Lawn Mower Research Articles

Our Town, Queensland Theatre Company, Brisbane, Australia

<i>Our Town</i>, Queensland Theatre Company, Brisbane, Australia

A comparison of grass silages harvested at first, second and third cut on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows

The objective of this study was to compare the milk production potential of first, second and third harvest of grass silage from the same sward in Northern latitudes. Three change-over design dairy cow feeding experiments were conducted during different years which differed markedly in weather conditions. The silages were supplemented with a cereal based The objective of this study was to compare the milk production potential of subsequent first, second and third cuts of grass silage from the same sward in Northern latitudes. Three change-over design dairy cow feeding experiments were conducted during different years which differed markedly in weather conditions. The silages were supplemented with a cereal based concentrate (average concentrate proportion 431 g kg-1 diet dry matter). Feed intake and milk production was highest with first-cut and lowest with third-cut silage. The energy corrected milk yields averaged over three experiments were 35.0, 33.2 and 31.9 kg d-1 for first, second and third harvest silages, respectively. Respective dry matter intakes were 23.1, 21.9 and 20.7 kg d-1. Compared to analysed feed values, the average intake of third-cut silages was lower than expected. Due to the high risk of low intake potential of third-cut silages, they are not recommended for cows in early lactation if there are other silages available.

Solar Operated Automatic Grass Cutting Machine

The grass cutting machine are very popular technology. A. The past technology models of grass cutter are used I.C engine and also used scissor for grass cutting. B. As the past technology of grass cutting machine was operated by manually, hence man power required is more. Also the time fuel required for accomplishing the work is more. C. To overcome such problems we used the solar power for drive the motors. And for reduce the manpower we control it by mobile and sensor. D. This proper purpose of solar operated automatic grass cutting machine is it will avoid the air and noise pollution and higher maintenance by the I.C engine.

Delta-Songhai Merkezi Tarım Programlarının Nijerya, Delta Eyaletindeki Faydalanıcılar Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gençleri Ekonomik Olarak Güçlendirilme Yaklaşımları

This study was designed to examine the effects of the Delta-Songhai agricultural programs on beneficiaries in Delta State. Some objectives of the study were to: ascertain the type of training, determine the income generation level of the participants, measure the level of empowerment, and measure the level of satisfaction. A sample size of 72 was used in the study. This was obtained from random sampling using a multistage procedure. Results obtained were that male respondents (62.5%) dominated more than female with a mean age of 32 years. Respondents’ average farming experience was five years. Respondents (97.2%) adopted poultry records skills, while respondents (94.5%) adopted aquaculture concrete pond techniques. Respondents were greatly empowered by the training program with a pooled mean of 2.89. Respondents’ satisfaction level was high with a pooled mean of 2.89. Some constraints faced by the respondents were mostly, insufficient funds from the donor, poor project monitoring, and beneficiaries nonchalant behaviour after programme completion. Correlation result between poultry and aquaculture on income generation showed that poultry was more favourable than aquaculture. The study concluded that the training programme had a great impact on youth empowerment in poultry, aquaculture, piggery, and grass cutter production. It was recommended that these positive impacts should be sustained.

Enhancing protein recovery in green biorefineries through selection of plant species and time of harvest

Biorefining is a promising method for sustainable feed production through conversion of biomass into a protein concentrate for monogastrics and fibrous pulp for ruminants. Nitrogen (N) content and recovery in pulp and protein concentrate from lucerne, red clover, white clover, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue harvested at different spring cut harvest times were analysed to assess the effect of plant species, developmental stage and number of screw press processing.Plant species and spring cut harvest time affected N content of pulps and protein concentrates (P < 0.01). The N contents of the legume pulps and protein concentrates (22.0–43.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) and 52.1–68.9 g/kg DM, respectively) were higher than corresponding values of the grasses (16.4–31.2 and 38.1–58.9 g/kg DM, respectively) and lowest in late harvested pulps (16.4–29.2 g/kg DM). The proportion of N retained in pulp increased with spring cut harvest time (P < 0.01) and was higher in grasses compared to legumes (544.5–715.1 and 334.0–565.2 g/kg plant N, respectively). Plant species and spring cut harvest time affected N recovery in protein concentrate (P < 0.01) and correlated positively with the plant N content (P < 0.01) and negatively with the plant DM (P < 0.01). The legumes had a higher recovery than grasses (160.2–556.2 g/kg plant N and 160.2–335.6 g/kg plant N, respectively). Regardless of plant species, late spring cut harvests reduced the total N extractability, i.e. recovery after application of a two-step extraction procedure, to 342.8–490.9 g/kg plant N (P < 0.01). The largest proportion of N was extracted from the three legumes (458.4–653.8 g/kg plant N), with the lowest extractability in the late spring cut harvest.The N content and recovery in fractions produced in the biorefining process were dynamic variables influenced by plant species, spring cut harvest time and number of screw press processings. More N was retained in the pulp from late cut grasses whereas the N recovery in protein concentrate was highest in early and intermediate cuts from legumes. The dynamics of N distribution between pulp and protein concentrate highlight the importance of considering input plant species, time of harvest and processing technique in order to enhance recovery and secure efficient utilisation of the biomass as feed for monogastrics and ruminants.

Solar Based Grass Cutter

As the current problem of environment and noise pollution, we made a small effort to solve this problem. A solar based grass cutter is used to cut the Grass basically in lawn or garden. In this research the proper sizing of solar panel, charge Controller, battery, DC motor were calculated. The maintenance cost has been reduced by using this machine. Proper design of solar panel, battery, charge controller was by catia modelling. Cutting of grass is more time consuming and labour cost. The highly strength blades are used for cutting grass which is powered by DC motor. The present research gives the solution for quick process of cutting grass in order to make environment beautiful.

Performance of elephant grass BioGrass as in vitro breeding result in the highland of Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Low productivity of ruminants is mainly caused by the limited availability of high-quality forages as a result of reducing the area for pasture due to land conversion, lack of particular forage plantation, absence of forage breeder to control the quality, high rate of calf mortality, and low quality of forage varieties in the current period. Therefore, it is a necessity to generate a new superior variety of forages that are easily planted, adaptable to dry land, have high productivity, and high yielded. BioGrass as forage is a prospective strain of high yielding elephant grass varieties as a result of in vitro breeding that has high productivity and quality. This research aimed to determine the productivity and quality of BioGrass in the highland of Bogor Regency, West Java compared to local elephant grass and odot grass. The results showed that the speed of growth of bio grass cuttings buds was not significantly different from the speed at which local elephant grass buds and odot appeared. The bud colour of the leaf petals appeared reddish in bio grass while the local elephant grass and odot were green. The number of tillers and local elephant grass was 3-5 tillers while the number of odot tillers was 5-7 tillers. The fresh weight of bio grass and odot was 40 kg resulted from without fertilizing urea treatment and 60 kg with fertilizing urea treatment. Meanwhile, the fresh weight of local elephant grass was 60 and 90 kg, respectively based on urea treatments. Proximate analysis showed that the highest crude protein content (CP) of the BioGrass was 17.95% with the NDF and ADF value of 61.79 and 37.27%. Whereas CP of local elephant grass was 15.38% with NDF/ADF value of 63.15 and 39.01%, and CP of odot grass was 16.30 with NDF/ADF value of 33.64%.

Multi-USV Adaptive Exploration Using Kernel Information and Residual Variance.

Using a team of robots for estimating scalar environmental fields is an emerging approach. The aim of such an approach is to reduce the mission time for collecting informative data as compared to a single robot. However, increasing the number of robots requires coordination and efficient use of the mission time to provide a good approximation of the scalar field. We suggest an online multi-robot framework m-AdaPP to handle this coordination. We test our framework for estimating a scalar environmental field with no prior information and benchmark the performance via field experiments against conventional approaches such as lawn mower patterns. We demonstrated that our framework is capable of handling a team of robots for estimating a scalar field and outperforms conventional approaches used for approximating water quality parameters. The suggested framework can be used for estimating other scalar functions such as air temperature or vegetative index using land or aerial robots as well. Finally, we show an example use case of our adaptive algorithm in a scientific study for understanding micro-level interactions.

Quantification of the environmental and economic benefits of the electrification of lawn mowers on the US residential market

Gasoline-powered lawn mowers and garden equipment are emitting 30 million tons of pollutants yearly in the USA, accounting for a quarter of all non-road gasoline emissions. While the US market is dominated by gasoline-powered lawn mowers, this study offers an assessment of the environmental implication and cost of electrifying the lawn mower industry. First, the lifecycle environmental footprint and total cost of ownership of electric-powered mowers are calculated and compared to those of conventional gasoline-powered counterparts, using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies. A multi-indicator impact assessment is notably conducted, using the SimaPro software (v8.5), the ReCiPe methodology (H), and the ecoinvent database (v3.4) completed with data from the GREET model for the use phase. Second, an extrapolation model is computed to interpret the results at a national and regional scale, considering the proper energy mix in each US state. The combination of LCA and LCC results, mapped out in a two-dimensional chart, allows a clear visual representation of the environmental and economic trade-offs between the gasoline and electric solutions. The findings indicate a reduction of 49.9% and 32.3% of CO2 emissions, respectively, for push and riding mowers, by using the electric solution instead of the conventional one over their lifecycle. Yet, the total cost of ownership is slightly higher (4.7–10.6%) for the electric solutions, even if the operating costs are lower. And as the initial buying price of the electric solution is more expensive than the gasoline solution of the same category, this could be a real hindrance for consumers who do not systematically consider the overall lifecycle cost when comparing mowers. In this line, the quantification of a suitable financial incentive to support the electrification of the lawn mower market is of utmost importance and appears as a promising line for future work. The present results are significant in at least two major respects for the potential electrification of lawn mowing equipment. First, they show how an increased market share of electric mowers can contribute to cutting down greenhouse gas emissions. Second, such quantitative results can be useful for decision-makers in businesses and state governments to take appropriate ecological actions, e.g., in the development of adequate financial incentives or green policy to support the energy transition in this sector, and thus tackle global warming.

Comparative life cycle assessment and costing of an autonomous lawn mowing system with human-operated alternatives: implication for sustainable design improvements

ABSTRACT Due to recent technological advancements, automation and autonomous solutions are gaining increasing popularity. Yet, a lack of in-depth investigations is noticed on the potential environmental benefits and economic repercussions of implementing autonomous systems. The present study aims to fill part of this gap by quantifying the environmental and economic sustainability of a robotic lawn mower, in comparison with human-operated counterparts. Combining life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methodologies, and by defining adequate functional units, building simulation models, and collecting life cycle inventory data, a systematic comparative study between autonomous and conventional lawn mowers is performed on their environmental and economic impacts. Through this multi-indicator analysis, environmental and economic trade-offs between the autonomous and conventional mowing solutions are quantitatively discussed for key relevant usage scenarios, from mowing an average residential yard to maintaining larger fields like a football stadium or a schoolyard. Concretely, sensitivity analyses on key parameters influencing the performance of the autonomous mower have been conducted to evaluate the environmental and economic benefits of an augmented robotic mower. While optimising the path planning of the current robotic mower would lead to the most substantial savings, improvements on the battery performance, cutting width, and speed of the autonomous solution appear as other promising areas for future work.

Studi Pengaruh Kecepatan Motor Dan Jumlah Bilah Pisau Terhadap Hasil Potongan Rumput

Unwanted grass growth on land will cause problems for humans. Generally, the sickle is a tool that is often used to cut grass. The use of a sickle has several disadvantages, namely using manual labor, in some cases there is a narrow-angle that makes it impossible to cut with a sickle. This study uses variations of 2, 3, and 4 blades with motor rotation speeds of 666 RPM, 1713 RPM, and 3454 RPM. The data collection method is done by determining the mass of grass by 25 grams, then the grass is arranged and moved closer to the blade with a cutting time of 10 seconds. The shortest cut grass results were obtained on the number of blades 4 with a motor rotation speed of 3454 RPM, which is 10.92 mm. The difference in mass of grass clippings in the variation of blade 4 with RPM 1 and 3, which is 4 grams, indicates the overall cut grass&#x0D; Keywords: blade, motor rotation speed, grass cutted

Wildlife Conservation at a Garden Level: The Effect of Robotic Lawn Mowers on European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus).

Simple SummaryInjured European hedgehogs are frequently admitted to hedgehog rehabilitation centres with different types of cuts and injuries. Although not rigorously quantified, a growing concern is that an increasing number of cases may have been caused by robotic lawn mowers. Research indicates that European hedgehogs are in decline. It is therefore important to identify and investigate the factors responsible for this decline to improve the conservation initiatives directed at this species. Because hedgehogs are increasingly associated with human habitation, it seems likely that numerous individuals will encounter several robotic lawn mowers during their lifetimes. Consequently, this study aimed to describe and quantify the effects of robotic lawn mowers on hedgehogs, and we tested 18 robotic lawn mowers in collision with dead hedgehogs. Some models caused extensive damage to the dead hedgehogs, but there were noteworthy differences in the degree of harm inflicted, with some consistently causing no damage. None of the robotic lawn mowers tested was able to detect the presence of dead, dependent juvenile hedgehogs, and no models could detect the hedgehog cadavers without physical interaction. We therefore encourage future collaboration with the manufacturers of robotic lawn mowers to improve the safety for hedgehogs and other garden wildlife species.We tested the effects of 18 models of robotic lawn mowers in collision with dead European hedgehogs and quantified the results into six damage categories. All models were tested on four weight classes of hedgehogs, each placed in three different positions. None of the robotic lawn mowers tested was able to detect the presence of dependent juvenile hedgehogs (<200 g) and all models had to touch the hedgehogs to detect them. Some models caused extensive damage to the hedgehog cadavers, but there were noteworthy differences in the degree of harm inflicted, with some consistently causing no damage. Our results showed that the following technical features significantly increased the safety index of the robotic lawn mowers: pivoting blades, skid plates, and front wheel drive. Based on these findings, we encourage future collaboration with the manufacturers of robotic lawn mowers to improve the safety for hedgehogs and other garden wildlife species.

Optimalisasi Pengembangan Desa Wisata Baha Berbasis Pendampingan

The development of a tourism village is expected to be an alternative in overcoming the problem of saturation with the demand for tourism products. One of the tourism villages that was developed to provide solutions to these problems is the Baha Tourism Village. In fact, the Baha Tourism Village has not been optimally developed. Based on this phenomenon, research with qualitative methods was carried out. The results showed that to optimize the development of Baha Tourism Village, higher education assistance is needed by implementing five priorities. Of the five priorities planned to optimize the development of Baha Tourism Village, the first priority to the third priority have been running, while the fourth priority and the fifth priority have not yet been implemented. In the third priority, there are three ongoing activities funded by the 2020 Baha Village Fund, namely making trash bins along the trekking / cycling route, making banners along the trekking / cycling path, and making 50 sanggah catu (a place to pray in the fields).While the nine activities that have not been running are in the third priority, namely making entrance ticket booths, making gazebos, making lelakut, making sunari, making maps or maps of trekking / cycling paths, repairing or maintaining trekking / cycling paths, procurement of garbage transporting motors, procuring sensor machines for lawn mowing, and the manufacturing of the CHSE facility.

Supplementary Material for: Wildlife Conservation at a Garden Level: The Effect of Robotic Lawn Mowers on European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)

Supplementary Material for: Wildlife Conservation at a Garden Level: The Effect of Robotic Lawn Mowers on European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)

PROCESS PRODUCTION GRASS CUTTER BASED LITHIUM BATTERY

This battery-based lawn mower is a simple tool to cut grass efficiently and quickly without having to use gasoline and also without the need for an electric plug adapter to move the mower. The purpose of this paper is to be able to design a lawn mower, to know what components are used in the work process and also to know the working process of making a lawn mower. The main power source of this tool is from a series of 21 18650 series batteries with a capacity of 46 A which are connected in parallel and in series and combined with the BMS 3s module for protection and control of the system. With a large enough battery capacity, this tool is able to operate for approximately 45-60 minutes of use.

Production Scheduling for an Automotive Firm given Varying Demand and Capacity

Brakes India is a manufacturer of braking systems in India, with the largest market share. Axle Tech America (ATA) a US based manufacturer, is a supplier of quality, cost effective transaxles, for customers, who manufacture utility vehicles, tractors, lawn mowers, and golf carts. Brakes India supplied machined castings to M/S ATA. The Indian supplier provided six parts, monthly, over a period of four years. The study was aimed at developing a production schedule, that was optimal in normal times, and adapted to capacity contraction due to disruptions such as caused by the pandemic, and consequent lockdown of facilities.

Enhanced adsorption of Rhodamine B over Zoysia sinica Hance-based carbon activated by amminium chloride and sodium hydroxide treatments

A Zoysia sinica Hance-based activated carbon (ZBAC) was synthesized via two-step method combining NH4Cl-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment and NaOH activation for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous. The physical and chemical properties of the as-prepared activated carbon were investigated through the usage of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. A series of batch experiments have been used to visually evaluate the various parameters (pH, dosage, reaction time and actual water condition) affecting the adsorption experiments. Results revealed that the aimed activated carbon exhibited superior adsorption capacities for RhB (1375.8 mg/g) due to its specific surface area (1307 m2/g) and available porosity. In addition, the adsorption of RhB could well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherms model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, corresponding to monolayer and chemical adsorption respectively. As for the study of adsorption mechanism, ion exchange interactions and hydrogen bonding may be dominant for adsorbing RhB molecules by the activated carbon. The findings of the present work could provide a promising strategy to develop high-performance adsorbents for dye removal from wastewater using biochar derived from waste grass cuttings.

Optimal durations of Weibull reliability tests based on failure counts

In industry, the durations of reliability experiments are usually fixed in advanced, which could lead to suboptimal results. A constrained optimization problem is stated in order to determine the best inspection time for reliability testing. The decision criterion is based on Weibull failure counts, whereas the constraints are related to the reliability and risk levels imposed by the producer and the consumer. The optimal reliability sampling plan provides the best strategy to determine the acceptability of lots and production processes. Minimum-cost inspection times, as well as the required number of test units and the maximum number of failures allowed, are derived by solving mixed integer nonlinear programming problems. An approximation of the minimum feasible acceptance number is first provided in closed-form. An efficient step-by-step procedure is then proposed in order to find the optimal reliability test plan for lot sentencing. In most cases, only a few iterations are needed to reach the optimal solution. For illustrative purposes, the suggested methodology is applied to the manufacturing of turbine engine combustors, systems of components and lawn mower motors.

Incidencia del sombreado, biorreguladores y bioestimulante en el desarrollo y rendimiento del pasto Mombaza (Panicum maximum Jacq.)

Shading (S), bioregulators (BR) and biostimulants (BS) techniques are alternatives that promote sprouting and production of grass. The objective was to evaluate the effect of S, BR and BSt on the growth and yield of Mombaza grass in Ecuador. A complete randomized block design, with split plot arrangement and three replications, was used, the main plot represented by condition S (S1: full solar exposure, S2: shade of trees) and secondary one by BR and BS application (A0: control; A1: minimum doses of BR, 250 mL.ha-1 Cytokin + 10 g.ha-1 New Gibb 10 %; A2: maximum doses of BR, 500 mL.ha-1 Cytokin + 20 g.ha-1 New Gibb 10 %; A3: commercial dose of BS Algamar, seaweed, 750 g.ha-1). Three cuts of grass were made, 35 days after staring experiment; in each one, tiller height (TH), number of tillersm-2 (NTM) and stemstiller-1 (NST), and dry matter yield (DMY) were evaluated. It is found effects (P&lt;0.05) of S on the four variables in each cut; and application of BR and BS on TH in cuts 1, period of least precipitation. It is concluded that the grass cultivated in S1 increased the growth and DMY in cuts 1, 2 and 3 (0.180, 0.300 y 0.398 kg.m-2). NTM was stimulated with S2 and TH with the minimum dose of BR.

Design and fabrication of active noise control system for a grass cutter

Active noise control technique was used to reduce noise generated by a grass cutting machine. Grass cutting machine running on a diesel engine generates loud noise of about 105 dBA. Based on the spectral analysis of engine noise, it was observed that frequencies in the range of 440–5000 Hz were having more noise power. An active noise control circuit was designed and fabricated using operational amplifiers. The active noise control circuit was tested with the help of a duct made of thermocol. Results show that reduction in noise up to 10 dBA was obtained when the active noise control circuit was used with a duct made of thermocol, while a reduction up to 5 dBA was obtained when used on a grass cutting machine. The active noise control system developed may be used to reduce noise generated by a grass cutting machine.