Machine Cutter Research Articles

Comparison of Child and Adolescent Physical Activity Levels From Open-Source Versus ActiGraph Counts

ActiGraph counts are commonly used for characterizing physical activity intensity and energy expenditure and are among the most well-studied accelerometer metrics. Researchers have recently replicated the counts processing method using a mechanical setup, now allowing users to generate counts from raw acceleration data. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare ActiGraph-generated counts to open-source counts and assess the impact on free-living physical activity levels derived from cut points, machine learning, and two-regression models. Methods: Children (n = 488, 13.0 ± 1.1 years of age) wore an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT on their right hip for 7 days during waking hours. ActiGraph counts and counts generated from raw acceleration data were compared at the epoch-level and as overall means. Seven methods were used to classify overall and epoch-level activity intensity. Outcomes were compared using weighted kappa, correlations, mean absolute deviation, and two one-sided equivalence testing. Results: All outcomes were statistically equivalent between ActiGraph and open-source counts; weighted kappa was ≥.971 and epoch-level correlations were ≥.992, indicating very high agreement. Bland–Altman plots indicated differences increased with activity intensity, but overall differences between ActiGraph and open-source counts were minimal (e.g., epoch-level mean absolute difference of 23.9 vector magnitude counts per minute). Regardless of classification model, average differences translated to 1.4–2.6 min/day for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. Conclusion: Open-source counts may be used to enhance comparability of future studies, streamline data analysis, and enable researchers to use existing developed models with alternative accelerometer brands. Future studies should verify the performance of open-source counts for other outcomes, like sleep.

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF SMART SOLAR GRASS CUTTER AND PESTICIDE SPRAY MACHINE

Nowadays grass cutter machines are becoming very popular today. Pollution is manmade, which we can be seen in our daily life. In old model of grass cutter IC engine was used and hence because of its environmental impact pollution level rises IC engine driven cutter is more costly. Maintenance of such conventional machine is more. There are many types of pesticides sprayer are available in India. But mostly used sprayer is backpack type sprayer which is used by farmers because it is cheaper, easy to use and main thing about it is less costly, but it requires lot of time. Also, the farmer which is spraying pesticides is affected by it as it is harmful to human health and human also affect by the lumbar pain due to weight of equipment. To avoid these drawbacks, we plan to build new type of grass cutter which runs on solar energy and this model spray pesticides. The aim of our project is to make the grass cutter which operates on solar energy hence save the electricity and reduces manpower. In our project we use microcontroller for controlling various operation of grass cutter. Also, the grass cutter has obstacle sensor for obstacle detection. Grass cutter operates automatically hence it does not require skill person to operate. The main aim of our project is to design and develop solar grass cutter with pesticide spray machine. The 3 D model is drawn. All the parts are manufactured and then assembled together and then the testing of model is carried out. Keywords- Arduino UNO R3, Ultrasonic Sensor, DC Motor, Bluetooth, Relay Module, Solar Panel.

Smart Solar Based Grass Cutter

This research paper related to the grass cutter machine. The presented work consists two main things as the first thing is related to the movement of vehicle and the second thing is associated with the cutting of grass. The normal grass cutters have been broadly used recently by the workers in gardening of lawn. However, the manual operated grass cutters are absorbing a very large amount of energy and making air pollution, grass cutter also generate so much of noise and vibration. To avoid those problems we are design smart and automatic solar grass cutter .This devised can powered by solar energy and electrical supply also. It is smartly controlled that’s why has been named as smart solar grass cutter that has three main systems which are as smart control system, solar system and the grass cutter. In this project, solar energy is used as main power source for smart solar grass cutter.

Bluetooth Controlled Solar Grass Cutter using IOT Application

Abstract: The basic project idea is to develop a grass-cutting robot controlled with help of the android application. Here the Bluetooth module is used to connect raspberry pi with the phone and in which the reading of the ultrasonic sensor is stored on IOT platform i.e think speak. Previously the grass cutter machines are operated by fuel which is costly. Here the solar panel is utilised to charge the battery so that it doesn't have to be charged externally .The sun-based energy source is more straightforward to utilize, more profitable contrasted with other energy and it is not difficult to work. By the use of solar panels, we can use sunlight to generate electricity free of cost. The solar panel is used to charge the battery for grass cutting purposes. The movement of the machine is totally controlled by using the Android app. The controlling device of the system is Raspberry pi. Bluetooth module and DC motors are interfaced to the Raspberry pi. The data received from the android phone application by the Bluetooth module is given as an input to the Raspberry pi and the controller acts accordingly on the DC motor of the solar grass cutter. And also here at the input, we have connected an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection whenever the obstacle is detected the raspberry pi sends the command to stop the machine in its place and the reading of the ultrasonic sensor is stored on the cloud. Keywords: Raspberry pi, Solar panel, Bluetooth module, Wi-Fi module, Dc motors.

Multicrop Harvesting Machine

Abstract: Overall the world, India is not only the largest producer of many crops like wheat, rice, pulses but also exporter of many crops. The Indian economy finds its roots in agriculture. In farming, crop cutting is an essential part of farming as well as a very time consuming process. Harvesting is an important part of the agriculture industry. Nowadays modern harvesting technology is increasing but its cost is very high and skilled laborers are required to operate the machines. To minimize the lengthy process of harvesting and reduce the cost of skilled laborers to operate machines. We have designed the “MULTICROP HARVESTING MACHINE” so it can eliminate skilled laborers as well as it saves the time of farmers so they can focus more on good crop production. This machine uses the solar panel to power the drive cutter from the wheels of the vehicle itself. This project targets the small field crop cutter machine for small height & small stream crops. This machine is economical and helps the farmers to achieve higher productivity. Keywords: Small Scale, Solar Panel, Wheels

Role of Total Productive Maintenance Application for Increasing the Efficiency of Timber Processing Production

The purpose of this research is to find out the Role of total productive maintenance application for increasing the efficiency of timber processing production. The method of research is using TPM and OEE. The highest OEE value on the Under Cut machine is 71.91%, Thicknesses = 76.93, Surface Planner = 75.06 %, Six Drill = 69.62 %, Double-end = 86.50 %, spindle Moulder 85.21%, single shaper 72.85%, and automatic Round Dowel machine = 80.63 %. If the eight machines have OEE, there are 2 machines that reach the optimum condition, namely OEE > 85 %. While others are under optimum conditions. The factors that contributed the most so that the ideal OEE value was not achieved during the period Mei-July 2020 and became the main priority for elimination by the company on the Under Cut machine were the Indling factor and Minor Stoppages Loss of 46.83%, reduced speed loss of 29.23% on the Thicknesser factor machine. The dominant ones are Idling and Minor Stoppages loss 44.63% reduced speed loss 17.12%, then meisn 40.11%, then Reduced Speed ​​71.72%.

Operational behaviour of graded diamond grinding wheels for end mill cutter machining

The varying related material removal rate during deep grinding of cemented carbide end mill cutters results in an unevenly wear of the grinding wheel. This study therefore presents a simulation-based model for the load-adjusted design of grinding wheels to achieve balanced radial wear, as well as an evaluation of this model. The related material removal rate along the width of the grinding wheel is determined by a Dexel based material removal simulation for different end mill geometries. Based on these results an equation is derived to adapt the abrasive layer properties to the local load differences. Three grinding wheels with different types of gradients are then manufactured by a grinding tool manufacturer based on this equation. These and two grinding wheels with constant abrasive layer properties are used for deep grinding of ten end mills each. Afterwards the radial wear of each grinding wheel is measured by a confocal microscope. An analysis of the cutting edge chipping is done to evaluate the influence on the graded grinding wheels on the cutting edge quality. It was found that a reduction of the wear difference over the grinding wheel width of 52% and an improved cutting edge quality can be achieved by using graded grinding tools. This allows the time intervals between dressing steps to be increased without compromising the accuracy of the grinding process, thus also increasing its productivity. Finally, this article shows that the presented model allows for a more balanced wear behaviour, but has to be extended by considering further factors influencing radial wear.

Mechanical analysis of shield machine cutter head under multiple working conditions based on elastoplastic model

The shield machine’s ability to simultaneously cut soft soil and hard rock makes it widely used in subway tunnels, diversion tunnels and other underground engineering constructions. As the core component of the composite shield machine, the shield cutter head has a decisive effect on the work efficiency of the shield machine. When the cutter head of the shield machine is working, the positive pressure of the cutter head directly affects the working performance of the shield machine. However, when the shield machine is working, the positive pressure of its cutter head has been influenced by many factors. Therefore, the problems of evaluating positive pressure of shield machine cutter head and optimizing structure of machine cutter heat are needed. In this study, the force balance equation has been used to derive the calculation formula of the positive pressure of the soil on the cutter head. This formula can analyze the positive pressure value of the cutter head under various working conditions under different friction coefficients. At the same time, this research uses Hypermesh software to integrate the cutter head body and the force transmission ring, and uses ANSYS statics simulation analysis method to perform mechanical calculations on the shield machine cutter head. The analysis of the cutter head is 1/6, 1/3, and 1/2 effect of soil on the cutter head when the rotor is locked, and the overall stress distribution of the cutter head is analyzed to optimize the structure design of the cutter head.

Geometry evolution of mesoscopic mechanical structures during the rock fragmentation process induced by tunnel boring machine (TBM) cutters.

We investigated the geometric evolution of mesoscopic mechanical structures in rocks during the rock fragmentation process induced by tunnel boring machine cutters. Numerical models were built using a grain-based discrete element method to accurately represent the mesoscopic structures and macroscopic mechanical behaviours of rocks, and the relationship between the mesoscopic evolution and the macroscopic response of rock was determined. The major results are as follows. First, the crushing and re-compaction of the grains were found to mainly occur in the thin crushed zone immediately beneath the cutter tip. Second, the reduction in the bearing ability of the dense core during cutter indentation was due to the order increment of the contact topological structure at the mesoscopic scale. Third, the area percentages of low- and high-order meso-loops decreased and increased, respectively, during the indentation process, and the volume expansion of the dense core was mainly caused by an increase in the internal pore area of high-order meso-loops that have low internal solid fractions. Fourth, the low-order meso-loops primarily bore and transferred the indentation force. Finally, the distribution contour of the meso-loops was found to be an appropriate and intuitive approach for representing the evolution of cracks on a macroscopic scale.

Hard to cut metal alloys machining: Aspects of cooling strategies, cutting tools and simulations

Machining hard-to-cut alloys undergo severe tool wear and poor surface finish, making it challenging for the machinist. The emergence of higher temperature in the machining of hard-to-cut alloys (hardened steel, Ti-alloys, Ni-base alloys, etc.) was seemed to be the main issue for the machining industries. Over the past decade, several cooling strategies and improved cutting tools material were adapted to enhance the machining performances of hard-to-cut metal alloys. In addition, these alloys are costlier; hence without wasting time, energy, and cost, many researchers have worked on simulation modeling to interoperate the feasibility of utilized cooling strategy, cutting tools, and level of machining input parameters. The present study gathered the relevant information from the literature and presented a brief review on cutting fluid, cutting tools, and simulation methods in machining difficult-to-cut metal alloys. This study may be helpful to the learners to select appropriate cutting fluid, cutting tool, and simulation method for machining of hard to cut metal alloys.

Hybrid GrabCut Hidden Markov Model for Segmentation

Diagnosing data or object detection in medical images is one of the important parts of image segmentation especially those data which is less effective to identify in MRI such as low-grade tumors or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leaks in the brain. The aim of the study is to address the problems associated with detecting the low-grade tumor and CSF in brain is difficult in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and another problem also relates to efficiency and less execution time for segmentation of medical images. For tumor and CSF segmentation using trained light field database (LFD) datasets of MRI images. This research proposed the new framework of the hybrid k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) model that is a combination of hybridization of Graph Cut and Support Vector Machine (GCSVM) and Hidden Markov Model of k-Mean Clustering Algorithm (HMMkC). There are four different methods are used in this research namely (1) SVM, (2) GrabCut segmentation, (3) HMM, and (4) k-mean clustering algorithm. In this framework, on the one hand, phase one is to perform the classification of SVM and Graph Cut algorithm to create the maximum margin distance. This research use GrabCut segmentation method which is the application of the graph cut algorithm and extract the data with the help of scale-invariant features transform. On the other hand, in phase two, segment the low-grade tumors and CSF using a method adapted for HMkC and extract the information of tumor or CSF fluid by GCHMkC including iterative conditional maximizing mode (ICMM) with identifying the range of distant. Comparative evaluation is also performing by the comparison of existing techniques in this research. In conclusion, our proposed model gives better results than existing. This proposed model helps to common man and doctor that can identify their condition of brain easily. In future, this will model will use for other brain related diseases.

Stress Performance Evaluation of Shield Machine Cutter Head during Cutting Piles under Masonry Structures

In the construction of the metro, the development and operation of large‐scale underground space in the city cause the construction of metro tunnels near the original underground structures, and the complex environment for passing structures at close range has increased significantly. Comparing the actual load data of the actual project with the data obtained with the proposed new method, it is proved that the predicted load range corresponds essentially to the measured average curve of the project, which is commonly used with the experimental load formula. Subsequently, the load calculation method is used to guide the construction of the composite base of the protective cutting pile of one of the Zhengzhou metro lines under the existing masonry structure. Based on the existing building damage grade evaluation standards, the professional house inspection agency checked the intersection of the tunnel and the building space and realized that the main structure of the house during the tunnel construction process would be still safe; thereby, Zhenghe Community Building 1# can be used normally after partial repairs.

Portable electric crop cutter machine

This work is about a portable electric crop cutter machine that is made up of a very straightforward mechanism at a very low cost. Harvesting of the crop is one of the essential operations which call for a widespread quantity of labor. The availability and value of labor at some stage in the harvesting season are a severe problem. India is agriculture primarily based country that takes numerous sorts of crops. Nowadays diverse agricultural machines are accessible which are very expensive due to the current, it is not appropriate for poor farmers. To conquer the drawbacks of existing versions like pollution due to the fuel or gasoline and the fuel cost. The use of mechanical harvesting drives has been inflated in recent years. Farmers use reapers to harvest their crops however this means that especially combine; these are exorbitant making them unaffordable to most small-scale farmers. Now we introduced the solar-powered harvesting drive which is a two-wheel-drive the system used batteries to power the harvesting blades' motors and the solar panels are used to charge the batteries, batteries can also be charged from the home supply through the rectifier. This drive targets smallscale farmers who have an expanse of farm area of fewer than 5 acres. This solar-based machine will be beneficial for them. To cut back the expenses of farmers, these designs facilitate the farmer to reduce the production cost or assembly value and overcome the dependency on petroleum product.

Profiling of a shaped worm cutter for shaping gears with non-involute tooth profile

Of the mechanical transmissions used in mechanical engineering, the most common are gears with an involute profile of the teeth flanks. Gears made up of such wheels have a number of advantages, but they also have a number of significant disadvantages. Therefore jne of the current trends is the study of gears with a complex non-involute profile of the teeth flank which have advantages over involute gears in a number of applications, as well as the development of tools for their processing. There are two ways of gear teeth cutting: the copying method and the rolling-in method. The rolling-in method has advantages. The profile of the tool working by the rolling-in method does not depend on the number of teeth of the gear being cut, therefore, the same tool can be used to cut gears with any number of teeth. The accuracy of a gear made by the rolling-in method is significantly higher than the accuracy of a gear made by the copying method. This is primarily due to the continuity of the rolling-in process. When cutting teeth by the rolling method, the tooth surface is formed as a result of processing with a tool, the cutting edges of which are the tooth profile of the mating rack or the tooth profile of the mating gear, and during processing the tool and the workpiece form a mating gear pair. The most common gear cutting tool is the hob cutter. For the machining of gear wheels with a non-involute tooth profile widely used in industry equipment is used. One of the options for a rolling gear cutting tool for shaping gear wheels with a non-involute tooth profile can be a shaped worm cutter. The article describes the method of profiling of the cutting part of shaped hob cutter for machining of gear wheels with normal accuracy.
 To solve the problem the unified mathematical base – the apparatus of multiparameter mappings of space – the unified structure of mappings for gears and a compact set of unified operators, parameters and functional connections is used.

Optimization of Wire Cut Electro Discharge Machining Process Parameters for Aluminium 6082 by using Taguchi Technique

Abstract: The manufacturing industry is changing very drastically in all the aspect regarding the manufacturing technology as well as the quality concern as per as the quality is considered. Quality is becoming a significant trend in todays growing automobile industry. In the field of metal cutting operations, the surface roughness is becoming more dominant parameter as per as the quality of the component is considered. Electrical discharge machining is becoming a most powerful non conventional machining which is being widely used in the field of machining. Most specifically our work was conducted on the electrical discharge wire cut machining for achieving the desired surface roughness (Ra) and adequate material removal rate (MRR). The input parameter for our research work were selected as Peak current, pulse on time & pulse off time while the output parameter was selected as MRR and the surface roughness. Aluminum 6082 Grade material is used as a specimen and the research methodology implemented for the research work is taguchi and Anova. Keywords: Wire cut EDM, Taguchi, MRR surface roughness, Anova.

Strength-based design of a sunflower stalk cutter machine design using finite element analysis and experimental validation

In this study, the total algorithm of the strength-based design of the system for mass production has been developed. The proposed algorithm, which includes numerical, analytical, and experimental studies, was implemented through a case study on the strength-based structural design and fatigue analysis of a tractor-mounted sunflower stalk cutting machine (SSCM). The proposed algorithm consists of a systematic engineering approach, material selection and testing, design of the mass criteria suitability, structural stress analysis, computer-aided engineering (CAE), prototype production, experimental validation studies, fatigue calculation based on an FE model and experimental studies (CAE-based fatigue analysis), and an optimization process aimed at minimum weight. Approximately 85% of the system was designed using standard commercially available cross-section beams and elements using the proposed algorithm. The prototype was produced, and an HBM data acquisition system was used to collect the strain gage output. The prototype produced was successful in terms of functionality. Two- and three-dimensional mixed models were used in the structural analysis solution. The structural stress analysis and experimental results with a strain gage were 94.48% compatible in this study. It was determined using nCode DesignLife software that fatigue damage did not occur in the system using the finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental data. The SSCM design adopted a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) methodology for optimization with ANSYS. With the optimization solved from 422 iterations, a maximum stress value of 57.65 MPa was determined, and a 97.72 kg material was saved compared to the prototype. This study provides a useful methodology for experimental and advanced CAE techniques, especially for further study on complex stress, strain, and fatigue analysis of new systematic designs desired to have an optimum weight to strength ratio.

A Probabilistic Geostatistics-Based Approach to Tunnel Boring Machine Cutter Tool Wear and Cutterhead Clogging Prediction

AbstractThe application of geostatistical analyses of site investigation data for tunneling projects has gained significant attention in the literature. While the proposed techniques are useful for...

Physical and mathematical model of rock destruction by a milling machine cutter

As a result of the analysis of the work on rock destruction by cutters of milling of machines, it was found that the existing developments do not allow us to proceed to the derivation of calculation d dependencies for determining fracture resistance, or can be used only in preliminary calculations of the known by design parameters of milling machines. To eliminate these disadvantages, a combined physical and mathematical model of the process of interaction of a single milling cutter with a spherical tip with the rock has been developed. Consideration of the physical picture of the action of forces and stresses acting from the cutter with spherical tips on the separating rock element in the limiting condition allowed to describe analytically the components of total resistance, which are the mathematical part of the physical and mathematical model of rock destruction by cutters. Analytical dependences for determining the tangential and normal components of fracture resistance of rocks of medium hardness have been obtained. The adequacy of the physical and mathematical model to the physical process of destruction of rocks of different hardness by cutters on a universal stand was tested both in the field and in the laboratory conditions. Technical evaluation of the results of experimental studies confirms the reliability of the developed physical and mathematical model.

Environmental and economic optimization for block cutting of dimension stones in a limestone quarry

The paper presents the evaluation of quarrying operations as specified by the Eco-Label standards for hard coverings, while it develops the work done by (Elkarmoty et al., 2020a). The economic and environmental optimization of the quarry activities were analysed taking in to account several parameters: production costs, obtainable revenues, waste production, dust and CO2 emissions, water and energy consumption, and the Eco-Label ‘natural resource’ criteria for hard coverings. For the dust and CO2 emissions, water and energy consumption, the research presents a comparison between a chain saw cutter machine and a diamond wire cutter machine. The research’s objective is to evaluate the optimal sustainable engineering and optimization practice in terms of economy and the environment by means of block dimensions and block cutting machinery choices. The research was implemented in a case study of limestone quarry bench in Italy. The highest obtainable recovery ratio was detected as 53%, while the obtainable revenues were found in correlation with the recovery ratio, decreasing with increasing block surface area. However, the lowest production costs were obtained for the block dimension that reflected the lowest recovery ratio, hence, highest waste volume. The dust emissions, energy consumption and carbon footprint of the block cutting operations of the quarry were lower when the diamond wire cutter was used, compared to the chain saw cutter, respectively. For the block cutting of the bench, using blocks with lower surface area were found to have higher recovery ratios than the threshold value which Eco-Label natural resources criteria indicates. The excellence level of the Eco-Label criteria can be obtained in the presented case study only by one block dimension. Each criterion was evaluated in order to find the best practice for the quarry in terms of environment, economy and sustainability.

Numerical and Experimental Studies on the Effects of the TBM Cutter Profile on Rock Cutting

This paper explores the effect of the profile of tunnel boring machine (TBM) cutters on the rock cutting performance via the use of a particle flow discrete element model. Two of the most commonly used cutters, namely a flat-tip cutter and a circular-tip cutter, are considered in the study. Reduced-scale rotary rock cutting experiments are performed to verify the key conclusions obtained by the numerical analysis. The results from both the simulations and experiments indicate that, at the same penetration depth, the volumes of rock chips produced by the two cutters are similar, but the normal force of the circular-tip cutter is much smaller than that of the flat-tip cutter, leading to a lower specific energy. Contact analysis implemented by a finite element model further reveals that the stress field caused by the circular-tip cutter has a higher magnitude and is concentrated in a smaller area, indicating that the circular-tip cutter could penetrate the rock with lower normal force and produce less rock powder, which could avoid excessive rock broken.