Cutaneous Route Research Articles

Diploid cell measles vaccine

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Albert Sabin and one of us (J.F.D.)^1,2recently reported seroconversion in infants administered measles vaccine of human diploid cells (HDCs) that contained the Ikić (Edmonston-Zagreb) strain and 1% human albumin, or chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) vaccine that contained the Edmonston-Schwartz strain by cutaneous or aerosol routes. In that study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque neutralization tests to demonstrate seroconversion. In this letter we report a further study inwhich antibody was measured using the more standard hemagglutination inhibition. This double-blind study was carried out in children aged 6 to 8 months residing in two poor urban areas of Mexico City between October 1983 and April 1984. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> One hundred seventy-two children received HDC vaccine manufactured in Mexico: 117 via aerosol (titer of virus, 10^5.250% tissue culture infective dose per milliliter), and 55 by injection (titer of virus, 10

Diploid Cell Measles Vaccine

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Albert Sabin and one of us (J.F.D.)^1,2recently reported seroconversion in infants administered measles vaccine of human diploid cells (HDCs) that contained the Ikić (Edmonston-Zagreb) strain and 1% human albumin, or chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) vaccine that contained the Edmonston-Schwartz strain by cutaneous or aerosol routes. In that study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque neutralization tests to demonstrate seroconversion. In this letter we report a further study inwhich antibody was measured using the more standard hemagglutination inhibition. This double-blind study was carried out in children aged 6 to 8 months residing in two poor urban areas of Mexico City between October 1983 and April 1984. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> One hundred seventy-two children received HDC vaccine manufactured in Mexico: 117 via aerosol (titer of virus, 10^5.250% tissue culture infective dose per milliliter), and 55 by injection (titer of virus, 10

Aspects of pathogenesis in a mouse model of infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

A new medium, nutrient tween 80 broth (NTB) was utilised to achieve improved cultivation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Twenty four hour NTB cultures were used for cutaneous and intraperitoneal infection of mice. The intraperitoneal administration of heterologous protein, liquid paraffin or thioglycollate prior to intraperitoneal challenge caused enhanced multiplication of the organism although this could be prevented by modifying host response. Pretreatment of skin with thioglycollate enabled cutaneous infection to be consistently achieved. The progress of lesions in skin and viscera is described. Immunisation of the mice was effected by both intraperitoneal and cutaneous routes of inoculation, the latter being particularly useful because it did not lead to residual lesions of viscera. Immunity was expressed by a failure of organisms to localise at secondary sites although infection of primary sites in skin or peritoneal cavity occurred, apparently at a reduced level. The relevance of these findings to the natural disease of sheep is discussed.

Suppression of antibody responses to topically applied antigens by ultraviolet light irradiation. Induction of phototolerance.

C3Hf/HeN or BALB/c mice, exposed to acute ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and skin-sensitized through the irradiated skin site with soluble protein antigens, exhibit humoral tolerance to subsequent systemic challenge with antigen. We have termed this phenomenon "phototolerance" (PT). With the doses of UV radiation used, PT induction is restricted to the irradiated skin site and is observed only if sensitization is performed via the cutaneous route. PT is antigen specific and operates at the afferent level of the immune response. While single PT induction regimens result in transient humoral suppression, multiple inductions before each systemic challenge can maintain the response at low levels. The capacity to induce PT to a variety of soluble protein antigens may have potentially important clinical applications.

The uptake and metabolism by goldfish Carassius auratus of Pentachloro-2-[Chloromethyl Sulphonamido]Diphenyl ether (6-PCSD), the major component and active ingredient of the mothproofing agent, Eulan WA New

Goldfish absorbed pentachloro-2-[chloromethyl sulphonamido] diphenyl ether, 6-PCSD (the major component of the active ingredients of the mothproofing agent, Eulan WA New) from the surrounding water by branchial and cutaneous routes. The liver was the tissue in which the corresponding amine, and probable metabolite, pentachloro-2-amino-diphenyl ether, 5-PAD, was first detected. The 5-PAD concentration increased during the first 2h of the dosing period. The liver tissue is therefore a primary site of 5-PAD formation in vivo. The uptake and metabolism of 6-PCSD by the goldfish is similar to that observed in the pike after dosing for short periods with 6-PCSD. However, the goldfish provides a more suitable system in which to study this metabolism in vitro.

Ｉｓｏｓｏｒｂｉｄｅ Ｄｉｎｉｔｒａｔｅ経皮投与製剤（Ｆｒａｎｄｏｌ Ｔａｐｅ）投与時のヒトにおける体内動態

A transdermal sustained release formulation. of isosorbide dinitrate (Frandol Tape) has been developed for the purpose of prolonging the preventive effect of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) against attacks of angina pectoris.The plasma levels of ISDN and the two metabolites, isosorbide 2-mononitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate, were measured after the application of Frandol Tape (ISDN 40mg) in ten healthy male volunteers. After a single application of the tape to the breast for 24 or 48 hrs, the mean plasma levels of ISDN increased slowly to reach their peaks of 2.6 or 2.7 ng/ml at 6 hrs and declined very slowly to 1.9 ng/ml at 24 hrs or to 1.4 ng/ml at 48 hrs after the application. After removal of the tape, the mean plasma levels of ISDN declined with a half-life of 2.3 hrs.The area under the plasma level versus time curve (AUC) for ISDN per the amount of ISDN absorbed percutaneously after a transdermal administration was larger than after an oral administration. Probably because ISDN was not susceptible to“first-pass effect” in the cutaneous route. On the other hand, it was suggested that urinary excretion behavior after a transdermal administration was similar to that after an oral administration.These results demonstrated that Frandol Tape might be an useful transdermal sustained release formulation of ISDN for the prevention of angina pectoris, since the plasma level of ISDN is maintained constantly during the period of application.

Hexachlorophene and the central nervous system. Toxic effects in mice and baboons.

A study on hexachlorophene encephalopathy in mice and baboons is reported. By light microscopy, a severe spongiform lesion of the central nervous system (CNS) was localized in the white matter, without myelin breakdown or cellular reaction. By electron microscopy, the myelin alteration was characterized by wide intralamellar spaces or "splitting" developed in the intraperiod line of compact sheaths. The acute changes described were induced by administration of the drug by the digestive or cutaneous routes at various dosage levels in an aqueous solution or in talcum powder. The toxic effects depended on the age of the animals, the survival times and the concentrations of hexachlorophene, i.e., 6%, 3%, and 0.5%. The findings are compared with previous reports on the neurotoxicity of hexachlorophene and other chemicals in human and experimental animals. Hexachlorophene cannot be recommended for use in young infants because of its neurotoxicity in very low doses as demonstrated in the present report.

A note on cutaneous loss of potassium in Chokla sheep

SUMMARYThe loss of potassium through the cutaneous route was measured in three Chokla rams by balance trial and by washing the animals (ambient temperature 28–33 °C, 28–30 mmHg vapour pressure). The excretion of potassium through urine and faeces was 46·7 and 19·4% of the intake, respectively. The excretion through skin recorded by washing the animals was 29·1% against 33·7% potassium available for excretion through the thermoregulatory route. About 2·56 g potassium was thus excreted through the cutaneous route per day. There was a net retention of 9·8 g sodium/ram/day.

Endocarditis caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa.

This report describes a case of endocarditis caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa . The patient was a butcher who probably contracted the infection via the cutaneous route. Cure of the erysipelothrix endocarditis was achieved by penicillin therapy, but the patient succumbed later to staphylococcal endocarditis following cardiac surgery. Although rare, the possibility of E. insidiosa infection should be considered when diphtheroid organisms are consistently isolated from a patient’s blood cultures.

Arsenicosis and its management

Arsenic is a metalloid, a known poison as well as carcinogen that occurs naturally in earth,s crust. It is found in most of the environmental media such as air, soil and water. It enters the body through ingestion, inhalation and per cutaneous route. Health hazards of arsenic toxicity can occur as acute and chronic forms. Recently arsenicosis has emerged as a public health problem in many countries of South East Asian region. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i3.4079Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 3 pp.58-63

The effect of trauma on production of herpes interferon in guinea pigs.

An appreciable amount of serum and skin interferon was produced in guinea pigs during herpes simplex virus infection. When such guinea pigs were subjected to various experimental trauma the production of interferon was generally decreased. Systemic and local injections of purified interferon confered definite protection against herpes simplex virus infection by the cutaneous, peritoneal and intravenous routes and little or no protection by the intracerebral, intranasal, or corneal routes. Diminution of interferon production thus appears to be one of the factors for the lowered resistance against herpesvirus infection following certain types of tissue injury.

The Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents: Applied Pharmacology

Proflavine finds a wide array of applications in clinical, therapeutic, industrial and cutting edge research. This study investigates properties of proflavine and brings out its current status based on overall merits and demerits. Review was carried out starting from late 1800s to 2017 about all aspects of proflavine. We have accessed digital libraries in University of Cambridge, Oxford University, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology through their institutional repository software. Popular open source solutions like DSpace, EPrints, Digital Commons, Fedora Commons, Islandora and Hydra were included. Proflavine finds many applications including as an anti microbial agent and often used as a topical agent. This compound denatures bacterial DNA leading to lysis of bacteria. Due to its intercalating property it affects host DNA, which has potential chances to induce skin cancer and other malignancies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by proflavine play a crucial role in denaturing host DNA. Proflavine can penetrate beyond epidermal and dermal structures and accumulate in cell nuclei. In human cell culture proflavine is known to be taken up by many kinds of cells and is concentrated in the nuclei. Our studies revealed that despite its oncogenic potential, proflavine currently finds its applications in therapeutic, diagnostic and in research not alone in developing countries but also in developed countries. Proflavine exhibited wide potent activity against various groups of microorganisms. After exposure in human skin proflavine alters the structure of epidermal DNA strands leading to mutation. Many industrial workers, researchers, health care professionals are exposed to proflavine in enormous amounts daily through oral, respiratory and cutaneous routes. We conclude that even though proflavine has strong antimicrobial and other uses due to its carcinogenic nature, we recommend that it is time to rethink the use of this compound and to search for good alternative replacement.

Physiological Effects of Ddt on Phormia Larvae1

Buck and Keister (1946) reported that groups of Sciara larvae, after brief immersion in a kerosene solution of DDT, gained weight in distilled water faster than control larvae or larvae exposed to kerosene alone. The small size of the larvae made it impossible to separate surface contact from tracheal penetration as avenues of poisoning, or to distinguish between cutaneous penetration, drinking and other possible routes of entry of the water. We have accordingly investigated these and related questions on the much larger larvae of the blowfly, Phormia regina Meigen. An additional incentive was the possibility that a comparison with our physiological study of adults of the same species (Buck and Keister, 1949) might explain the common field observation that larvae are more resistant to DDT than are adults. In previous laboratory work on different developmental stages of a single species (Ludwig, 1946; Bodenstein, 1946) a pronounced difference in susceptibility was found, but it was pot established whether this was due to a qualitative difference in mode of action, or merely to quantitatively different accumulation or penetration of the poison in larva and adult.

ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO POLIOMYELITIS IN CHIMPANZEES FOLLOWING SUBCLINICAL INFECTION

This report is concerned with the production of subclinical poliomyelitis in the chimpanzee, and immunity to such infection. Subclinical infection was produced in eight chimpanzees by the administration of virus orally or intracutaneously, and was measured by the production of a virus carrier state and the development of neutralizing antibodies. Immunity was tested by attempting to induce the carrier state again by a challenge dose of virus by the same routes. With an homologous strain as the challenge virus, immunity as defined here was produced in each of four chimpanzees tested. Neutralizing antibodies to the homologous strain were present about 1 month following the first exposure to virus by either the oral or cutaneous route. In another group of two chimpanzees, one developed neutralizing antibodies and immunity to heterologous strains, and one did not.

THE VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS FELINE AGRANULOCYTOSIS

Thirty-two strains of an infectious filterable agent, with properties that establish it as a virus, have been isolated from a malady of cats. This disease can be readily recognized and differentiated from other feline diseases by blood studies, which make apparent the characteristic profound leucopenia and marked relative lymphocytosis in the absence of thrombopenia and appreciable anemia. (Because the cytological pictures of the bone marrow and blood are essentially similar to those which characterize human agranulocytosis, we have named the disease under study "infectious feline agranulocytosis.") The cytological reaction to the presence of the virus is further characterized by proliferation of the reticuloendothelial cells of the lymph nodes and spleen, and by the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies in the cells of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, lymph nodes, and bronchial mucosa. The etiological agent, the virus of infectious feline agranulocytosis, is pathogenic for cats when given by the oral, intragastric, cutaneous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intranasal routes; it can be recovered at the height of the disease from the blood, spleen, liver, lung, intestinal mucosa, nasal secretions, nasal mucosa and turbinates, feces, and urine. The virus appears to be limited in its pathogenicity to the feline species. We found that a variety of animals, as represented by albino Swiss mice, guinea pigs, domestic rabbits, and ground squirrels (Citellus richardsonii Sabine), failed entirely to react to the injection of massive doses of virus. Repeated attempts at infection of these animals regularly failed when the intranasal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes of inoculation were employed for single doses. The same was true when from four to six transfers in "blind" serial tissue passages were made. Moreover, attempts to propagate the virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick were unsuccessful. The significance of the facts is discussed in the paper that follows.

Studies on the Transmission of Relapsing Fever in North China

Summary and Conclusions 1. Experiments concerning the mechanism of transmission in man of Chinese relapsing fever have been performed on 6 normal subjects and 4 patients with general paralysis of the insane. 2. The bites of lice infected with the Chinese strain of Borrelia recurrentis are not infective to man. 3. The feces of lice infected with Bor. recurrentis are not infectious to man. 4. Man contracts relapsing fever through crushing the infected lice on slightly traumatized skin such as that following louse bites and scratching, or through introducing the infective material to the conjunctivae with infected fingers. 5. On two occasions the dropping of large numbers of Bor. recurrentis onto the skin of a patient with general paralysis of the insane failed to produce relapsing fever. 6. Repeated attempts to produce relapsing fever by instilling large numbers of Bor. recurrentis onto the mucous membranes of the oral cavity failed. 7. The incubation period of relapsing fever in two patients was found to be 11 days for the cutaneous route and 8 days for the conjunctival route.

Cutaneous Immunization Against B. Aertrycke in the Guinea-Pig

For a number of years one of us (Meyer)1 has attempted to analyze the mechanism of the immunity response which follows an intracutaneous injection of filtrates, vaccines, etc. It appeared superfluous to study the phenomena more carefully until the facts reported by Besredka and his followers 2 with human pathogenic microbes mostly noninvasive by the cutaneous route had been confirmed with organisms responsible for spontaneous infections in laboratory animals. Furthermore, since Besredka stresses the importance of organotropism for various bacteria it appeared desirable to ascertain if it might be possible to cuti-immunize either locally or generally against an organism for which the skin is in all probability not the receptive tissue. An enterotropic organism, B. aertrycke (B. enteritidis Breslau, B. pestis caviae) of guinea-pigorigin which caused general infections when fed and when injected intracutaneously was chosen for the study to be reported in this communication.

Researches on the antigenic modifications of bacillus typhosus.

Our investigations concerning the vaccination of animals through buccal and cutaneous routes have led us naturally to the study of the antigenic modifications of certain micro-organisms, especially of B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B in contact with the body fluids. We shall give on this occasion some of our results. As early as 1891, Metchnikoff had seen that the vibrio Metch-nikovi, grown in the exudate of the immunized individual could form either clumps or give a culture made up of separate organisms, according to the previous environment of the microbe. Later Metchnikoff and Bordet reported that “a vibrion chlorese (vibrion of eastern Prussia of highly accentuated virulence) was only partially affected by the serum of a horse immunized against cholera, after having been exposed for a certain time to the action of phagocytic protoplasm” “protoplasma phagocytaire”. Grass-burger and Shattenfroh, in their work on symptomatic anthrax, found that the serum obtained by the injection of virulent exudate agglutinated the microbe growing in this exudate, but not the microbe grown upon artificial medium. wijk, in their work with B. pertussis, showed that by changing the nutritive medium, one can create, using parts of the same culture, races distinguished serodiagnostically by their agglutination reactions, incapable of uniting with the same antibodies, and whose injection into animals gives different immune-sera. Gay and Claypole found the same thing for B. typhosus. Their cultures were grown either upon agar-agar or 10 per cent blood agar. We used, throughout these experiments, the same strain of B. typhosus; one that we obtained by the courtesy of Dr. Holman of the Department of Pathology. The cultures were grown on ordinary agar slants for 24 hours at 37° C. and emulsified in physiological salt solution, 10 cc. for each slant.