Cut Chrysanthemum Research Articles

Avaliação do potencial fitorremediador de crisântemo em solo com excesso de cobre

Minimizing the harmful effects of copper (Cu) in the soil, using plants are slow and gradual, requiring the identification of species with fitorremediativa fitness for this process. Thus, the present work had as objective to evaluate the cultivation of chrysanthemum cv. Dark Fiji in soil added with Cu as promising phytoremediation. The experiment was conducted in the period from July to December 2014, in the greenhouse of the Floriculture UFSM. In a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments composed of doses of Cu added to the soil, in the amounts of 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 mg kg-1 and control (without addition), with five replications. In two crop cycles both with duration of 104 days from the production of seedlings to harvest. Chrysanthemum cuttings were obtained from cuttings collected in the garden clonal itself, with 8 cm long, rooted in commercial substrate and transplanted into containers containing soil. They evaluated phytotechnical parameters and translocation factors of aerial part of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration factor of Cu in plant roots and metal extraction rate. It was observed that at all doses of Cu added to the soil, the plants showed low plant development and floriferous affecting its aesthetic quality in both crop cycles. The high accumulation of Cu in the roots is indicative of growing tolerance, cv. Dark Fiji in areas with excess of this, with phytoremediation potential.

Optimization of spray deposition and Tetranychus urticae control with air assisted and electrostatic sprayer

Improved spray deposition can be attained by electrostatically charging spray droplets, which increases the attraction of droplets to plants and decreases operator exposure to pesticide and losses to the environment. However, this technique alone is not sufficient to achieve desirable penetration of the spray solution into the crop canopy; thus, air assistance can be added to the electrostatic spraying to further improve spray deposition. This study was conducted to compare different spraying technologies on spray deposition and two-spotted spider mite control in cut chrysanthemum. Treatments included in the study were: conventional TJ 8003 double flat fan nozzles, conventional TXVK-3 hollow cone nozzles, semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with electrostatic spray system (ESS) and air assistance (AA), and semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with AA only (no ESS). To evaluate the effect of these spraying technologies on the control of two-spotted spider mite, a control treatment was included that did not receive an acaricide application. The AA spraying technology, with or without ESS, optimized spray deposition and provided satisfactory two-spotted spider mite control up to 4 days after application.

Influence of packaging material along with wet refrigerated storage conditions on post-harvest life of cut chrysanthemum cv. Reagan White

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different packaging films comprising of LDPE (100 and 200 gauge), polypropylene, polyethylene, micro-perforated polyethylene and cellophane bags on low temperature storage of cut chrysanthemum flowers cv. Reagan White. The results obtained showed that the LDPE was most effective film in enhancing the vase-life and quality under both refrigerated wet storage and normal ambient conditions. The LDPE 100 gauge packed flower stems resulted in enhanced vase-life compared to other treatments by maintaining flower and leaf membrane stability index coupled with lower physiological loss in weight. The percent decline in total soluble sugars and reducing sugar contents in leaf and ray floret tissues was less in LDPE packaged flowers as compared to other treatments and control. The wrapped flowers stems in refrigerated wet storage after 15 days at 4°C were held in vase at ambient conditions. The maximum vase-life (12.67 days) was found with LDPE 100 gauge packaged flower stems. The higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations were recorded in LDPE packed flower stems, which were attributed to prevention of oxidative stress. There was marked favourable biochemical changes in the cut flower tissue, viz. total soluble sugars, reducing sugar, leaf chlorophyll content, MDA content, and superoxide dismutase activity in vase under ambient conditions.

The role of carbohydrates in storage induced disk floret degreening in chrysanthemum

Dutch-grown cut chrysanthemums are often shipped over long distances resulting in storage times of up to four weeks. One problem occurring after storage is premature degreening of disk florets. We want to understand the physiological background of disk floret degreening in order to allow breeding against sensitivity to degreening. Disk floret degreening occurs in two steps: first, there is loss of green colour resulting in yellowing, and after that, disk florets turn brown. Sucrose feeding after storage prevents disk floret degreening. Pulsing flower stems with potassium chloride with the same osmolarity compared to the sucrose treatment did not have an effect on degreening. Therefore, the effect of sucrose did not seem to be osmotic but related to energy metabolism. Because of this relation with carbohydrate metabolism, we hypothesized that genotypic differences are explained by their carbohydrate content during the postharvest phase. However, the carbohydrate content of a sensitive and insensitive genotype did not explain these genotypic differences. The sensitive genotype showed higher carbohydrate content during the postharvest phase compared to the insensitive genotype. Our results indicate that storage induced disk floret browning is caused by carbohydrate starvation, but genotypic differences are probably explained by a difference in sensitivity to carbohydrate starvation.

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF MEDIA AND NPK FERTILIZER ON THE ROOTING CAPACITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS

Physiological status of chrysanthemum cuttings during rooting process highly influences plant growth and flower production. Amongst other aspects, rooting capacity of the cuttings is the most important. Rooting capacity is influenced by environmental conditions such as growing medium and nutrition. The study was aimed to analyze the effects of different types of media, fertilizer concentration, and frequency of fertilizer application on the rooting capacity of chrysanthemum cuttings. The experiment was conducted at the Segunung Experimental Station of the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute from February to May 2005. The treatments consisted of four different rooting media, i.e. carbonized rice husk, coco peat, perlite, and mixture of perlite and vermiculite (1:1 v/v); two concentrations of NPK (25:7:7) fertilizers, i.e. 1.75 and 2.5 g 1-l; and four frequencies of fertilizer application, i.e. every 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized block with four replications. Parameters observed were rooting capacity and cutting performances such as cutting height, cutting diameter, number of leaves, number of visible roots, and root length at 16 days after planting. The results showed that chrysanthemum cuttings rooted in carbonized rice husk had better performance than those rooted in coco peat, vermiculite, and mixture of perlite + vermiculite. Higher concentration of fertilizer solution up to 2.5 g l-1 also gave significant effect on the root formation and further root growth of cuttings. However, the rooting capacity of cuttings was not affected by the frequency of fertilizer application. This study implied that carbonized rice husk growing medium supplemented with NPK (2.5 g l-l) every 4 days during rooting period is the choice for traditional chrysanthemum growers to increase the perform-ance and quality of the cut flowers.

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF MEDIA AND NPK FERTILIZER ON THE ROOTING CAPACITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS

Physiological status of chrysanthemum cuttings during rooting process highly influences plant growth and flower production. Amongst other aspects, rooting capacity of the cuttings is the most important. Rooting capacity is influenced by environmental conditions such as growing medium and nutrition. The study was aimed to analyze the effects of different types of media, fertilizer concentration, and frequency of fertilizer application on the rooting capacity of chrysanthemum cuttings. The experiment was conducted at the Segunung Experimental Station of the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute from February to May 2005. The treatments consisted of four different rooting media, i.e. carbonized rice husk, coco peat, perlite, and mixture of perlite and vermiculite (1:1 v/v); two concentrations of NPK (25:7:7) fertilizers, i.e. 1.75 and 2.5 g 1-l; and four frequencies of fertilizer application, i.e. every 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized block with four replications. Parameters observed were rooting capacity and cutting performances such as cutting height, cutting diameter, number of leaves, number of visible roots, and root length at 16 days after planting. The results showed that chrysanthemum cuttings rooted in carbonized rice husk had better performance than those rooted in coco peat, vermiculite, and mixture of perlite + vermiculite. Higher concentration of fertilizer solution up to 2.5 g l-1 also gave significant effect on the root formation and further root growth of cuttings. However, the rooting capacity of cuttings was not affected by the frequency of fertilizer application. This study implied that carbonized rice husk growing medium supplemented with NPK (2.5 g l-l) every 4 days during rooting period is the choice for traditional chrysanthemum growers to increase the perform-ance and quality of the cut flowers.

Morphological and physiological differences between dehiscent and indehiscent anthers of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

Spray cut chrysanthemums ornamental value and vase life are rapidly reduced with an increase in the pollen dispersal of the middle tubular bisexual flowers, and excessive pollen grains floating in the air are usually harmful to people. Thus, two cultivars were selected: the dehiscent 'Qx-097' and the indehiscent 'Qx-007', to investigate the morphological, structural and physiological differences in anthers. (1) Prior to the opening of the tubular flower, the anther was completely dehisced, and the pollen grains of 'Qx-097' were then released. 'Qx-007' inflorescences showed no pollen dispersal, and this cultivar was therefore not contaminated by its own pollen grains during flowering. (2) The anther cell structure of 'Qx-007' was abnormal, such that the entire anther wall exhibited hypertrophy due to the non-selective thickening of the endothecium cell size in different areas. Moreover, cracks did not form in the 'Qx-007' anther due to failure of septum degradation and stomium breakage, which resulted in the anther locules being inwardly crushed. Besides, the indehiscent anther accompanies partial pollen abortion due to the impairment of tapetum development, this is not conducive to pollen dispersal. (3) The 'Qx-007' anther contained higher water levels compared with 'Qx-097', and the dehydration of the 'Qx-007' anther was relatively moderate. Furthermore, the 'Qx-007' anther exhibited higher Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels compared with 'Qx-097' during dehiscing periods. (4) The 'Qx-007' anther showed significantly lower jasmonic acid levels and higher indole-3-acetic acid levels compare with the 'Qx-097' anther. These results suggest that the endothecium, septum and stomium constituent of the anther structure exhibit developmental abnormalities, which likely serve as the cellular basis of anther indehiscence. In addition, anther dehydration, the enhancement of anther cell toughness due to a high level of ions, and JA (IAA) dysregulation may be the determining physiological factors of anther indehiscence.

IMPROVING THE POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUT FLOWERS BY NATURAL PRESERVSTIVE SOLUTION

The effect of caraway, anise, lavender, marjoram and thyme essential oils treatments were investigated on the postharvest quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers. The essential oils were used as preservative solutions at 0, 25 and 50 ppm. All used treatments prolonged the vase life of cut flowers. Increasing the concentration of caraway, anise and lavender essential oils to the high rate extended cut flower longevity. The maximum vase life obtained by marjoram and thyme treatments, which minimized the fresh weight changes and reduced the deterioration of total chlorophyll in comparing to control flowers. Total carbohydrate content, RWC and MSI maintained in high level by thyme and marjoram treatments by the end of vase life. Using thyme and marjoram essential oil reduced the blockage of xylem in cut flowers. The effects of thyme and marjoram on flower senescence seemednot entirely limited due to their effects on microbes, but they most likely had a sustainable impact on the above tested physiological parameters. The results suggest that the marjoram and thyme essential oils could be used for improving the postharvest quality of cut chrysanthemum as a promising eco-friendly, non toxic, cheap and natural source as an alternative to chemical sources used in preservative solutions in chrysanthemum flowers.

Aplikasi fosfin formulasi cair terhadap Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) pada bunga potong krisan

Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum indicum ) as one of horticultural commodities has a good prospect to be developed as source of country revenue. The export of cut flowers of chrysanthemum from Indonesia tends to increase year by year. However, Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) which is major insect pest of chrysanthemum often attacks this flower in the field until postharvest causing the decrease of quality of flowers. The poor quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemum including the presence of T. parvispinus will be rejected by foreign businesses. Therefore, control measures of this insect pest by quarantine officers are important. Treatment can be done using liquified formulation phosphine fumigant. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of liquified formulation phosphine and exposure time which will were effectively kill T. parvispinus and to evaluate the quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemums treated with phosphine fumigant. T. parvispinus was exposed to liquied formulation phosphine at 9 concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 ppm) with 3 exposure times (1, 3, and 6 hours). Moreover, validation test of concentration nd exposure time of liquified formulation phosphine on cut flowers of chrysanthemum was conducted to evaluate the quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers of treated with phosphine fumigant. Results showed that liquified formulation of phosphine at concentration of 200 ppm and on 1 hour of exposure time completely killed T. parvispinus by 100% mortality. At 200 ppm and exposure time until 6 hours did not affect the quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemum.

Electron-beam irradiation as a quarantine treatment against red mite on exported cut flower of Chrysanthemum

Utilization of phytosanitary irradiation as a potential treatment to disinfest agricultural commodities in trade has expanded rapidly in the recent years. In this study, red mites (Tetranychus sp) isolated from cut Chrysanthemums were treated by electron beam irradiation at doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy. After irradiation, they were kept at room temperature to determine the effects of electron beam irradiation on red mite at different developmental stages (eggs, nymphs and adults) and the reproduction of female adults. The results showed that the pattern of tolerance to irradiation in red mite was eggs < 2nd instars < adults, in which the adults were the most tolerance stage. The number of eggs laid by the irradiated female mites and the hatching rate significantly decreased when the irradiation dose increased. The hatching rate of eggs at 300 Gy was 4.25% and no larvae F1 survived during observation time. It could be concluded that 300 Gy is the effective quarantine dose for red mite infesting on cut chrysanthemums.

Stomatal characteristics and desiccation response of leaves of cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) flowers grown at high air humidity

Although it is well known that, as a short-term response, stomata close at low relative humidity (RH) (high Vapour Pressure Deficit) and open at high RH (low Vapour Pressure Deficit), effects of long-term exposure to different Vapour Pressure Deficits (VPD’s) have only been studied in a few economically important horticultural crops, especially cut roses. To save energy costs, often low VPD conditions are present in greenhouses, due to low ventilation. We studied stomatal and desiccation responses of leaves of cut chrysanthemums after the plants had been exposed to different VPD conditions. While lower transpiration rate (E) was recorded for plants growing at low VPD (L-plants) in comparison with growth at moderate VPD (M-plants), higher stomatal conductance (gs) was found in L-plants compared to M-plants. Bigger size of stomata and higher stomatal density were observed in L-plants. Besides differences in gs, E and stomatal characteristics during growth of the plants at different VPDs, stomatal closure response to desiccation (under the same VPD condition) was different when plants had been grown before at different VPD’s. Following desiccation, leaves of L-plants showed higher E compared with M-plants. Also E of leaves grown at moderate VPD but exposed to low VPD for only 5 days (M→L-plants) decreased less as response to desiccation than E of M-plants. After rapid desiccation, leaves of L and M→L plants had larger stomatal openings compared with leaves that were grown continuous at M condition, as indicated by their PSII efficiencies under non-photorespiratory conditions (ΦPSII). In conclusion, control of VPD during growth will be important to prevent subsequent wilting of leaves of chrysanthemum cut flowers.

Suppressive Effect of Hot Water Treatment to Chrysanthemum Cuttings against White Rust Caused by Puccinia horianana P. Henn.

Suppressive Effect of Hot Water Treatment to Chrysanthemum Cuttings against White Rust Caused by <i>Puccinia horianana</i> P. Henn.

Standards to be withdrawn

Standards to be withdrawn

Postharvest life of cut chrysanthemum cultivars in relation to chemicals, wrapping material and storage conditions

A study was conducted to examine the efficacy of chemicals, wrapping material and storage conditions on postharvest life of chrysanthemum cultivars Snowball Yellow and Snowball White. Vase life and flower quality were significantly influenced by chemicals, wrapping material and storage conditions. Minimum weight loss of spikes, maximum total water absorbed, flower diameter and vase life were obtained in treatment T2 (4% sucrose) as compared to control (Tap water). Significant effect of wrapping material and storage condition were also observed on per cent weight loss, total water absorbed maximum flower diameter and vase life in both the cultivars. Wrapping of spikes in PP 200 gauge with refrigerated storage at 3-4 °C for 3 days + 6 hours of simulated transit (T₃S₂) resulted in minimum percent weight loss, maximum total water absorbed, flower diameter and maximum vase life in both the cultivars. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 26 (1): 195 – 201 (2014)

An in vivo study of the best light emitting diode (LED) systems for cut chrysanthemums

Abstract The cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most recognized cut flowers in the world. Light quality significantly affects the development and growth of plants. To conduct an in-depth investigation of the effects of light quality on the growth and development of cut chrysanthemums, seedlings of the cut chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Riqietaohong’ were cultured under four different light emitting diode (LED) systems: red (R), blue (B), red : blue = 2:1 (RB) and blue : red = 2:1 (BR). A fluorescent lamp was used for control group lighting. The Duncan multiple comparisons analysis showed that the B light promoted stem and leaf development of seedlings but inhibited photosynthesis. The R light stimulated their rooting but inhibited the accumulation of biomass. RB improved transpiration. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation system that combined the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method with the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method indicated that the photosynthesis index, transpiration index and biomass index were the most important indicators for the growth and development of cut chrysanthemums, and RB was the best LED system for cut chrysanthemums. The present study provides references for the lower energy consumption and industrial annual production of cut chrysanthemums.

Development of Cut Chrysanthemum Production in Two Soilless Systems

Chrysanthemum is an important cut flower grown widely in Cameron Highland, Malaysia. The chrysanthemum growers encountered soil-born diseases, nematodes and accumulation of salinity when production in the same area was practiced continuously. Soilless culture was a cultivation technique independent from soil condition. The purpose of this research was to determine the growth of chrysanthemum grown in two soilless systems included tray system and trough system. The tray system used seedling trays (50 holes, 140 cm3/hole) as container, and the trays were arranged over the raise base covered with polyethylene sheet. Cuttings of chrysanthemum ‘New Yellow’ were grown in the tray and arranged at density 81 plants/m2. Each plant was irrigated by drip emitter 6 times/day with nutrient solution containing N 200, P 60, K 300 Mg 50, S 75, Fe 12, Mn 2, B 0.3, Cu 0.1, Zn 0.1 mg/L. The trough system was made from polyethylene sheet with a thickness of 0.04 mm laid over polyethylene sheet. The height of the trough was 15 cm and the width was 1 m. Chrysanthemum cuttings were grown in trough containing of coconut peat thickness 10 cm height and plants were fertigated with nutrient solution by drip tape once a day for three weeks, after that the plants were fertigated three times a week. The growth and flowering of chrysanthemum in the two systems were observed. The growth and quality of flowers produced in the tray and the trough system were similar. No significant differences in flower characteristics were observed between the two systems except for flower color. Chrysanthemum produced in both soilless systems received the same price for grade A as soil grown chrysanthemum. This indicated that chrysanthemum production in soilless system can be adopted to eliminate soil related diseases in the highlands.

Post-Harvest Life of Cut Chrysanthemum Cultivars in Relation to Chemicals, Wrapping Material and Storage Conditions

A study was conducted to examine the efficacy of chemicals, wrapping material and storage conditions on postharvest life of chrysanthemum cultivars Snowball Yellow and Snowball White. Vase life and flower quality were significantly influenced by chemicals, wrapping material and storage conditions. Minimum weight loss of spikes, maximum total water absorbed, flower diameter and vase life were obtained in treatment T2 (4% sucrose) as compared to control (Tap water). Significant effect of wrapping material and storage condition were also observed on per cent weight loss, total water absorbed maximum flower diameter and vase life in both the cultivars. Wrapping of spikes in PP 200 gauge with refrigerated storage at 3-4°C for 3 days + 6 hours of simulated transit (T₃Sâ‚‚) resulted in minimum percent weight loss, maximum total water absorbed, flower diameter and maximum vase life in both the cultivars.

Effect of Plant Material and Variety for Production and Quality Chrysanthemum

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect between types of cuttings and between varieties of plant material on any type of plant material chrysanthemum cuttings. Methods trial with a randomized block design factorial nested pattern. The results showed that the treatment effect of plant cuttings type of material does not give a significant effect on all parameters observed. Influence of cuttings between varieties at any plant material gives a significant influence on the parameters, the maximum number of leaves, flower stalks weight and economical weight of fresh flowers. The average weight of the highest economical due to the influence between the varieties in each type of plant material cuttings from mother plants found in fiji white varieties 93.83 g and not significant with 93.46 g fiji yellow varieties. So also in effect between varieties on any type of cuttings from the plant material production plant gives the same result.

절화 국화 ‘Yes Song’의 전처리가 선도유지 및 품질에 미치는 영향

절화 국화 ‘Yes Song’의 전처리가 선도유지 및 품질에 미치는 영향

Effects of humic acid derived from sediments on the postharvest vase life extension in cut chrysanthemum flowers

Previous research has shown that humic acid can extend the vase life of cut flowers. However, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are unclear. In this study, the physiological mechanisms of foliar humic acid fertilizer on cut chrysanthemum flower postharvest vase life were investigated. Seedlings of chrysanthemum were sprayed with the same volume of distilled H2O, inorganic NPK fertilizer and organic foliar humic acid fertilizer every 15 days (15, 30, 45, 60 days after transplanting).The results showed that foliar application of humic acid improved the chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), contents of soluble sugars and soluble protein in the leaves of chrysanthemum, and increased the flower size, fresh weight, vase life, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in cut chrysanthemum flowers.It was concluded that the responses of the foliar humic acid fertilizer on postharvest vase life extension of cut chrysanthemum flowers could be related with the higher chlorophyll content, Pn, contents of soluble sugars and soluble protein in the leaves, the greater flower size, fresh weight, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the lower MDA content in cut chrysanthemum flowers.