loss due to linkage and ethnicity data source on Māori-European gaps in lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. ResultsOur results showed that the choice of ethnicity information source and the population used had an impact on the size of ethnic disparities in lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. For lung cancer the age standardised rate ratio for Māori:European ranged from 2.88 to 3.21, and for CVD 1.70 to 1.87. Population loss and ethnicity data source each had independent effects on the size of ethnic differences. ConclusionsDifferent combinations of population and ethnicity information source produced different estimates of ethnic gaps in lung cancer and CVD prevalence. Population and source of ethnicity data both had independent effects on the size of ethnic differences. ImplicationsComparisons of ethnic differences in disease prevalence between studies, or over time, may be misleading if they do not use the same population and ethnicity data source.

Exploring the link between physical activity and cardiovascular disease among Indian elderly: Evidence from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India(LASI)

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally, particularly among older adults. In India, the rapid demographic transition has resulted in a significant increase in the aging population, necessitating a deeper understanding of the factors influencing CVD prevalence. This study examines the association between physical activity and the prevalence of CVD among individuals aged 60 and above. Data & MethodsThis study utilized cross-sectional data from the LASI-Wave 1, comprising a nationally representative sample of 28,935 individuals. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between physical activity and CVD. Population Attributable Factor (PAF) was calculated to determine the proportion of CVD cases preventable by recommended physical activity levels. ResultsAdequate physical activity significantly lowered the risk of CVD by 28% (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.67-0.78). Inadequate physical activity also showed a protective effect (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.94) compared to those who were physically inactive. Other significant factors influencing CVD risk included age, sex, educational level, living arrangements, self-rated health status, body mass index, smoking habits, and multi-morbidity. The comparison between adequate physical activity levels and physically inactive shows a PAF estimate of 0.093 (95% CI: 0.071 - 0.114), indicating that 9.3% of cardiovascular disease cases could be prevented by increasing physical activity from inactive to adequate levels. ConclusionThe findings highlight the significant role of physical activity in reducing CVD risk among older adults in India. Promoting regular physical activity through community-based programs and healthcare interventions could substantially lower the risk of CVD.

Unveiling Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Diagnosed and Undiagnosed among Rural Population: a Prospective Observational Study

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.Several risk factors contribute to the higher prevalence of CVD in rural areas. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of individual risk factors among undiagnosed and diagnosed patients with cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was carried out among the rural areas of pathanamthitta district. The sample size of the study was 500 individuals. The study period ranged from 6 months. The data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire and various instruments to evaluate risk factors including diabetes mellitus, blood pressure and BMI were used. Results: Of the total population of 500 individuals,22.4% of the total subjects were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, and about 77.6% of the subjects were not diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of individual risk factors for the diagnosed population were higher than that of the undiagnosed population, although 27.5% of the undiagnosed population were found to have high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Conclusion:The prevalence of social habits such as smoking, alcoholism and tobacco consumption is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia are prevalent in causing cardiovascular disease. Among the individuals not diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, one third of the population were having high risk of developing CVD

Concussion burden and later-life cardiovascular risk factors in former professional American-style football players.

Mid-life cardiovascular risk factors are associated with later cognitive decline. Whether repetitive head injury among professional athletes impacts cardiovascular risk is unknown. We investigated associations between concussion burden and postcareer hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes among former professional American-style football (ASF) players. In a cross-sectional study of 4080 professional ASF players conducted between January 2015 and March 2022, we used an mulitsymptom concussion symptom score (CSS) and the number of loss-of-consciousness (LOC) episodes as a single severe symptom to quantify football-related concussion exposure. Primary outcomes were hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, defined by current or recommended prescription medication use. The prevalence of hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes among former players (52 ± 14 years of age) was 37%, 34%, and 9%. Concussion burden was significantly associated with hypertension (lowest vs. highest CSS quartile, odds ratio (OR) = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.33-2.98; p < 0.01) and high cholesterol (lowest vs. moderate CSS, OR = 1.46, 95%CI, 1.11-1.91; p < 0.01), but not diabetes. In fully adjusted models, the prevalence of multiple CVD was associated with CSS. These results were driven by younger former players (≤ 40 year of age) in which the odds of hypertension were over three times higher in those in the highest CSS quartile (OR = 3.29, 95%CI: 1.39-7.61; p = 0.01). Results were similar for LOC analyses. Prior concussion burden is associated with postcareer atherogenic cardiovascular risk profiles among former professional American football players.

The Impact of Colour Vision Defect on Consumer’s Fruits Selection Process while Purchasing from Retail Fruit Shops in Bangladesh

Color Vision Defect affects about one in twelve males and two hundred women worldwide, according to research. CVD has a big impact in almost every marketing and branding circumstance, especially when product color is the key. This study began with a Red-Green CVD test of 522 Dhaka residents. Since few research have measured color blindness in Bangladesh, this study can be used as one of the Bangladesh color vision deficiency baseline results. The important factor of this study is whether this result is comparable to Bangladesh’s earlier result and whether Bangladesh has a lower/higher CVD prevalence than other nations. The most common CVD is Red-Green Colour Vision Defect. Green fruits turn yellow and red when maturing and CVD patients have trouble distinguishing neighboring colours like Red, Green, Brown, etc. After examining baskets of green and ripe yellow, red, and partly reddish fruits, this study evaluated the findings. This study found out that people with color vision defects had trouble choosing fruits from baskets. Furthermore, the study tested hypotheses to determine severity of Red-Green CVD and found out it to be less than expected probably due to coping mechanism, experience etc. in Red-Green CVD subjects.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors Among Former National Football League Players

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, but prevalence estimates in former professional athletes are limited. ObjectivesHUDDLE (Heart Health: Understanding and Diagnosing Disease by Leveraging Echocardiograms) aimed to raise awareness and estimate the prevalence of CVD and associated risk factors among members of the National Football League (NFL) Alumni Association and their families through education and screening events. MethodsHUDDLE was a multicity, cross-sectional study of NFL alumni and family members aged 50 years and older. Subjects reported their health history and participated in CVD education and screening (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and transthoracic echocardiogram [TTE] assessments). Phone follow-up by investigators occurred 30 days postscreening to review results and recommendations. This analysis focuses on former NFL athletes. ResultsOf 498 participants screened, 57.2% (N = 285) were former NFL players, the majority of whom were African American (67.6%). The prevalence of hypertension among NFL alumni was estimated to be 89.8%, though only 37.5% reported a history of hypertension. Of 285 evaluable participants, 61.8% had structural cardiac abnormalities by TTE. Multivariable analysis showed that hypertension was a significant predictor of clinically relevant structural abnormalities on TTE. ConclusionsHUDDLE identified a large discrepancy between participant self-awareness and actual prevalence of CVD and risk factors, highlighting a significant opportunity for population health interventions. Structural cardiac abnormalities were observed in most participants and were independently predicted by hypertension, affirming the role of TTE for CVD screening in this population aged older than 50 years. (Heart Health: Understanding and Diagnosing Disease by Leveraging Echocardiograms [HUDDLE]; NCT05009589)

Association of Environmental Injustice and Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States.

While the impacts of social and environmental exposure on cardiovascular risks are often reported individually, the combined effect is poorly understood. Using the 2022 Environmental Justice Index, socio-environmental justice indexand environmental burden module ranks of census tracts were divided into quartiles (quartile 1, the least vulnerable census tracts; quartile 4, the most vulnerable census tracts). Age-adjusted rate ratios (RRs) of coronary artery disease, strokes, and various health measures reported in the Prevention Population-Level Analysis and Community Estimates data were compared between quartiles using multivariable Poisson regression. The quartile 4 Environmental Justice Index was associated with a higher rate of coronary artery disease (RR, 1.684 [95% CI, 1.660-1.708]) and stroke (RR, 2.112 [95% CI, 2.078-2.147]) compared with the quartile 1 Environmental Justice Index. Similarly, coronary artery disease 1.057 [95% CI,1.043-1.0716] and stroke (RR, 1.118 [95% CI, 1.102-1.135]) were significantly higher in the quartile 4 than in the quartile 1 environmental burden module. Similar results were observed for chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of health insurance, sleep <7 hours per night, no leisure time physical activity, and impaired mental and physical health >14 days. The prevalence of CVD and its risk factors is highly associated with increased social and environmental adversities, and environmental exposure plays an important role independent of social factors.

A national perspective on cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are common chronic conditions that lead to morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are no recent national or regional reports about CVDs in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the national and regional prevalence rates of CVDs among the Saudi population.MethodsThis study used data from an ongoing household health survey conducted by the General Authority for Statistics in 2017. The survey sample comprised 24,012 homes that were determined to be a representative sample of the population and dispersed throughout the 13 administrative areas. A self-reported diagnosis of CVD was collected by asking subjects if they had been diagnosed by a physician.ResultsThe prevalence of CVDs among the Saudi population aged 15 years and older was 1.6% (n = 236,815). The prevalence is higher in males at 1.9% compared to females at 1.4%. Age is a significant factor, with a gradual increase in CVD prevalence until the age of 50, followed by a sharp rise. The prevalence among the age group (≥ 65 years) was the highest, recording 11% (n = 93,971), followed by the age group (60–64 years) which reached 6.5% (n = 31156.71), and the lowest prevalence was found in the age group (< 40 years) as 1.2% (n = 108,226). When considering regional differences, Makkah has the highest prevalence at 1.9% (n = 85,814), followed by Riyadh at 1.7% (n = 79,191). Conversely, Najran has the lowest prevalence at 0.76% (n = 332), with the Northern Border Region having the second lowest rate at 1,46% ( n = 4218) These findings underscore the importance of considering both demographic and regional factors in addressing and managing cardiovascular health in Saudi Arabia.ConclusionThis study provides the most recent estimates of the national and regional prevalence rates of CVDs in Saudi Arabia. The findings suggest that CVDs are more common among older adults, males, and residents of the Makkah region. This information can be used to inform public health policies and interventions to reduce the burden of CVDs in Saudi Arabia.

The burden of Cardiovascular diseases in Jordan: a longitudinal analysis from the global burden of disease study, 1990–2019

BackgroundCardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. While countries in the Arab world continue to lack public health data and be severely understudied in health research, previous research has shown that compared to 1990, CVDs had a higher burden of disease in the Arab World in 2010. Jordan, a middle-income Arab country, is profiled with unique attributes such as a dual-sector healthcare system, political stability, and its role as a haven for refugees and migrants. These distinctive factors emphasize Jordan’s suitability as a case study. This investigation aims to quantify CVD burden in Jordan and identify risk factors, contributing to a broader understanding of health challenges in the Arab region and beyond.MethodsThe Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset was used to estimate prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as age-standardized rates from 1990 to 2019. We calculated percentage change for nine specific CVDs and reported trends by gender and age groups. Additionally, data on twelve a priori selected behavioral, clinical, and environmental risk factors attributing to overall age-standardized CVDs DALY were reported per 100,00 population.ResultsIn 2019, the age-standardized CVD prevalence, death, and DALYs rates in Jordan were 7980 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 7629, 8360), 248 (95% UI 211, 288), and 4647 (95% UI 4028, 5388), respectively. Despite an increase in the absolute number of mortality and prevalence, between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardized prevalence, death, and DALYs rates all decreased by 5.5%, 45.1%, and 46.7%, respectively. In 2019, the leading risk factors contributing to overall age-standardized CVDs DALY per 100,000 population were high systolic blood pressure, high BMI, dietary risks, and high LDL cholesterol.ConclusionDespite decreasing burden rate of CVDs in Jordan between 1990 and 2019, CVDs remain the leading cause of mortality in Jordan, with an increase in the total number of prevalence and mortality. Overall, this contributes to increased healthcare costs. Further research is required to quantify the burden of CVDs and understand it better. Intervention measures and policies tailored to specific CVDs should be designed to reduce the burden of CVDs in Jordan.

Abstract P398: Family History of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension Are Associated With Prevalent Disease in US Americans of South Asian Origin

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease and stroke, CVD) is a major health risk among the South Asian diaspora in the US. Factors like genetics and acculturation can influence the onset and progression of these diseases. Our study investigated the associations of acculturation and family history with CVD and a major CVD risk factor of hypertension (HTN) in US South Asians. Methods: We surveyed 105 US South Asian adult participants recruited at a community event. Respondents provided information on acculturation (measured by the adoption of English spoken at home), and family history of CVD and HTN in parents and siblings. Prevalence of CVD and HTN were compared between those with or without factors of interest. Multivariate logistic regression models were run for family history variables of interest, adjusted for age, gender, and English speaking at home. Results: Participants had median age 54 (range 20-75) years, and 69.2% were male. The Table shows the association of parental and sibling history of CVD and hypertension with having CVD or HTN personally, and the association of home language with these conditions. Multivariate adjusted logistic regression analysis found little attenuation, in that , sibling history of CVD remained significantly associated with personal CVD (p = 0.026), parental history of HTN remained significantly associated with personal HTN (p=0.004) and sibling history of HTN remained significantly associated with personal HTN (p=0.014). Conclusion: Among South Asians in the US, family history in 1st degree relatives, rather than language acculturation, is associated with personal CVD and HTN, suggesting a genetic burden. The stronger association of sibling history rather than parental history of CVD suggests a possible role of environmental or secular factors that siblings may share more than parents and offspring. In this population at high risk of CVD, careful recording of family history may help early prevention strategies.

Small dense low density lipoprotein predominance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using Mendelian randomization.

Patients with T2DM often suffer from CVD-related complications, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality rates. The upsurge in CVD prevalence among them is partly linked to sd LDL particles. Understanding the mechanisms behind elevated sd LDL levels is critical for preventing and managing cardiovascular complications in diabetes. MR was employed to identify instrumental variables and establish causality, exploring underlying mechanisms. Notably, T2DM itself, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose seemingly do not directly impact sd LDL levels. Instead, the presence of T2DM or insulin resistance, leading to reduced HDL cholesterol or elevated TG levels, directly contributes to subsequent sd LDL increases, indicating a comprehensive mediating effect. While LDL cholesterol levels correlate positively with sd LDL, they appear unaffected by T2DM or insulin resistance. Importantly, hypertension induced by T2DM or insulin resistance exhibits a positive effect on sd LDL reversal. Unlike T2DM or insulin resistance, blood glucose levels show no significant impact on all processes. It is hoped that these insights might influence the treatment of patients with diabetes and the management of blood parameters in clinical practice. Examining the effect of T2DM or insulin resistance on sd LDL within HDL cholesterol and triglycerides pathways might provide valuable insights for targeted cardiovascular treatments. Additionally, the study's exploration of the potential positive effects of elevated blood pressure on sd LDL reversal may introduce novel considerations for blood pressure management in patients with diabetes.

Utilizing statistical methods to assess the association between demographic variables and angiographycally confirmed CVD

Background: Reasons for the high propensity to develop CVD, the high case fatality and the high premature mortality include biological mechanisms, Social determinants and their interactions. Hence understanding the influence of demographic variables such as Gender, Age, Education, Marital Status, Work Type on the prevalence and severity of CVD was crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies. This will guide individuals in modifying their lifestyle for CVD free life. This investigation is important due to the prevalence of CVD and the need to address gaps in understanding; we can gain insights into the distribution and impact of CVD within populations. Objective: Utilizing statistical techniques to analyze and quantify the relationships between demographic variable statuses correlated with the presence of angiographically confirmed CVD. Materials Methods: The data of 274 study participants visiting Cardiology Department from Krishna Hospital, Karad, Maharashtra with complaints of CVD was used. Chi-Square test was applied to study association of demographic study parameters with CVD. Logistic regression was carried out to develop the regression model. Results: Age, Edu, Marital Status were significantly associated with CVD. Logistic regression analysis also detected same variables for best identification of CVD. Conclusion: As age advances the risk of CVD increases. This notices that one should be health conscious as age increases and underscores the importance of maintaining good health awareness with advancing age.

Association between parities and duration of breastfeeding and the severity of coronary artery disease in women above 30 years old age (A pilot study).

The prevalence and mortality of CVD in women increase over time. We conducted this research to evaluate the severity of coronary artery disease with the number of live births and breastfeeding duration. Patients aged 30-50 years old with positive exercise tests or evidence of cardiac ischemia who were candidates for coronary angiography were included. All the participants had at least one child. Syntax score was used to evaluate the severity of coronary arteries. Mean number of children was 3.72±1.85, in those patients with <2 live births no one had a syntax score≥1, but in the>5 live births group most patients had a syntax score≥1. In patients with zero syntax score, it was estimated as 4.91±39.7; in patients with 1≤ syntax score, it was 4.48±7.29 (P =0.76). Among patients with > 5 birth lives, those with higher syntax scores had older ages (P=0.497). After adjusting age, the association between live births and syntax score became non-significant (P=0.850). By increasing the number of live births >5, the severity of coronary artery disease, increases. However, this association was not significant after adjusting the age of patients.

Cardiovascular disease outcomes among established cigar users 40 years and older: Findings from the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study, waves 1–5 (2013–2019)

This study examined associations between established cigar use and prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD; congestive heart failure, stroke, or heart attack/needed bypass surgery) among U.S. adults, 40 years or older. Using Waves 1–5 (2013–2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, incidence (Nindividuals (Nind) = 6,692; Nobservations (Nobs) = 23,738) and prevalence (Nind = 7,819; Nobs = 33,952) of CVD outcomes were examined using weighted generalized estimating equations (WGEEs) among adults who were exclusive current/former established cigar smokers (ever cigar smokers who have smoked fairly regularly), exclusive current/former established cigarette smokers (lifetime smokers of 100 or more cigarettes), dual current/former established cigarette and cigar smokers compared with never smokers of cigars or cigarettes, adjusting for covariates. The population-averaged incidence of CVD from one wave to next among exclusive current/former established cigar smokers during a six-year period based on WGEEs was low (overall average rate of 3.0 %; 95 % CI: 1.2, 7.0). Compared with never users, exclusive current/former established cigar smokers (OR = 1.67, 95 % CI: 1.11, 2.51) and exclusive current/former established cigarette smokers (OR = 2.12, 95 % CI: 1.45, 3.09) were more likely to have any CVD outcome in unadjusted analyses. When adjusted for covariates, only exclusive current/former established cigarette use was associated with CVD outcomes (AOR = 1.60, CI: 1.07, 2.40). Results suggest that exclusive established use of cigars or duration of exclusive cigar use was not associated with lifetime CVD prevalence compared with never cigar or cigarette smokers, which is important in understanding health outcomes in cigar users.