Cuttlebone Research Articles

The effect of coating chitosan from cuttlefish bone (Sepia Sp.) on the surface of orthodontic mini-screw

IntroductionPeri-implantitis is a significant complication resulting from the failure of orthodontic mini-screws. Recent strategies to address this issue include the application of natural antibacterial coatings to prevent bacterial colonization. Notably, cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) bones are rich in chitosan, which is recognized for its antibacterial effectiveness and biocompatibility. ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of a chitosan coating derived from cuttlefish bone (Sepia sp.) on mini-screws against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria frequently linked to peri‑implantitis. Materials and MethodsThe surface functional groups, phase composition, and crystal morphology of chitosan were analyzed using conventional analytic techniques alongside energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. These prepared were tested for antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans by disk diffusion assay; minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined. Stainless steel mini-screws were coated with chitosan, and their surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ResultsThe investigation revealed that chitosan exhibited a MIC value of 8 ppm against A. actinomycetemcomitans with MBCs recorded at 16 ppm. Zones of inhibition varied based on concentration; notably, concentrations at 0.4 %, 0.6 %, and 0.8 % produced zones averaging 16.17 ± 1.64 mm collectively while increasing to a mean zone size of 20.99 ± 3.63 mm at the highest tested concentration (0.8 %). SEM analyses further confirmed the successful adhesion of the chitosan compound onto immersed mini-screw surfaces. ConclusionThe prepared chitosan from cuttlefish bone (Sepia sp.) has antibacterial activity against the bacteria A. actinomycetemcomitans in vitro and can successfully coat SS mini-screws to enhance their efficiency.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Composite of Cuttlefish Bone (Sepia sp.) With Gelatin as Rhodamine b Dye Adsorbent

AbstractIn this study, hydroxyapatite‐gelatin (HAp‐Gel) composite using Ca precursor from cuttlefish bone (Sepia Sp.) has great potential to be used in hydroxyapatite synthesis. The HAp‐Gel composite was synthesized in‐situ by sol‐gel method with varying concentrations to see its ability to adsorb rhodamine b dye. XRF analysis results obtained a CaO content of 95.561 %. The 40 % HAp‐Gel composite showed the best adsorption capacity, with a percentage of 27.326 %, which experienced an increase in the percentage of hydroxyapatite adsorption capacity, namely 4.6881 %. FTIR results from 40 % HAp‐Gel composite obtained characteristic peaks of functional groups contained in hydroxyapatite and gelatin. XRD analysis showed the diffraction pattern of HAp by the ICSD standard spectrum (#157481), and the average size of the hydroxyapatite crystal was 9.72 nm. In comparison, the 40 % HAp‐Gel composite crystal was 5.25 nm. SEM‐EDS results showed that the composite morphology was agglomerated with irregular shapes and a Ca/P ratio 1.56. SAA results showed a composite surface area of 55.256 m2/g. The 40 % HAp‐Gel composite sorption application followed the Freudlich isotherm model with multilayer adsorption on the heterogeneous adsorbent surface. The interaction between rhodamine B and HAp‐Gel 40 % occurs at pseudo‐second‐order and can be reused up to two cycles when interacting with rhodamine B.

Enhancement of Q-Switched Erbium-Doped Fibre Laser Performance using Graphene Oxide-Calcium Oxide Thin Film Saturable Absorbers

This paper presents an experiment utilizing calcium oxide (CaO) from the cuttlefish bone combined with graphene oxide (GO) to create a graphene oxide-calcium oxide (GO-CaO) based saturable absorber (SA) for Q-switched erbium-doped fibre lasers. The experiment aims to investigate the impact of calcium oxide when added to graphene oxide to form the SA thin film. The laser performance of both types of SA was compared, considering their input pump power, repetition rate, pulse width, and output power. The results indicated that the graphene oxide – calcium oxide SA thin film provided the best output power and the lowest threshold input pump power at 10.76 µW and 53.12 mW, respectively. In the characterization, UV-Vis spectroscopy was utilized to determine the number of discrete wavelengths in UV or visible light that the materials absorbed or transmitted. The UV-Vis results indicated that the graphene oxide thin film exhibited an absorbance value of 0.049 AU and a transmittance value of 89.25 % at a wavelength of 1565 nm. In comparison, the GO-CaO SA thin film displayed an absorbance value of 0.037 AU and a transmittance value of 91.89 % at the same wavelength. Raman spectroscopy was also conducted to provide details about the chemical structure and crystallinity of the thin film samples. The results showed high-intensity peaks for the GO thin film at wavenumbers of 1353.74 cm-1 and 1609.85 cm-1, and for GO – CaO thin film at wavenumbers of 1358.56 cm-1 and 1612.18 cm-1. Additionally, SEM was utilized to study the morphology of the thin film samples. Based on the characterization and laser performance results, it was concluded that the addition of calcium oxide to graphene oxide enhances the properties of the SA thin film, leading to improved laser performance due to its higher thermal conductivity.

Cuttlefish-Bone-Derived Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine, Dentistry, and Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review.

Marine ecosystems, covering 70% of Earth's surface, hold immense biodiversity and potential for biomaterials. Cuttlefish bone (CB) and marine resources have gained attention as eco-friendly biomaterials. We aim to comprehensively study biomedical applications of CB-derived materials. By evaluating both in vivo and in vitro investigations, the review seeks to uncover the diverse potential of CB in the biomedical field. A comprehensive search of electronic databases yielded 51 articles from 2408 studies. These studies encompassed in vivo animal studies and in vitro investigations. In vivo studies employed for bone repair, dorsal subcutaneous defects, thermal wound healing, muscle injections, and avian blood testing. In vitro studies focused on HAp synthesis, scaffold development, dental material enhancement, and antimicrobial properties. Risk of bias assessments revealed varying degrees of methodological quality in both animal and in vitro studies, underscoring the need for standardised reporting and rigorous study design in future research. This review fills a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the applications of CB-derived materials in the biomedical field. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in sustainable and effective biomaterials for diverse medical purposes, advancing the fields of regenerative medicine and dentistry.

Potential Remineralizing Effect of Cuttlefish Bone and Eggshell Powder’s on Demineralized Human Enamel (an invitro study)

Dental treatment has been shifted towards more conservative approaches that focus on caries identification at early stage, remineralization of dental surfaces, and preservation of tooth structure. So that, newly safe alternative methods for teeth remineralization have to be created. There is minimal evidence to support the use of eggshell powder (ESP) for remineralizing enamel and Cuttlefish bone powder (CBP) as an alternative calcium source in bone replacement.The aim of this study is to evaluate the capacity of eggshell powder (ESP) and cuttlefish bone powder (CBP) solutions to remineralize early initiated demineralized lesions of enamel in permanent teeth. 40 extracted premolars were divided into four groups: Group1 (which received no treatment), Group2 (which was subjected todemineralizing solution), Group3 (which was subjected todemineralizing solution and then treated with CBP solution), and Group4 (which was subjected todemineralizing solution and then treated with ESP solution). All groups were prepared forscanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray microanalysis (EDAX), and microhardness evaluation. The demineralization process significantly changed the surface structure of the enamel, resulting in erosive lesions. CBP and ESP solutions both had a reparative effect, enhanced surface morphology, and increased Ca and P content and microhardness.

Cuttlefish Bone-Derived Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics Have Enhanced Osteogenic Properties.

Cuttlefish bones are byproducts of cuttlefish processing and are readily available in the marine food industry. In this study, calcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared from cuttlefish bones using a two-stage hydrothermal calcination process. The results indicated that all bioceramics derived from cuttlefish bones had a higher degradation capacity, better bone-like apatite formation ability, and higher degree of osteogenic differentiation than commercially available hydroxyapatite. Notably, β-tricalcium phosphate, which had the highest degree of Ca2+ and Sr2+ dissolution among the bioceramics extracted, can significantly upregulate osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin) and stimulate bone matrix mineralization. Thus, it is a promising bioceramic material for applications in bone regeneration.

In vivo evaluation by oral administration of chitosan combined with bioactive glass against cadmium-induced toxicity in rats

Bioactive glass and chitosan are biomaterials widely used for orthopedic applications, notably as bone grafts. Although these biomaterials show promising therapeutic properties, no research has yet examined their potential for oral administration in soft tissue protection, particularly against metal toxicity. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan from cuttlefish (CHS) bone combined with bioactive glass (BG) against Cadmium-induced toxicity in rats. Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal that accumulates in tissues, causes various disorders. Experiments were carried out on rats intoxicated acutely by oral administration of Cd (20 mg/kg body weight) and/or concomitantly with oral administration of CHS/BG (100 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Using pathophysiological and biochemical tests, we evaluated the detoxifying effect of orally administered CHS/BG against Cd toxicity. Our results showed, for the first time, a significant detoxifying effect of CHS/BG against Cd-induced toxicity in rats. Treatment with CHS/BG protected rats against the harmful effects of Cd by reducing lipid peroxidation levels and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, it helped restore phosphocalcic balance and protect liver, kidney and brain function. Remarkably, it also reduced Cd levels in the liver, kidneys and brain, as well as in the bones of rats. These results show that oral administration of CHS/BG has a strong therapeutic potential on tissues through detoxification of cadmium-exposed rats.

Cuttlefish bone derived hydroxyapatite-integrated alginate membrane for hemostasis and regeneration

Biomaterials are playing a pivotal role in facilitating hemostasis and regeneration. Fabrication of cuttlefish bone derived hydroxyapatite (HAp) infused alginate composite membrane for enhanced hemostasis and tissue regeneration. Cuttlefish bone HAp revealed Ca5(PO4)3(OH) and Ca3(PO4)2 crystalline phases with elongated spherical morphology. This HAp infused alginate membrane was fabricated using lyophilization, carboxylic as well as phosphate groups (HAp) was confirmed the formation of membrane. Graded as well as porous morphology was observed in pure alginate (ALG) and HAp alginate respectively. Enhanced hydrophilic (28.44°) and mechanical properties (23.7 MPa) were observed in HAp-ALG membrane. Optimal compatibility features was observed with the treatment of blood and fibroblast cells. Cuttlefish bone derived HAp-ALG membrane revealed rapid hemostatic behavior that was observed by clot initiation and morphological analysis. Physico-chemical, mechanical, and biological properties of cuttlefish bone derived HAp-ALG are ascertain its suitability for regeneration and hemostatic applications.

Biostimulation of styrene-containing wastewater in carrier-supported anaerobic bioreactor towards enhancing biogas production and styrene degradation

Biological treatment of styrene-containing petrochemical wastewater usually suffers from styrene volatility and its toxicity to microorganisms. The main aim of the present study was to enhance the treatment performance of synthetic petrochemical wastewater using carrier-supported anaerobic bioreactor, in terms of biogas production and styrene degradation. For this purpose, three types of carrier, including magnetic granular activated carbon (MGAC), cuttlefish bone (CFB) and pumice, were used. A control reactor and the three carrier-supported reactors were operated under three styrene concentrations of 20 (cycle 1), 50 (cycle 2), and 100 (cycle 3) mg/L. Ethanol was used as a co-solvent and the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 500 mg/L in each cycle. According to the results, under all examined styrene concentrations, all the carrier-supported reactors exhibited higher styrene removal efficiency and gas production than the control reactor. Among carrier-containing rectors, the reactor supplemented with MGAC showed the best performance with styrene removal of 85.4 %–91.4 % and gas production of 368–890 mL/g COD added. The corresponding values for the control reactor were 72.3–79.2 % and 174–358 mL/g COD added. In addition, Carrier-containing reactors showed 31.2–67.2 % less styrene volatilization than the control reactor. The process performance was also affected by the styrene concentration so that the highest and the lowest gas productions were achieved for styrene contents of 50 and 100 mg/L, orderly. Using modified Gompertz model, it was found that the carriers shortened the lag phase and increased the maximum methane production rate, proving the establishment of stable conditions in carrier-supported reactors for the treatment of styrene-containing wastewater.

Effect of chitosan concentration on hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite synthesis using the in-situ method as a dye adsorbent

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a versatile material with wide-ranging applications, including its utility as an adsorbent. However, its brittleness and limited adsorption capacity pose challenges, prompting the incorporation of chitosan (CTS) fillers to enhance mechanical strength and adsorption properties. The hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HAp/CTS) composite was synthesized via the in-situ method, utilizing natural sources such as calcium ions from cuttlefish bones and chitosan extracted from shrimp shells. Various chitosan concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) were explored in the synthesis process, with the optimal adsorption of Rhodamine B dye observed at a 30% concentration, yielding 0.1832 mg/g. Validation of the HAp/CTS composite synthesis was achieved through X-ray diffraction, revealing the presence of CTS at a new peak at 2θ of 19.23°, while infrared spectroscopy confirmed absorption bands for both HAp and CTS. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy-energy dipersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) investigations revealed irregular shapes with agglomeration, resulting in a Ca/P ratio of 1.80 for the HAp/CTS composite. The HAp/CTS-30% composite demonstrated efficient Rhodamine B dye adsorption following the Freundlich isotherm equation, pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics, and exhibited good reusability. These findings suggest that the HAp/CTS composite could serve as a promising, cost-effective solution for treating industrial wastewater.

Consecutive high-performance removal of Cu2+ metal ions and Deltamethrin using multifunctional pyrolysis cuttlebone/cotton fabric nanocomposite

A simple technique was developed for the modification of cotton materials that is inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and very effective. Waste Cotton fabrics (WCFs) are loaded with propolis extract (PE) for Cu2+ removal. Then, Cu2+ underwent a pyrolysis process with modified cuttlebone (CB) at 900 °C for 5 h. The surface of the prepared materials was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), BET, particle sizes, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and zeta potential analysis. The Cu2+ metal ions from an aqueous solution were removed using WCFs/PE, and DLM was subsequently removed using pyro WCFs/PE/Cu/CB. The as-prepared NPs exhibited the face-centered cubic structure of WCFs/PE/Cu/CB with crystallite sizes ranging from 386.70 to 653.10 nm. FTIR spectra revealed that CB was present on the surface of the resulting WCFs/PE/Cu. SEM revealed the dispersion of a uniformly flower-like morphology over a large area. Sorption studies were performed based on parameters that included pH, dose, contact time, and initial concentration. The adsorption isotherm and the kinetic studies of the DLM adsorption process were applied at a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 25 °C using several isotherms and kinetic models. The results revealed qmax (20.51 mg/g) with R2 = 0.97, the Langmuir isotherm that best matches the experimental data. Hence, the Langmuir isotherm suggests that it is the model that best describes sorption on homogenous surfaces or surface-supporting sites with various affinities. The correlation coefficient R2, χ2, adjusted correlation coefficient, and error functions like root mean square (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMES), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate the best-fit models to the experimental adsorption data. Moreover, cost estimation for the prepared adsorbent WCFs/PE/Cu showed that it costs approximately 3 USD/g, which is a cheap adsorbent compared to other similar adsorbents reported in the literature. The examined WCFs/PE have significant applicability potential for Cu2+-laden wastewater treatment due to their superior Cu2+ metal ions adsorption capability and reusability.The cytotoxicity and safety study showed that at higher concentrations, it resulted in much less cell viability. Additionally, the removal efficiency of Cu2+ metal ions from synthetic, realistic industrial wastewater using WCFs/PE reached up to 96.29 %, demonstrating good adsorption capability. Thus, there is a huge possibility of accomplishing this and performing well. This study paves the way for the reuse and valorization of selected adsorbents following circular economy principles.Two green metrics were applied, the Analytical Eco-scale and the Analytical GREEnness Calculator (AGREE).

Cuttlefish Bone-Supported CoFe2O4 nanoparticles enhance persulfate Fenton-like process for the degradation of polystyrene nanoplastics

The study aimed to address the environmental challenge posed by polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs), which are widespread and resistant to conventional degradation methods. In response, an innovative approach integrating magnetically catalytic persulfate activation and a Fenton-like strategy was developed for the efficient degradation of PS-NPs in aquatic environments. To achieve this, cuttlefish bone (CFB)-supported CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized comprehensively using structural, textural and microscopic analyses. The maximum catalytic/adsorption efficiency (99.3 %, with a rate constant of 0.151 min−1) was achieved under optimal conditions, specifically at 0.8 g/L CoFe2O4/CFB, 0.75 g/L ammonium persulfate (APS), and an initial pH of 7, within a 30-min contact time. Additionally, the feasibility of this approach was tested in real water matrices from tap and river sources. The plausible mechanism involved the synergistic action of hydroxyl radical (HO•) and sulfate radical (SO4•−) through a Fenton-like reaction pathway. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm results revealed that the pseudo-second-order (R2 0.990) and Langmuir (R2 0.998) models described the adsorption of PS-NPs on CoFe2O4/CFB more effectively. These nanoparticles effectively facilitate the continuous circulation of Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycles on the surface of CoFe2O4, thereby enhancing the activation of SO4•− and HO• radicals. Notably, CoFe2O4/CFB effectively addresses particle aggregation issues and minimizes metal ion leaching (<0.01 % of Fe, <1.35 % of Co). Furthermore, CoFe2O4/CFB exhibited stability over five cycles, maintaining efficient PS-NP removal performance (98.40–83.35 %). The findings will furnish technical insights into the aging and degradation of microplastics, thereby presenting novel avenues for combating microplastic pollution. Additionally, it proposes a sustainable means for microplastics to integrate into the ecosystem's carbon cycle, thereby reducing their environmental impact.

Development of an efficient hemostatic material based on cuttlefish ink nanoparticles loaded in cuttlebone biocomposite.

Traumatic hemorrhage is one of the main causes of mortality in civilian and military accidents. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cuttlefish bone (cuttlebone, CB) and CB loaded with cuttlefish ink (CB-CFI) nanoparticles for hemorrhage control. CB and CB-CFI were prepared and characterized using different methods. The hemostasis behavior of constructed biocomposites was investigated in vitro and in vivo using a rat model. Results showed that CFI nanoparticles (NPs) are uniformly dispersed throughout the CB surface. CB-CFI10 (10 mg CFI in 1.0 g of CB) showed the best blood clotting performance in both in vitro and in vivo tests. In vitro findings revealed that the blood clotting time of CB, CFI, and CB-CFI10 was found to be 275.4 ± 12.4 s, 229.9 ± 19.9 s, and 144.0 ± 17.5 s, respectively. The bleeding time in rat liver injury treated with CB, CFI, and CB-CFI10 was 158.1 ± 9.2 s, 114.0 ± 5.7 s, and 46.8 ± 2.7 s, respectively. CB-CFI10 composite resulted in more reduction of aPTT (11.31 ± 1.51 s) in comparison with CB (17.34 ± 2.12 s) and CFI (16.79 ± 1.46 s) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CB and CB-CFI10 exhibited excellent hemocompatibility. The CB and CB-CFI did not show any cytotoxicity on human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. The CB-CFI has a negative surface charge and may activate coagulation factors through direct contact with their components, including CaCO3, chitin, and CFI-NPs with blood. Thus, the superior hemostatic potential, low cost, abundant, simple, and time-saving preparation process make CB-CFI a very favorable hemostatic material for traumatic bleeding control in clinical applications.

Superb bio-effectiveness of Cobalt (II) phthalocyanine and Ag NPs adorned Sm-doped ZnO nanorods/cuttlefish bone to annihilate Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and adult worms: In-vitro evaluation

Herein, innovative biocides are designed for the treatment of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms. Samarium-doped ZnO nanorods (Sm-doped ZnO) are stabilized onto the laminar structure of cuttlefish bone (CB) matrix and adorned by either Ag NPs or cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) species. Physicochemical characteristics of such nanocomposites are scrutinised. Adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB with Ag NPs shortens rod-like shaped Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and accrues them, developing large-sized detached patches over CB moiety. Meanwhile, adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB by CoPc species degenerates CB lamellae forming semi-rounded platelets and encourages invading of Sm-doped ZnO nanorods deeply inside gallery spacings of CB. Both nanocomposites possess advanced parasiticidal activity, displaying quite intoxication for ML and adult worms (≥88% mortality) within an incubation period of <48 h at concentrations around 200 μg/ml. CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB nanocomposite exhibits faster killing efficiency of adult worms than that of Ag@Sm-doped ZnO/CB at a concentration of ∼75 μg/ml showing entire destruction of parasite after 24 h incubation with the former nanocomposite and just 60% worm mortality after 36 h exposure to the later one. Morphological studies of the treated ML and adult worms show that CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB exhibits a destructive impact on the parasite body, creating featureless and sloughed fragments enriched with intensive vacuoles. Hybridization of cuttlefish bone lamellae by CoPc species is considered a springboard for fabrication of futuristic aggressive drugs against various food- and water-borne parasites.

Exploring the potential of chitosan/aragonite biocomposite derived from cuttlebone waste: Elaboration, physicochemical properties and in vitro bioactivity

Cuttlefish bone biowaste is a potential source of a composite matrix based on chitin and aragonite. In the present work, we propose for the first time the elaboration of biocomposites based on chitosan and aragonite through the valorization of bone waste. The composition of the ventral and dorsal surfaces of bone is well studied by ICP-OES. An extraction process has been applied to the dorsal surface to extract β-chitin and chitosan with controlled physico-chemical characteristics. In parallel, aragonite isolation was carried out on the ventral side. The freeze-drying method was used to incorporate aragonite into the chitosan polymer to form CHS/ArgS biocomposites. Physicochemical characterizations were performed by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, 1H NMR, TGA/DSC, potentiometry and viscometry. The ICP-OES method was used to evaluate in vitro the bioactivity level of biocomposite in simulated human plasma (SBF), enabling analysis of the interactions between the material and SBF. The results obtained indicate that the CHS/ArgS biocomposite derived from cuttlefish bone exhibits bioactivity, and that chitosan enhances the bioactivity of aragonite. The CHS/ArgS biocomposite showed excellent ability to form an apatite layer on its surface. After three days' immersion, FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of this layer.

Theoretical and numerical analysis of buckling stability of bi-directional corrugated sandwich panels

ABSTRACT Considering the biaxial stress state of underwater pressure-resistant structures, this paper proposed a bidirectional corrugated structure based on the cuttlefish bone's unidirectional corrugated wall structure. Building upon the calculation method for the equivalent stiffness of corrugated plates, formulas for the equivalent bending stiffnesses and equivalent torsional stiffness of bidirectional corrugated plates were derived. Kirchhoff's laminated plate theory was employed to derive the buckling critical loads for biaxial compression of bidirectional corrugated core panels with four simply supported edges. By comparing with finite element method results, the accuracy of various calculation methods in evaluating the equivalent stiffness of unidirectional and bidirectional corrugated plates is analyzed, and the proposed calculation method for the critical buckling load is validated. It is shown that the buckling resistance capacity of the bidirectional corrugated laminate structure can reach approximately 2.34 times that of an equivalent mass flat plate.

Scrutinizing the effect of rGO-cuttlefish bone hydroxyapatite composite infused carrageenan membrane towards wound reconstruction

Carrageenan is an emerging biopolymer for wound healing and regenerative applications. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) nano-composites infused carrageenan bioactive membrane was fabricated. Here, hydroxyapatite was synthesized from cuttlefish bone (CF-HAp) and its properties were compared with that of chemically synthesized HAp. Crystalline Ca5(PO4)3(OH) and Ca3(PO4)2) phases were obtained in cuttlefish bone derived HAp. Reduced graphene oxide was synthesized and composites were prepared with chemical HAp and CF-HAp. FT-IR spectral analysis showed the imprints of hydroxyapatite on the membrane and also nano-structured particles were evident through morphological estimations that confirm the distribution of nano-particles on the carrageenan membrane. Nano-particulates infused carrageenan membrane showed the maximum tensile strength, in which graphene incorporated carrageenan bioactive membrane showed highest stability of 15.26 MPa. The contact angle of chemical HAp infused carrageenan membrane (CAR-HAp) showed more hydrophilic in nature (48.63° ± 7.47°) compared to control (61.77° ± 1.28°). Bio-compatibility features enunciate the optimal compatibility of fabricated bioactive membrane with fibroblast cell line; simultaneously, CAR-rGO-CF-HAp showed tremendous wound healing behavior with zebrafish model. Hence, fabricated bioactive membrane with the infusion of rGO- hydroxyapatite derived from cuttlefish bone was found to be a versatile biopolymer membrane for wound healing application.

Biomimetic Use of Food-Waste Sources of Calcium Carbonate and Phosphate for Sustainable Materials-A Review.

Natural and renewable sources of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), also referred to as "biogenic" sources, are being increasingly investigated, as they are generated from a number of waste sources, in particular those from the food industry. The first and obvious application of biogenic calcium carbonate is in the production of cement, where CaCO3 represents the raw material for clinker. Overtime, other more added-value applications have been developed in the filling and modification of the properties of polymer composites, or in the development of biomaterials, where it is possible to transform calcium carbonate into calcium phosphate for the substitution of natural hydroxyapatite. In the majority of cases, the biological structure that is used for obtaining calcium carbonate is reduced to a powder, in which instance the granulometry distribution and the shape of the fragments represent a factor capable of influencing the effect of addition. As a result of this consideration, a number of studies also reflect on the specific characteristics of the different sources of the calcium carbonate obtained, while also referring to the species-dependent biological self-assembly process, which can be defined as a more "biomimetic" approach. In particular, a number of case studies are investigated in more depth, more specifically those involving snail shells, clam shells, mussel shells, oyster shells, eggshells, and cuttlefish bones.

In Situ Construction of Morphologically Different Hydroxyapatite-Mineralized Structures on a Three-Dimensional Bionic Chitin Scaffold.

Slow healing at the tendon-bone interface is a prominent factor in the failure of tendon repair surgeries. The development of functional biomaterials with 3D gradient structures is urgently needed to improve tendon-bone integration. The crystalline form of hydroxyapatite (HAP) has a crucial impact on cell behavior, which directly influences protein adsorption, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2, the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation with cells. This work aimed to generate gradient mineral structures in situ by stabilizing calcium and phosphate ions using a polymer-induced liquid precursor process. To regulate the crystalline growth of HAP at the interface of β-chitin, this work made use of the surface properties of the organic matrix found in cuttlefish bone. These techniques allowed us to prepare an organic-inorganic composite gradient scaffold comprising plate-like HAP mineralized in situ on the surface of the scaffold and fibrous HAP in the scaffold's interior. Organic-inorganic composite gradient materials are anticipated for use in tendon-bone healing produced via the in situ construction of gradient-distributed HAP mineralization layers having varying crystalline morphologies on chitin scaffolds that possess a three-dimensional bionic structure.

New discovery of extremely high adsorption of environmental DNA on cuttlefish bone pyrolysis derivative via large pore structure and carbon film

Environmental DNA (eDNA) carrying antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) has attracted a great deal of attention because of its threat to the ecology and human health. Traditional porous adsorbents, such as microporous biochar and natural mineral, are low-effective in removing eDNA from sewage. This study used cuttlefish-bone (CB), a fishery waste, as an anticipated material to adsorb a model compound of eDNA from herring sperm (hsDNA). An interesting result was firstly observed that extremely high DNA adsorption on cuttlefish-bone pyrolysis derivative (CCB) was up to 88.7 mg/g, 3–10 folds higher than that of most other adsorbents in the existing literatures, which was attributed to the carbon film and large pores. To achieve an adsorption rate of 75 %, hsDNA adsorption took 96 h on CB but only 24 h on CCB, which was attributed to the fluent channel of CCB. The ligand exchange, Ca2+ bridge and π-π interaction were identified as dominated adsorption mechanisms, based on FTIR and phosphate competition experiments. This study exploited a high-efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost adsorbent for treating ARG-contaminated soil and water.