Cut Back Research Articles

The Electrical Contact Solution for Measuring Back Contact Solar Cells

Due to the cell design, it is challenging to measure back contact cells. In this study, we have designed and tested a contact chuck based on printed circuit board (PCB) technology. Both full cells and cut Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) cells were tested and compared to a conventional spring-loaded probes based measurement chuck. Results show that IV parameters, especially fill factor (FF), can be measured with high accuracy and repeatability. In this case, the FF results are closer to the FF of modules. The chuck can also be used for other measurements, for example, electroluminescence and spectral response. The PCB layout can be adjusted according to the cell design, providing a more flexible, faster, and cost-effective approach than the traditional measurement chuck. The technology is suitable for measuring back contact cells in lab environments and in industry.

Meat and carcass quality of weaner rabbits placed on three different plant protein-based diets

The study assessed the effect of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with palm kernel cake (PKC) or cotton seed cake (CSC) on the meat and carcass characteristics of rabbits. Sixty mixed breed weaner rabbits of both sexes with an age range of eight to nine weeks old were randomly divided into three treatments 1, 2, and 3 of 20 rabbits per group. Rabbits in the group one (T1) served as the positive control and were fed GNC-based diet, while those in treatments two (T2) and three (T3) were fed PKC-, and CSC-based diets respectively. The results differed non-significantly (p>0.05) in the final body weight and carcass quality of the rabbits in each group. Carcass evaluation varied non-significantly (p>0.05) in terms of visceral (liver, lungs, hearts, and kidneys) and weights of primal cuts (neck, forelimbs, hindlimbs, chest, and back). Also, some of the meat’s physicochemical properties showed no difference. The meat ratios bone of groups fed PKC- and CSC-based diets were insignificant (p>0.05) above the control. CSC significantly (p<0.05) increased the moisture, while PKC significantly decrease the nitrogen and crude protein contents of the meat of experimental rabbits. This study suggests that rabbits could be raised on a diet formulated using CSC as a replacement for GNC, while a PKC-based diet tends to decrease the protein content of rabbit meat.

The use of trifluoromethyl tubercidin as a novel treatment of influenza in an overwhelmed health care setting: a correspondence

The use of trifluoromethyl tubercidin as a novel treatment of influenza in an overwhelmed health care setting: a correspondence

Abstract 38: A Novel Two-Question Antihypertensive Medication Adherence Scale Predicts Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes

Introduction: Poor medication adherence is a major contributor to uncontrolled hypertension, the leading preventable risk factor for CVD and mortality worldwide. Simple and accessible tools are needed to quantify medication adherence. We developed a novel two-question adherence scale in the Implementation of Multifaceted Patient-Centered Treatment Strategies for Intensive Blood Pressure Control (IMPACTS) trial and tested its prediction of BP control and CVD. Methods: We collected data on the IMPACTS Medication Adherence Scale (IMPACTS-MAS) and the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) in 1,206 IMPACTS participants. The IMPACTS-MAS consists of two questions, (1) “Over the last 7 days, on how many days did you not take any BP pills”, and (2) “Over the last 7 days, on how many days did you cut back on your BP pills?” and is categorized as low or high adherence. Linear and logistic mixed effects regressions examined the association between IMPACTS-MAS, MMAS-8, and uncontrolled BP. We also assessed IMPACTS-MAS in 33,995 China Rural Hypertension Control Project (CRHCP) participants studied at baseline and followed for CVD outcomes during a 36 month period. Cox regression examined the association between IMPACTS-MAS and CVD outcomes adjusting for treatment group, age, sex, education, and history of CVD. Results: The IMPACTS participants had an average age of 58 years and 56% (676/1,206) were female. Compared to high adherence, low adherence on IMPACTS-MAS and MMAS-8 was associated with 3.5 (95% CI: 1.9,5.1) and 2.6 (1.1,4.1) mmHg higher SBP , 2.5 (1.3,3.7) and 2.0 (0.87,3.1) higher DBP , and 73% [OR=1.73 (1.27,2.36)] and 68% [OR=1.68 (1.27,2.23)] higher uncontrolled BP (≥140/90 mmHg), respectively. The CRHCP participants had an average age of 63 years and 61% (20,825/33,995) were female. Compared to high adherence, low adherence on IMPACTS-MAS was associated with 3.6 mmHg (3.2,4.0) higher SBP , 0.89 mmHg (0.76,1.0) higher DBP , and with 42% [OR=1.42 (1.37,1.47)] higher uncontrolled BP , during follow-up. Further, low adherence was associated with 53% [HR=1.53 (1.30,1.81)] higher levels of CVD , 88% [HR=1.88 (1.11,3.17)] higher levels of myocardial infarction , and 54% [HR=1.54 (1.28,1.86)] higher levels of stroke during follow-up. Finally, low adherence was associated with 51% [HR=1.51 (1.31,1.75)] higher levels of CVD death and 47% [HR=1.47 (1.31,1.65)] higher levels of all-cause mortality , during follow-up. Conclusion: The novel two-question IMPACTS-MAS score is associated with BP control and predicts CVD outcomes and mortality in diverse populations. It is a simple, accessible tool that can be used in research and clinical practice to identify medication nonadherence.

Performance Investigation of a Dielectric Stacked Triple Material Cylindrical Gate All Around MOSFET (DSTMCGAA) for Low Power Applications

This paper presents an analysis of gate stacked triple material dual-halo cylindrical MOSFET. The surface potential and electric field have been plotted for the proposed device using TCAD Silvaco at various channel lengths. The analytical model of surface potential, field and subthreshold current is also present. A comparative analysis has been accomplished for the proposed device with Asymmetric gate stack triple metal gate all around (AGSTMGAA), dual dielectric triple metal surrounding gate (DDTMSG) and Triple metal surrounding gate MOSFET. The performance metric of the device has been investigated in terms of Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), Subthreshold swing and threshold-voltage roll-off. Furthermore, the analog behaviour of the device has been evaluated by determining transconductance, early voltage and intrinsic gain. The proposed device shows much better performance when compared to its counterpart. The mitigation in DIBL and leakage current indicates the cut back in the SCEs. The proposed device shows 8% improvement in SS, 36.2% improvement in DIBL and 13.5% improvement in threshold voltage roll-off as compared to AGSTMGAA. Hence, it can be used for low power applications.

Characteristics and long-term outcome for congenital left main coronary artery atresia.

The prevalence of congenital left main coronary artery atresia is very low. We report the characteristics and long-term outcomes of four children with left main coronary artery atresia. Three patients had heart murmurs due to mitral regurgitation at less than 1year old. Their myocardial ischaemia worsened on exercise with aging. In the fourth patient, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Noonan syndrome were suspected at 1year old. The development of communicating arteries between the conus branch and the left anterior descending artery was detected at 7years old. The left main coronary artery atresia was confirmed by a selective coronary angiogram at 15years old. Congenital left main coronary artery atresia could not be diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography; however, the left coronary arteries were small. Two patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting of the left anterior descending artery using the left internal thoracic artery at 3years and 6years old, respectively. Two patients had an angioplasty with a cut back at the orifice of the left coronary artery at 2years old and 17years old, respectively. Two patients had no cardiac events without medication for more than 30years after the operation. We must differentiate the diagnosis of left main coronary artery atresia in the small left coronary arteries with mitral regurgitation during the first year. Coronary artery revascularisation and mitral annuloplasty are needed. The long-term outcome of both coronary artery bypass grafting and angioplasty were good. The degree of mitral regurgitation after surgery may affect the prognosis.

STUDY OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION AMONG NEONATES

Failure to pass meconium by a full-term neonate within the rst 24 hours should raise a suspicion of bowel obstruction . The commonest reported causes of bowel obstruction in decreasing order includes anorectal malformations, duodenal atresia , jejunoileal atresia , Hirschsprung's disease , meconium ileus and meconium plug syndrome(1) . Other neonatal medical conditions like hypothyroidism , hypokalemia , sepsis and congestive heart failure are also reported to cause bowel obstruction (2). The aim of this observational cross sectional study of 60 patients from Dec. 2016 to June. 2018 was to study the types and clinical features of neonatal intestinal obstruction , various modalities of intervention , to study the prognosis and causes of adverse outcome. The study showed that the most common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction is seen to be anorectal anomalies, predominantly Anorectal Malformations . The diagnosis of these disorders is done with minimal investigations . These anorectal malformations require initial evaluation to rule out associated anomalies and surgical intervention in the form of either anal cut back or stoma creation

Predictive Equations of Carcass Characteristics and Primal Cut Weights of Native Mexican Guajolotes Using Body Measurements

This study was conducted to develop predictive equations for carcass characteristics and primal cut weights of native Mexican guajolotes using body measurements (BM). For this study, a total of 36 male guajolotes (Meleagris gallopavogallopavo), aged 6 to 10 months, and mean slaughter body weight (SBW) of 4543.14 ± 656.60 g, were used. The birds were kept under traditional extensive conditions. ThefollowingBMswererecorded24 h before slaughter: thoracicperimeter (TP), body circumference (BC), body length (BL), wing length (WL), keel length (KL), shank length (SL) and shank diameter (SD). After slaughter, hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), hot dressing percentage (HDP), cold dressing percentage (CDP), organs and viscera weight (VIS) and abdominal fat weight (AFW) were recorded. The carcasses were dissected in to five primal cut (breast, thigh, drumstick, back and wing). The SBW and BMs showed moderate to high positive correlations (p<0.01; 0.34≤r<0.97) with carcass characteristics and primal cut weights. In the equations generated to predict HCW, CCW, HDP, CDP, VIS and AFW, the R2 ranged from 0.40 to 0.96, and the predictor variables were SBW, KL, BC, WL and SL. Regarding the equations developed to predict the primal cut weights, R2 ranged from 0.58 to 0.91. In these models, SBW, BC, SD, WL and KL explained most of the observed variation. The prediction equations obtained in the study had moderate to high accuracy; therefore, they can be used by researchers, technicians and poultry producers to obtain information on the carcass composition of native Mexican guajolotes.

Subjective and Perseverative Cognition Mediate the Relationship Between Sleep and Work Impairment

The study examined the mediating role of subjective and perseverative cognition on sleep and work impairment. Sixty nurses completed a background survey and 14-days of ecological momentary assessments (EMA) and sleep actigraphy. Each day, participants evaluated their subjective cognition (mental sharpness, memory, processing speed), perseverative cognition (rumination) and work impairment (how much did you cut back on normal paid work, how much did the quality of your work suffer). Multiple sleep characteristics were measured by EMA and actigraphy. Multilevel mediation models adjusted for sociodemographics and work shift. At the between-person and within-person levels, there were mediated associations of sleep quality and sufficiency (but not actigraphy-measured sleep) with work impairment through subjective and perseverative cognition. Better sleep quality or higher sleep sufficiency were associated with better subjective and perseverative cognition, which, in turn, were associated with less work impairment.

Simulation test and parameter optimization of fast cut back of large thermal power plant in the condition of synchronization of large-scale wind power

Fast cut back (FCB) is an important condition in power control of steam turbine generator unit, which is closely related to the flexibility, safety and stability of thermal power unit. In this paper, the traditional single reheat steam turbine model were optimized and improved by adding the key links such as medium pressure control valve and bypass, and further adding the once through boiler, bypass control system, FCB action signal, excitation system and other models. A thermal power unit model suitable for FCB large disturbance condition simulation was established. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the model, and meet the requirements of power system electromechanical transient simulation and FCB simulation. And then, this paper improved the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm, and combined the advantages of each algorithm in the aspects of calculation difficulty, convergence speed, accuracy, ability to jump out of local optimum, etc., puts forward and verifies the GA-PSO (Genetic Algorithm-PSO) optimization method. Finally, considering the stability and regulation performance of the system, the GA-PSO optimization algorithm was used to obtain the optimal values of the system component parameters. The simulation results indicated that the characteristics of optimized system damping was improved, which enhanced the regulation performance and stability of the system.

Transient simulation model and process simulation analysis of fast cut back process in thermal power plant

Fast Cut Back (FCB) technology of large thermal power plant can maintain the isolated operation of auxiliary power after the units are disconnected from the power grid. FCB unit can immediately cut off all external loads without turbine or boiler shutdown in case of large power grid failure, and supply power immediately as the external power grid fault eliminated, which has a very important impact on improving the stability and the recovery speed of the power grid system. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a dynamic mathematical model of thermal power plant to simulate FCB process. According to the principle of mass and energy balance, a dynamic mathematical model of 1050 MW thermal power unit was established. The model considered the change trends of main steam pressure and temperature caused by the action of main steam valve and high-pressure (HP) bypass valve in FCB process, and the action characteristics of safety valve and pressure control valve (PCV) valve in FCB system. This model provides a reference for the simulation and control of FCB process in thermal power unit.

Sleep Disordered Breathing Diagnosis and Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Survey in China.

Background and ObjectiveThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has markedly impacted the distribution of medical resources and healthcare delivery systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in China.MethodsA retrospective online survey of sleep centers from the assembly of SDB of the Chinese Thoracic Society was conducted from July 1 to July 20, 2020. The questionnaire focused on four main aspects: 1) general information about the centers; 2) changes in SDB management activities, including patient volumes, diagnostic and positive airway pressure (PAP) titration procedures, and follow-up methods, from February to June 2020, compared with before; 3) the application of telemedicine and sleep specialists’ self-assessments of knowledge and their perspectives on telemedicine; and 4) changes in medical staff active in sleep services during the pandemic compared with before.ResultsFifty-three (96%) of the sleep centers responded to the survey. During the early stage of the outbreak, SDB medical services were dramatically reduced to 5–10% of the pre-epidemic level, and laboratory-based polysomnograms and manual titration were almost cancelled. With the subsidence of COVID-19, SDB medical services gradually resumed to approximately half of the pre-pandemic level by June. However, a second wave of COVID-19 in Beijing significantly reduced the recovery of SDB services. The application of polygraphy has increased significantly. Home-initiated PAP and telemedicine still accounted for a small part of SDB management during the pandemic.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has greatly challenged SDB management in China. Polygraphy played a major role in SDB diagnosis during the pandemic. Home-based SDB management and telemedicine have not been well implemented. The second surge of COVID-19 in Beijing cut back on the recovering SDB service to the early outbreak level, which may give us an impetus to restructure our sleep health service.

FCB system analysis and performance test results of 1000MW ultra supercritical coal fired power station

Fast cut back (FCB) function can make the power station restore the external power supply in a very short period of time from the auxiliary power operation conditions through self-help mode. In case of large-scale power grid failure, FCB further ensures the safety of the main equipments and bring great benefits for the rapid recovery of local power grid. Taking Taishan Power Plant 1000 MW unit as a research object, the feasibility scheme of adding FCB function was analyzed and demonstrated on the basis of making full use of the original equipment design margin. The FCB test of TMCR 100% load was completed. The test results and problems during FCB process were discussed, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed.

Effect of firing and fabrication technique on the marginal fit of heat-pressed lithium disilicate veneers

Statement of problemStudies on the fit of heat-pressed anterior lithium disilicate veneers are sparse, and whether fit is affected by glaze firing or ceramic addition is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the marginal fit of heat-pressed anterior lithium disilicate veneers (IPS e.max Press) fabricated with the staining or cutback technique by using 3-dimensional analysis. Material and methodsTwo groups of heat-pressed maxillary left central incisor lithium disilicate veneers were fabricated (n=10) differing only in core thickness and the fabrication process. The tooth preparation was standardized at 0.6 mm cervical and middle third and 0.7 mm incisal third, with 1.5 mm of incisal reduction. Group S (staining) was an anatomic contour veneer with 1 glaze firing. Group CB (cutback) had a cutback core of 0.6 mm on the cervical and middle third and 0.5 mm on the incisal areas for ceramic application with 3 firings (wash, incisal, and glaze firing). The amount of ceramic application was standardized, and all veneers had identical final dimensions. Marginal fit was evaluated at 2 stages: after pressing the copings (control) and after glaze firing or ceramic addition using the virtual replica technique and 3-dimensional analysis. The wax copings were invested, eliminated, and pressed with IPS e.max lithium disilicate high translucency ingots, and the overall marginal fit and change in marginal fit after firing were measured in the cervical, mesial, distal, and incisal areas. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate normality. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to explore differences between the 2 groups (S and CB) as per time (before and after firing) for each location (cervical, mesial, distal, and incisal) (α=.05). ResultsA statistically significant change in marginal fit after firing was found for the mesial and distal areas of the CB group (P<.05). In all other areas of measurements, no statistically significant differences were found (P>.05). The mean ±standard deviation marginal fit of group S was 63 ±13 μm and 62 ±9 μm for group CB. ConclusionsThe results suggest that firing affects the marginal fit of heat-pressed anterior lithium disilicate veneers fabricated with the cutback technique but not for the staining technique.

A Non-parametric Estimation for Efficacy of Government Expenditure on Secondary Education

The paper is aimed to analyse the efficacy of government expenditure on secondary education in Purulia district of West- Bengal, India. Efficacy relates the input or the output to the final objectives of the analysis to be achieved, i.e. the outcome. Education facility is mainly a mixed good which is partly excludable and partly rivalry. India has been suffering from poverty and illiteracy problem for decades. Illiteracy and low level of education is a factor for widespread poverty in India. Among the education system, secondary education plays a crucial role to enhance the human development level which ultimately contributes in development process. So, government should give emphasis on secondary education and it should be concerned about the efficacy of the government expenditure on secondary education. As in the present scenario, the structural adjustment policy (SAP) leads to some sort of cut back on expenditure on education. This study first calculates the technical efficiency as well as the scale efficiency of government expenditure on secondary education of school using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), then categorize the schools into low, moderate and high according to the value of technical efficiency and scale efficiency based on three models (i) considering all inputs (Teacher Student Ratio, Expenditure per Student, % of Students belong to SC, % of Students belong to ST, % of Students belong to OBC, % of Teacher with Professional Qualification, Student- Classroom Ratio, % of Girl’s Student Enrolment) (ii) considering prime two inputs (Student-Teacher Ratio and Expenditure per Student) and (iii) considering only one input (Expenditure per Student) and try to find out the reason of differences in efficiency. The common set of schools from High, Moderate and Low efficiency schools considering above said three models are further analysed with the primary data collected from the student sets to analyse whether the school efficiency affect the student’s individual performance or not with the help of regression analysis.

Physiological aspects of date palm loading and alternate bearing under regulated deficit irrigation compared to cutting back of bunch

The study of alternate bearing based on the seasonal changes pattern of tree carbohydrate is the unreviewed issue in the loading physiology of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees. On the other hand, bunch cutting back is a crop improvement practice used in the date orchards, and it is effective on flower induction and fruit set that regulates the quality and growth of fruit in the On year and the amount and yield of the produce in the Off year. Research on an alternative thinning agent with the bunch cutting back is essential for dates in order to be economical and applicable in harsh climates. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted as a combined analysis across years based on randomized complete blocks on ‘Mazafati’ dates of 10–12 years old with different loading in 2017 (Off2017, Normal2017 and On2017), as well as the On condition trees in 2017 plus bunch cutting back (On2017+Cutting back) or regulated deficit irrigation (On2017+RDI). The main objectives of this study were to investigate the fragmentation of carbohydrate reserves of the tree in the annual rotation cycle in different loading, to evaluate the relationship of sugar reserves with production and abscission of flowers and fruits, to determine the effect of the RDI application in the On year on the pattern of sugar changes, hydrolytic enzymes activity, alternate bearing, quantity and quality of the product, and the possibility of replacing it with cutting back. The results confirmed the significant effect of loading rate on the seasonal fragmentation and fluctuation of carbohydrates and the hydrolytic enzymes activity. The results also showed that the RDI treatment, due to the decrease of bunch length, reduced the biennial bearing index (BBI) and improved the qualitative and quantitative traits of fruit better than the cutting back. According to the results of this study, the irrigation condition of trees has the potential to change the marketability and abscission of date fruits and this is a pioneer study of the RDI role as a thinning potential and moderating of date alternate bearing. However, further research is needed to justify the time and duration of this treatment application.

Cancer Caregiving While Employed: Caregiving Roles, Employment Adjustments, Employer Assistance, and Preferences for Support.

Cancer patients commonly require assistance from a relative or friend, and many of these "family caregivers" are navigating employment while caring. The purpose of this analysis was to understand the experience of employment while providing care to someone with cancer, including these caregivers' roles and burden, adjustments made to employment, assistance provided by employers, and preferences for employment and financial support. To further highlight this group of cancer caregivers, we compare it with (1) cancer caregivers who were not employed while caring; (2) caregivers for patients with a primary condition other than cancer who were employed while caring; and (3) caregivers for patients with a primary condition other than cancer who were not employed while caring. This secondary analysis is drawn from the National Alliance for Caregiving's (NAC)/AARP Caregiving in the US dataset of unpaid adult (i.e., age 18 and older) caregivers. Half of the cancer caregivers were employed while providing care, and these employed caregivers were significantly more likely to be younger than those non-employed while caring. The employed cancer caregivers provided significantly fewer hours of care per week on average than those non-employed (23.4 vs. 42.5h/week) but provided a nearly equivalent number of ADLs on average. Nearly half (48%) of the employed cancer caregivers reported coming in late to work, leaving early, or taking off work to accommodate caregiving, while 24% cut back on hours at work or went from full-time to part-time employment and 11% retired early or quit work entirely. The employed cancer caregivers (excluding self-employed) indicated having access to flexible working hours (57%) or paid sick leave (48%), and most (73%) reported that their supervisor was aware of their caregiving role, which was significantly higher than employed non-cancer caregivers (55%). These findings suggest that balancing work and cancer caregiving is especially prevalent among younger caregivers, and that work adjustments are needed but that the cancer caregiving role might be more commonly discussed or shared with supervisors. These findings suggest the need to develop workplace educational resources for employees caring for a cancer patient but also for supervisors to enhance their understanding of caregiver strain, workload, and work-based strategies to assist cancer caregivers.

Optical properties of currently used zirconia-based esthetic restorations fabricated with different techniques.

The aim was to evaluate the effects of different types of monolithic zirconia (MZ) and fabrication techniques on the optical properties of newly generated zirconia-based materials after aging. Sixty specimens (n = 10) were prepared. For the groups layering-veneering (LV), overpressing (OP), porcelain fused to zirconia (PFZ), and cutback (CB), 3Y-TZP, IPS e.max ZirCAD was prepared as the core material (0.5 ± 0.01 mm). For full-contour (FC) technique, 3Y-TZP was used for MZ-LT (low translucency) and 4Y-TZP was used for MZ-MT (medium translucency). L*, a*, b*, chroma (C), and relative translucency (RTP) were measured before (L1 *, a1 *, b1 *, C1 , RTP1 ) and after (L2 *, a2 *, b2 *, C2 , RTP2 ) UV aging. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test and paired sample t tests (P = .05). Fabrication techniques significantly affected the L*, a*, b*, C, RTP, and ΔE00 values (P ˂ .01). The highest L1 * value was found in MZ-LT; followed, in order, by OP, PFZ, LV, CB, and MZ-MT. The highest b1 * and C1 values were found in OP, while MZ-MT had the lowest values (P ˂ .05). FC had the highest RTP values for MZ-MT (13 ± 0.9 RTP1; 11.2 ± 0.9 RTP2 ), and the lowest RTP values were found for MZ-LT (8.5 ± 0.9 RTP1; 8.3 ± 1.2 RTP2 ) (P ˂ .01). Aging caused significant differences in the L*, a*, b*, C, and RTP values (P < .05). The color changes were between 0.9 and 2.1 ΔE00 . The fabrication technique significantly affected the optical properties. UV aging caused zirconia-based restorations to become darker and more yellow, red, saturated, and opaque. Fabrication techniques with different zirconia structures affected the optical properties of the restoration, even when the same shades were chosen. If more translucent restorations are needed, choosing 4-YTZP with the FC technique is better than veneering with 3-YTZP. Choosing 3-YTZP with the FC technique produces more esthetic results if brighter and more opaque restorations are needed.

The Shape of Air: American Sign Language as Narrative Prosthesis in 21st Century North American Media

The Shape of Air: American Sign Language as Narrative Prosthesis in 21st Century North American Media

Selection of steam turbine bypass system

This paper introduces the functions of steam turbine bypass system for the large coal-fired power units, the types of the steam turbine bypass system, the selections of the bypass system capacity and the current design situation of domestic units. About the functional design of the steam turbine bypass system, it is designed with the following functions: starting, protecting the reheater, tracking the main steam pressure, recovering working substance, quick opening when the steam turbine trips, relief valve and fast cut back etc.. About the type of bypass system, this paper introduces the application of the bypass system for large capacity units, which can be divided into four types: the high pressure one-stage large capacity bypass system, the high and low pressure two-stage series bypass system, the tertiary bypass system and the triple-purpose valve bypass system, and the advantages and disadvantages of the design for all kinds of the bypass system. In terms of the capacity selection of the bypass system capacity, the capacity of the bypass system should be selected to match the peak-regulation capacity of the unit, while taking into account the investment and maintenance costs. In view of the current design situation of domestic units, this paper expounds the design patterns and the characteristics of the bypass system of several large thermal power units.