Cuttlebone Research Articles

Morphological evaluation of HAp nanostructures and its shape-dependent protein adsorption study

The main purpose of contemporary biomaterial research is to use cost-efficient bioactive and biocompatible materials to replace damaged bone. In the current study, cuttlefish (Sepiaofficinalis) bone powder was used as a precursor in the production of hydroxyapatite nanostructures (HAp NS) utilizing the silicon oil bath-mediated precipitation technique. The reaction was performed in various time periods such as 6, 12, 24, 48 and 60 h (h) at 90 °C to prepare HAp nanostructures with diverse morphologies. XRD, FTIR, and FESEM were used to characterize the produced HAp NS, and its capacity for protein adsorption was also assessed. Furthermore, it was evidenced that modulation of cellular activities and tissue functions in human bones is mostly controlled by the shape and crystallographic properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanostructures.

Extraction Optimization and Structural Characteristics of Chitosan from Cuttlefish (S. pharaonis sp.) Bone.

In fish processing, reducing the waste rate and increasing the economic value of products is an important issue for global environmental protection and resource sustainability. It has been discovered that cuttlefish bones can be an excellent resource for producing attractive amounts of chitin and chitosan. Therefore, this study optimized chitosan extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) to establish application conditions suitable for industrial production and reducing environmental impact. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characteristics of extracted chitosan were evaluated. The optimum extraction conditions for chitosan from cuttlebone chitin were 12.5M NaOH, 6 h and 80 °C, and the highest average yield was 56.47%. FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and SEM identification proved that the chitosan prepared from cuttlefish bone has a unique molecular structure, and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan was about 81.3%. In addition, it was also confirmed that chitosan has significant anti-oxidation and oil-absorbing abilities. This research has successfully transformed the by-products of cuttlefish processing into value-added products. The process not only achieved the recycling and utilization of by-products but also enhanced industrial competitiveness and resource sustainability.

Development of Biocomposite Alginate-Cuttlebone-Gelatin 3D Printing Inks Designed for Scaffolds with Bone Regeneration Potential.

Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds using natural biomaterials introduces valuable opportunities in bone tissue reconstruction and regeneration. The current study aimed at the development of paste-like 3D printing inks with an extracellular matrix-inspired formulation based on marine materials: sodium alginate (SA), cuttlebone (CB), and fish gelatin (FG). Macroporous scaffolds with microporous biocomposite filaments were obtained by 3D printing combined with post-printing crosslinking. CB fragments were used for their potential to stimulate biomineralization. Alginate enhanced CB embedding within the polymer matrix as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) and improved the deformation under controlled compression as revealed by micro-CT. SA addition resulted in a modulation of the bulk and surface mechanical behavior, and lead to more elongated cell morphology as imaged by confocal microscopy and ESEM after the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts at 48 h. Formation of a new mineral phase was detected on the scaffold's surface after cell cultures. All the results were correlated with the scaffolds' compositions. Overall, the study reveals the potential of the marine materials-containing inks to deliver 3D scaffolds with potential for bone regeneration applications.

갑오징어뼈재를 이용한 크롬적유의 개발과 색도 증진

The purpose of this study is to develop high firing chrome-pink glazes for ceramics and enhance color development by using cuttle bone, which is a fishery waste, as a Ca source. After calcining cuttle bone at 850°C, sieving it with 40 mesh was added to the lime-glazes, used as an alternative flux for limestone. Chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃), and tin oxide (SnO₂) was added as a coloring oxide for red. As a result of analyzing the components of the cuttle bone ash, cuttle bone ash had a CaO component of 97.39%, and the cuttle bone ash were suitable for use as a stable Ca source in high firing lime glazes. As a result of adding the cuttle bone ash as a flux for the basic lime glazes, glossy chrome-pink glazes with a high firing and a stable deep red color was developed with a composition added with 0.3% chromium oxide and 10% tin oxide. After firing at 1250°C(10 min) in an oxidizing atmosphere, re-fired at a maximum temperature of 1250°C and then maintained at 1150°C for 2 hours to enhancement the redness of high firing chrome-pink glazes. Developed High firing chrome-pink glazes using cuttle bone ash is expected to be used as an alternative flux for high firing glazes recycled from fishery waste resources and in the ceramic field and study in the field of clay and synthesis of high temperature pigments as well as glaze.

Cuttlefish bone powder as an efficient solid-phase extraction sorbent of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs in environmental water

Many antiviral drugs were developed to counteract coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Therefore, the scientific community's efforts have focused on the detection and quantification of antiviral compounds currently being tested for COVID-19 treatment. Cuttlefish bone powder (CFBP) has been used for the first time as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the extraction of SARS CoV-2 antiviral drugs (chloroquine, ritonavir and indomethacin) from water samples. An effective and sensitive method was developed by combining SPE and liquid chromatography- UV detection (LC-UV). An experimental design was applied for the optimization of extraction process. Experimental variables were optimized using Doehlert matrix. The developed method included 50 mg of CFBP sorbent, 20 mL of water sample at pH = 9 and 5 mL of ACN/KH2PO4 buffer solution (80:20, v/v) in the elution step. For validation of the method, selectivity, linearity precision, and sensitivity were evaluated. Extraction recovery percentage of all Sars cov-2 antivirals were above 98.2%. The detection and quantification limits were between 0.1 and 0.5 µg L−1 and 0.6 and 2 µg L−1, respectively. The current study suggested that CFBP has the application potential for the enhanced SPE of SARS CoV-2 antiviral drugs from water samples.

Photocatalytic oxidation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride by using natural marine material supported perovskite composites

The photocatalytic performance of LaCuO3/CFB (CFB: Cuttlefish bone) composite catalyst was investigated for the degradation of the veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride. The composite catalyst was characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, BET, and FT-IR analyzes. The interactive influences of catalyst loading, pH and oxidant dosage on oxytetracycline hydrochloride degradation was investigated by using Box-Behnken Design. Reaction conditions were optimized at 0.77 g/L of catalyst loading, pH 4 and 3.46 mM of H2O2 dosage, and the antibiotic removal efficiency reached to 83% at these conditions. According to the kinetic study, the oxytetracycline hydrochloride oxidation followed second order reaction kinetics.

UJI KUALITAS KITOSAN DARI LIMBAH TULANG SOTONG DENGAN VARIASI SUHU DEASETILASI

Research has been carried out on testing the quality of characteristics chitosan from cuttlefish bone waste with variations in deacetylation temperature. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of cuttlefish bone as a raw material for producing chitosan and the effect of variations in deacetylation temperature on the quality of the chitosan. The tests of water content, ash content and chitosan solubility values. Solubility test showed that the three samples were soluble in 2% acetic acid. The results of the water content test with variations in deacetylation temperatures of 110 0C, 120 0C, 130 0C were 0.3467%, 0.1063% and 0.0135%, respectively. The ash content of chitosan is 0.2627%, 0.0125% and 0.0060%. The results of testing water and ash content showed a decrease in the value linear within increasing temperature.

Modified os sepiae of Sepiella inermis as a low cost, sustainable, bio-based adsorbent for the effective remediation of boron from aqueous solution

The occurrence of boron in low concentration is essential; however, a higher concentration of boron source in water has a toxic effect on humans as well as have retard effect on agricultural plant growth. Thus, the affordable and facile method to remediate water from higher boron concentrations is highly demanded. This report explores the ability of naturally occurring sustainable bio-waste os sepiae (cuttlefish bone, CFB) as an effective adsorbent for the removal of boron from water. Chemical activation of the os sepiae powder was examined to improve the efficiency of boron adsorption. A batch adsorption study for boron considering various parameters such as chemical modification of os sepiae, pH, initial boron concentration, and the temperature was scrutinized. Untreated (CFB), alkali-treated (CFB-D) and acid-treated (CFB-A) os sepiae powders were investigated and the adsorption capacities reached up to 53.8 ± 0.04 mg/g, 66.4 ± 0.02 mg/g and 69.8 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, at optimal pH 8 and 25 °C. Boron adsorption by CFB, CFB-D, and CFB-A were well fitted with the linear Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with a correlation coefficient of 99.4%, 99.8%, and 99.7% respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of boron by CFB is an exothermic process and more feasible at a lower temperature around 25 °C. Moreover, detailed morphological and chemical characterization of the influence of adsorbed boron on adsorbents was conducted and discussed. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis spectra confirms the involvement of various functional groups including amino, carbonate (CO3)2−, and hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent in the adsorption mechanisms for boron removal. The results indicate that CFB can be an excellent example for the recycling and reuse of biowaste for water remediation.

Isolation Of Chitosan From Cuttlefish Bones

One of the potential natural resources in Indonesia is the abundance of natural resources in the marine sector. The survey results show that the sale of cuttlefish in the market indicates that the demand for cuttlefish is very high. Cuttlefish is a type of marine animal that is widely consumed by the public because of its very high protein content, but the part used from this cuttlefish is the meat, while the squid bones are discarded. Cuttlefish bone is one of the natural ingredients that contains chitin, and when the isolation process is carried out with the stages of deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation, it can produce chitosan compounds. The aim of the study was to isolate chitosan from cuttlefish bones. Isolation of chitosan includes 3 basic stages, namely deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. Then the characteristics of chitosan from cuttlefish bones are analyzed, namely water content analysis, ash content, protein content, ninhydrin test, and FT-IR characteristics. The results of characteristic testing of 8.04% water content, 1.73% ash content, and 4.8% protein content, ninhydrin test results showed that cuttlefish bone chitosan had an amine group, and FT-IR results showed that the absorption bands of C-O and C-N groups. The conclusion of this study shows that chitosan can be isolated from cuttlefish bones.

PCL/Si-Doped Multi-Phase Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds Derived from Cuttlefish Bone.

Increasing attention is focused on developing biomaterials as temporary scaffolds that provide a specific environment and microstructure for bone tissue regeneration. The aim of the present work was to synthesize silicon-doped biomimetic multi-phase composite scaffolds based on bioactive inorganic phases and biocompatible polymers (poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL) using simple and inexpensive methods. Porous multi-phase composite scaffolds from cuttlefish bone were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and were further impregnated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane 1–4 times, heat-treated (1000 °C) and coated with PCL. The effect of silicon doping and the PCL coating on the microstructure and mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds has been investigated. Multi-phase scaffolds based on calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate) and calcium silicate (wollastonite, larnite, dicalcium silicate) phases were obtained. Elemental mapping revealed homogeneously dispersed silicon throughout the scaffolds, whereas silicon doping increased bovine serum albumin protein adsorption. The highly porous structure of cuttlefish bone was preserved with a composite scaffold porosity of ~78%. A compressive strength of ~1.4 MPa makes the obtained composite scaffolds appropriate for non-load-bearing applications. Cytocompatibility assessment by an MTT assay of human mesenchymal stem cells revealed the non-cytotoxicity of the obtained scaffolds.

Tribocorrosion behavior of 316 L and HDPE composites for orthopedic application

Stainless-steel is commonly used in orthopedic applications, especially in total hip joint due to its biocompatibility and its corrosion resistance. However, the wear could affect the corrosion. In order to improve the synergy between corrosion and wear of artificial joints, 316 L/HDPE composites were evaluated by tribocorrosion experiments upon conditions resembling to the “in vivo” environment. In the present work, cuttlebone (CB) and red coral (RC) were loaded into HDPE matrix in order to explore their roles in tribocorrosion behavior against 316 L. The tribocorrosion tests were experimentally implemented on a specific device in serum bovine with a protein concentration of 30 g/L. Open circuit potential (OCP) was assessed before, during and after slipping, while friction coefficient was measured throughout sliding. The worn areas were denoted by SEM. The results revealed an improvement in the friction, wear and corrosion resistances of HDPE composites/316 L, when compared to unfilled HDPE/316 L. The results demonstrate that CB and RC provide protective tribo-layer on the metal surface. It was also observed that proteins protect the metal surface against corrosion, hence the enhancement of the tribocorrosion performance.

Aragonite toothpaste for management of dental calculus: A double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.

ObjectivesAragonite from animal origin such as cuttlefish bone powder is an abrasive with hardness properties ideal for calculus removal. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to test the efficacy of a cuttlebone‐derived aragonite toothpaste in removing dental calculus.Materials and MethodsEighty‐one patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were blindly and randomly assigned into two study groups. The intervention treatment group (n = 40) received cuttlebone toothpaste (Dr. D‐Tart) and the control group (n = 41) received an off‐the‐shelf commercial toothpaste (Crest). Evaluations were performed before and after scaling and polishing procedures done at 3 months in order to evaluate the toothpaste's ability to remove calculus and to prevent calculus formation. Calculus, stains, plaque, and gingival indices scores, and patient satisfaction surveys were compared at baseline (first visit), 3, and 9 months, using generalized linear models and Wald's χ 2 test.ResultsAt the end of the 3‐month period, the intervention group showed a 30% reduction in total calculus compared to the baseline score (p = .0006) and 45% less total calculus compared to the control group (p = .0001). Six months after scaling, the mean calculus score for Crest users was 42% higher than that for Dr. D‐Tart users (p = .0692). There was a significant improvement in the gingival health of cuttlebone toothpaste users at the observed intervals, and both kinds of toothpaste achieved comparable results in terms of plaque and stains removal.ConclusionsAragonite toothpaste can remove calculus, prevent calculus formation, and improve gingival health. Patients are generally satisfied with the performance of the aragonite toothpaste. Clinical significance: Animal‐derived aragonite toothpaste (Dr. D‐Tart) shows promising efficacy in removing calculus, preventing calculus formation, and for the improvement of gingival health. Clinical trial ID: A08‐M35‐16B.

Valorization of β-Chitin Extraction Byproduct from Cuttlefish Bone and Its Application in Food Wastewater Treatment.

The nontoxicity, worldwide availability and low production cost of cuttlefish bone products qualify them an excellent biocoagulant to treat food industry wastewater. In this study, cuttlefish bone liquid waste from the deproteinization step was used as a biocoagulant to treat food industry wastewater. This work concerns a waste that has never before been investigated. The objectives of this work were: the recovery of waste resulting from cuttlefish bone deproteinization, the replacementof chemical coagulants with natural ones to preserve the environment, and the enhancement ofthe value of fishery byproducts. A quantitative characterization of the industrial effluents of a Moroccan food processing plant was performed. The physicochemical properties of the raw cuttlefish bone powder and the deproteinization liquid extract were determined using specific analysis techniques: SEM/EDX, FTIR, XRD and 1H-NMR. The protein content of the deproteinization liquid was determined by OPA fluorescent assay. The zeta potential of the liquid extract was also determined. The obtained analytical results showed that the deproteinization liquid waste contained an adequate amount of soluble chitin fractions that could be used in food wastewater treatment. The effects of the coagulant dose and pH on the food industrial effluents were studied to confirm the effectiveness of the deproteinization liquid extract. Under optimal conditions, the coagulant showed satisfactory results. Process optimization was performed using the Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology. Thus, the optimal removal efficiencies predicted using this model for turbidity (99.68%), BOD5 (97.76%), and COD (82.92%) were obtained at a dosage of 8 mL biocoagulant in 0.5 L of food processing wastewater at an alkaline pH of 11.

Aloe vera gel conjugated cuttlefish bone graft material treated with three types of hydroxyapatite for clinical trial

We have developed three types of hydroxyapatite particle (HP) functionalized Aloe vera gel W (AGW®) conjugated cuttlefish bone graft materials (Aloe-CGMs) for clinical applications. These Aloe-CGMs were prepared by attaching platelet, needle, and sphere shaped HPs to the surface of cuttlefish bone graft materials through chemically AGW® conjugation. Although all three HPs contributed to increase the surface area of graft material (GM), the shape of the HPs was a determining factor. Platelet HPs were most effective, because they caused a 62.3% increase in GM surface area whereas the influence of the spherical particle was only a 5.2% increase. This suggests that geometric factors regarding both the attached HPs and graft material surface are essential in controlling the surface roughness of graft materials. Among the three HPs, it was the platelet HPs that helped to increase the efficacy of the GM most significantly. Compared with GM with no HP attachment, Aloe-CGMs with platelet shaped HP (platelet Aloe-CGMs) treatment had ~58.9% higher cell attachment and proliferation rate. The MTT assay also showed that the HP treated cuttlefish bone graft materials had negligible cytotoxicity.

Utilization of Cuttlefish Bone as The Alternative Source of Heterogenic Alkali Catalyst

This research aims to determine characteristic of heterogeneous alkali catalyst which produced from cuttlefish bone. The catalyst was made by calcination process at 800 °C for 4 hours. The characterization was done by XRD (X-ray diffractometer) and SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray). XRD result showed heterogeneous alkali catalyst from cuttlefish bone have high crystallinity with lime mineral phase. In comparison with calcium oxide powder, the cuttlefish bone catalyst has the highest crystallites (6000) than calcium oxide powder (4000). SEM-EDS result showed the microstructure of cuttlefish bone heterogeneous base catalyst morphologically have dissimilar particle shape and size comparing to tohor lime heterogeneous base catalyst. Cuttlefish bone catalyst particle size is smaller than catalyst from tohor lime. Morphologically showed the difference is cuttlefish bone catalyst has tidy-clots form while tohor lime catalyst has slab-shaped. These particle shape and size will affect to catalyst properties, which smaller particle size will be affected to effectivity of catalyst activity. From EDS result showed main mineral compound of cuttlefish bone catalyst is calcium attain 93%.

Synergistic effect of cuttlebone particles and non‐rubber components on reinforcing ability of natural rubber and synthetic isoprene rubber composites

AbstractThe comparison of the reinforcing ability of cuttlebone (CTBO) particles in natural and synthetic isoprene rubber (NR and IR, respectively) composites were investigated. The CTBO particles could reinforce in both NR and IR composites. However, the improvement of tensile properties in CTBO‐filled NR composites was higher than that of IR composites due to the presence of non‐rubber components in NR. The non‐rubber components promoted the strong interfacial adhesions with filler and rubbery matrix to increase the bound rubber content. These results affected the increase of the stress softening degree, hysteresis loss, residual strain during cyclic deformation and the volume fraction of constrained rubber region (immobilized area of rubber) in CTBO‐filled NR composites. The atomic force microscopy evidently revealed good compatibility between the CTBO particles and the NR matrix due to the presence of organic components from CTBO particles and from non‐rubber components in NR. Accordingly, the CTBO particles and non‐rubber components play important roles in improving the properties of green rubber composite materials.

A multifunctional strontium/silver-co-substituted hydroxyapatite derived from biogenic source as antibacterial biomaterial

The bioactive properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) facilitate bone regeneration, however, its physico-chemical and bioactive properties can be further enhanced by ionic substitutions within the crystalline lattice. In this work, substitution with Sr2+ and Ag+ ions was investigated for the improvement of osseointegration and antibacterial activity in potential treatment of traumatic bone injuries. A series of single substituted HAp with Sr2+ or Ag+ ions and Ag/Sr-co-substituted HAp with different degrees of substitution (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 mol%) were obtained by wet precipitation from cuttlefish bone. Rietveld refinement indicated successful Ca2+ substitution by increasing cell parameters due to the larger ionic radii of Sr2+ and Ag+ compared to Ca2+, which was confirmed by elemental mapping showing uniform distribution of substituent cations. Characterization of the zeta-potential of Ag/Sr-co-substituted HAp showed negatively charged populations, at potentials not lower than −15 mV. Increasing the degree of substitution resulted in decreasing zeta-potential. The higher absorption capacity of bovine serum albumin was determined on Ag/Sr-co-substituted HAp powders as compared to non-substituted HAp. All Ag-substituted HAps have shown an antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, as determined by inhibition zone, viability analysis and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, non-cytotoxicity towards human cells was confirmed by in vitro tests with embryonic kidney 293 and mesenchymal stem cells.

Enhanced bone regeneration by Aloe vera gel conjugated barnacle cement protein composite hyaluronic acid hydrogel based hydroxyapatite derived from cuttlefish bone

Injectable Aloe vera gel W (AGW®)-conjugated Barnacle Cement Protein (BCP) composite Hyaluronic Acid (HA) hydrogels provide local periodontal tissue for bone filling in periodontal surgery. We developed a novel type of injectable self-supported hydrogel (2 mg/ml of AGW®-BCP/HA) based cuttlefish bone derived hydroxyapatite (CBH) for dental graft, which could good handling property, biodegradation or biocompatibility with the hydrogel disassembly and provided efficient cell adhesion activity and no inflammatory responses. Herein, the aim of this work was to evaluate bone formation following implantation of CBH and collagen membrane in rabbit calvarias defects. Eight male New Zealand rabbits were used and four circular calvarias defects were created on each animal. Defects were filled with different graft materials: 1) collagen membrane, 2) collagen membrane with CBH, 3) collagen membrane with bovine bone hydroxyapatite (BBH), and 4) control. The animals were sacrificed after 2 and 8 weeks of healing periods for histologic analysis. Both sites receiving CBH and BBH showed statistically increased augmented volume and new bone formation (p<0.05). However, there was no statistical difference in new bone formation between the CBH, BBH and collagen membrane group at all healing periods. Within the limits of this study, collagen membrane with CBH was an effective material for bone formation and space maintaining in rabbit calvarias defects.

Investigation of Calcination of Sepia officinalis Cuttlefish Bone for Reinforcement of Polyvinyl Alcohol Added Nano-Size Montmorillonite.

This study aims to investigate the effects on calcination of Sepia officinalis cuttlefish bone (cuttlebone) to enhance reinforcement of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) added with nano-size montmorillonite (MMT) blends as potential bio-compatible materials. The polyvinyl alcohol-cuttlebone-montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared using the solution casting method. Calcined cuttlebone particles were added to the PVOH matrix at different amount of 2 and 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) along with MMT ranging from 1 to 3 phr. Results showed that the tensile strength of cuttlebone-added PVOH-MMT composites at fixed 1 phr MMT was observed to be marginally lower when the cuttlebone increased from 2 phr to 5 phr due to the poor distribution of agglomerated particles. Nevertheless, at higher loading level of MMT, it was found that the addition of cuttlebone at 5 phr exhibited a reinforcing effect in PVOH-MMT blends. This is consistent with the scanning electron microscopy observation, where dispersion of a higher amount of cuttlebone in PVOH-MMT blends was observed to be more homogeneous than a lower amount of cuttlebone. Moreover, based on the X-ray diffraction analysis, the addition of cuttlebone significantly enhanced the intercalation effect of MMT particles in the PVOH matrix. Furthermore, the observation from infrared spectroscopy shows the amount of hydroxyl group for all composites reduced gradually with the increasing amount of cuttlebone. The addition of cuttlebone showed a “red shift” effect, indicating the formation of hydrogen bonds induced by cuttlebone. Lastly, lower enthalpy of melting was detected in relation to higher loading level of cuttlebone embedded in PVOH-MMT blends through differential scanning calorimetry. In conclusion, the blending of cuttlebone in PVOH-MMT is favorable to obtain better properties of composites.

Removal of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Cuttlefish Bone Powder

Adsorption experiments were carried out as part of the removal of Congo red (CR) as textile dye from aqueous solutions by using the powder of Cuttlefish bone (Sepia) as a new potential adsorbent. The prepared powder was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and elemental analysis. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent amount, CR concentration, temperature and contact time on the adsorption of CR studied were investigated. The experimental results showed that maximum pH was about 2 for efficient uptake of CR. The equilibrium was attained in 60 min. The adsorption of Congo red was exothermic in nature (ΔH° = 8.41 kJ/mol), while the positive value of entropy 20.85 J/mol.K indicated that the increasing randomness at the solid/liquid interface. The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models. The best fit was obtained by Langmuir model with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 69.9 mg/g. adsorption kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo second-order kinetic model.