Customary Forest Research Articles

Peranan Masyarakat Adat Serampas dalam Pengendalian Perusakan Hutan di Provinsi Jambi

In Indonesia, there are 50 to 70 million indigenous peoples, and many of them around 50 million people rely on forests for their livelihoods. When compared with the size of the country of Indonesia, customary forest owned by indigenous peoples is only about and only 0.5% of customary land in Indonesia is legally recognized as customary land. The SerampasCommunity in Merangin, Jambi Province received confirmation through local regulation number 8 of 2016 regarding the recognition and protection of the Serampas customary law community. The ratification of this Regional Regulation is in line with the implementation of the decision of the Constitutional Court (MK)-35, regarding customary forests and related laws and regulations. The contents of this Regional Regulation are to declare, acknowledge, and convey protection against the existence and traditional rights of the Serampas customary law community which have been neglected, contained in Article 5 paragraph (2) of Law no. 41 of 1999 regarding the recognition of customary rights. Using this Regional Regulation, as access to empowerment and development there. This type of research in this journal uses normative legal research or literature that includes research on legal principles and research on the legal system. The approach in the preparation of this research uses a legal approach and a conceptual approach. The activities of the land management of the indigenous peoples of Serampas their local and traditional cultures, as well as their spiritual correlation use the forest as the basis for effective and sustainable forest protection, especially in Jambi Province. because indigenous peoples basically make a crucial contribution to achieving the goals of maintaining the world's climate, the balance of forest ecosystems, biological diversity and sustainable development.

Development or dispossession? Exploring the consequences of a major Chinese investment in rural Cambodia

ABSTRACT China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is facilitating massive infrastructure investment globally. Yet little is known about the BRI's local impacts, especially in countries like Cambodia where regulations are weak and government enthusiasm for the BRI is high. This article examines a set of BRI-linked investments in rural Cambodia, involving five agro-industrial concessions and a sugar-processing factory. We explore how these investments interacted with the local political economy and land governance. We find that, despite being couched in rhetoric of opportunity and progress, the investments caused Indigenous and Khmer villagers to lose access to customary land and forest resources, with disastrous consequences for livelihoods and the environment. We invoke Tsing's ‘economy of appearances' to suggest that generation of speculative value is a key aspect of the BRI. This case confirms that ‘development’ of this kind can instigate and accelerate local dispossession, while failing to deliver on grandiose promises.

Kearifan Lokal Pengelolaan Hutan Adat oleh Masyarakat Adat Tigo Luhah Kemantan Kabupaten Kerinci

This study aims to describe and identify local wisdom in the management of the Tigo Luhah Kemantan Customary Forest (HATLK) from the aspect of forest management elements (planning, organizing, actuating, controlling or POAC). HATLK is one of the customary forests in Kerinci Regency which has very good forest conditions. One of the problems or obstacles in the management of HATLK is the influence of modernization or the entry of a new culture in the HATLK community. The type of data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from qualitative data directly at the research site, through in-depth interviews with informants, then along with observation and documentation of research activities. Secondary data is obtained through books, archives, reports, publications from the government/private sector, census results, journals and others that support primary data. Based on the results obtained by the local wisdom of the Six Villages of Kemantan in the management of HATLK, apart from the cooperation of the community in forming customary forest management, it is also inseparable from the important role of customary institutions, because for the people of Kemantan, customary institutions are the highest institutions that regulate and supervise human interaction. with the environment. These traditional institutions are the Depati, Pemangku, Ninik Mamak/Pateh/Rio, and Hulubalang, which have their respective roles and functions. Characteristics The local wisdom of the indigenous peoples of the Six Kemantan Villages in HATLK Management is manifested in the form of trust, and customary law which contains applicable norms and rules, so that if these norms and rules are violated, they will get sanctions.

“Pasang”, Knowledge and Implementation of Local Wisdom in The Kajang Traditional Forest Area, South Sulawesi

The Kajang tribe as a cultural and environmental tourism destination is a community of indigenous people who live in harmony with nature by having the life principle of "Kamase mase" (unpretentious) and are firm on the "Pasang" (message) of the ancestors. "Pasang" is a way of life for indigenous peoples originating from Turiek A'ra'na (the creator) which was passed down to Tu Mariolo (the first person). The core of "pasang", is to maintain and preserve the forest for a better life and more prosperous. The purpose of this research is to analyze the type of “pasang” as local knowledge and implementation of forest conservation in the Customary Areas. Data was collected through field observations and in-depth interviews with participants and key informants consisting of; 1) Customary Leaders, Ammatoa, 2) Customary Stakeholders, 3) Village Heads, 4) Non-Governmental Organizations, 5) indigenous peoples. The results showed that knowledge of local wisdom for forest conservation and management contained several "pasang". “Pasang” as Knowledge of local wisdom is implemented in the form of forest management zoning. The customary forest is divided into three zones; 1) core zone or sacred forest (borong karamaka or borong lompoa); 2) buffer zone, limited production forest (borong battasayya), and 3) utilization zone (borong Luarayya). The three forest zones have different functions and uses in Ammatoa supervision.

KOMPONEN FAKTOR ABIOTIK LINGKUNGAN TEMPAT TUMBUH PUSPA (Schima wallichii DC. Korth) DI KAWASAN HUTAN ADAT BULIAN KABUPATEN MUSIRAWAS

The puspa plant (Schima wallichii) is a tree species that is widely used as building raw material, producing firewood, making paper, furniture industry, animal feed, traditional herbal medicine and producing dyes. Puspa Plants in the Bulian Customary Forest Area Grows in environmental conditions with a flat topography, namely at a slope of 0%-5%, alluvial soil type, pH conditions ranging from 5-6 and brown soil color, clay texture, dusty clay, to dusty clay loam with a percentage of 2%-9% sand per ticket, 21%-64% dust particles and clay particles ranging from 33%-75%. The nutrient content of N ranges from 0.15% - 0.2%; nutrient K ranges from 0.01% - 0.02%; nutrient Ca ranges from 0% - 0.06%; Mg nutrients ranged from 0.01% - 0.04% and P nutrient content from 4.64 me/100g to 17.27 me/100g. While the abiotic component of climatic factors, puspa plants grow in environmental conditions with daily light intensity ranging from 112.25 lux - 2156.25 lux, temperature and humidity ranging from 28.30C - 30.60C while daily humidity ranges from 85.25% - 96.25%.Keywords: Abiotic Factors, Puspa Plant (Schima wallichii), Bulian Traditional Forest

UJI SITOTOKSIK TUMBUHAN OBAT DI HUTAN ADAT SINAGA SUMATERA UTARA

Toxicity test can be conduct using Artemia salina shrimp larvae. For this reason do a research aimed to identifying 5 types of medicinal plants, and assessing the bioactivity content of five types of anticancer medicinal plants as cytotoxic. Sinaga Customary Forest Area is an area located in Samosir Regency, North Sumatra with a condition that has a variety of medicinal plant species. Medicinal plants are able to treat the cancer. Extracting the maceration of the sample on 70% ethanol and evaluating the sample. data analysis was carried out by LC50 that is an indication of the toxicity of a substance or compound that cause 50% death in the larvae of Artemia Salina Leach. The test results on plants showed that the extract from plant leaves was very toxic because it had a LC50 value <30 ppm. Therefore, found the results that thereare cytotoxic content of medicinal plants as anticancer with each plant that concentrated. The most toxic plant are found in pirdot plants (Saurauia vulcanii). Testing of secondary metabolites on five types of medicinal plants that function as anticancer contain phytochemicals.

The Concept of Forest Management Based on Customary Forest Law in North Aceh Regency

Aims: This study aims to analyze and assess the concept of forest management based on local wisdom and the implementation of the concept of forest management by Forest Commander based on local wisdom in North Aceh District. This activity is carried out by the Forest Institution's Customary Institution which has been confirmed in Aceh Regulation No.10 of 2008 concerning Customary Institutions.
 Study design: This research is an empirical legal research with a qualitative approach that uses primary data and secondary data. In obtaining primary data, respondents and informants were determined.
 Place and Duration of Study: North Aceh, between June 2020 until May 2021
 Methodology: This study uses empirical legal research with a qualitative approach using primary data and secondary data. In obtaining primary data, respondents and informants were determined.
 Results: Forest management is carried out based on customary law as local wisdom in North Aceh. management is carried out by the Forest Commander as the head of the customary institution. However, the existence of the Forest Commander has not been maximized in implementing customary law. Ironically, this sub-district has a large area of ​​forest, and various regulations in the Aceh Government Law and Aceh Regulation have confirmed the existence of the Forest Commander.
 Conclusion: The concept of forest management based on local wisdom existed in the people of North Aceh Regency in ancient times. Because, in customary forest law contains warnings such as which trees can be cut or not so that it does not cause disaster for the village.

Indigenous Dayak Iban customary perspective on sustainable forest management, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Leo S, Supriatna J, Mizuno K, Margules C. 2021. Indigenous Dayak Iban customary perspective on sustainable forest management, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 424-435. Borneo is the third-largest island in the world, is rich in biodiversity and has diverse unique ecosystems. However, deforestation and land tenure conflicts continue to threaten the indigenous people who rely on forest resources for their livelihoods and well-being. This study aimed to identify the ecosystem services and the value of customary forest resources, identify local wildlife species, and document the traditional knowledge that the Iban indigenous community of West Kalimantan use to manage their customary forest. We collected relevant data using Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA), in-depth interviews, and wildlife surveys. The customary forest provides significant ecosystem services, mainly carbon sequestration (exceeds US$ 52 million/year), water-related services (exceeds US$ 21 million/year), and the 52 wildlife species recorded in the customary forest. Forest resources are managed successfully by the community through traditional knowledge and customary laws passed down for generations. The integration of local and expert knowledge and involvement from all related stakeholders would boost sustainable forest management and enhance the economic benefits and livelihoods of the community. Following current trends, recognizing customary forest and appropriate sustainable forest management could effectively tackle deforestation and land tenure conflicts in Borneo. Further studies should be considered to develop specific activities on managing the forest sustainably that the community can implement and evaluate.

The complexity of integrating indigenous knowledge for ecotourism planning: a case of Mude Ayek's customary forests, Indonesia

The complexity of integrating indigenous knowledge for ecotourism planning: a case of Mude Ayek's customary forests, Indonesia

The complexity of integrating indigenous knowledge for ecotourism planning: a case of Mude Ayek's customary forests, Indonesia

This study presents how indigenous peoples participate in ecotourism planning, how their knowledge is tested and challenged to deal with knowledge for developing ecotourism, and what are the challenges in engaging indigenous peoples and their knowledge in ecotourism. It employed an indigenous qualitative research strategy by conducting semi-structured interviews with representatives of indigenous peoples, government, and non-governmental organisations (NGO) participating in ecotourism planning in Mude Ayek's Prohibition Customary Forest. The results of the study show that despite being involved, the dispersed knowledge of indigenous peoples has been integrated and utilised in forest management as a product of ecotourism. However, in forest ecotourism management, indigenous peoples find obstacles either from themselves or from the confusion of other stakeholders in integrating it. The practical implication of this research is that it is necessary to build a complete picture of local knowledge, which is no longer implicit but must be written.

Conflict transformation and collaboration in developing social forestry in Flores, Indonesia

Social movements to realize forest tenure reforms have been ongoing since the 1970s, particularly through policies under the broad umbrella of social forestry. In Indonesia, social forestry programs are initiated by the government, communities, NGOs, academics, companies, and donors, and are based on specific socio-economic and ecological interests. Weak synergies, however between programmatic implementation and stakeholder interests, triggers various forest tenure conflicts. The research examines the complexity of these conflicts, namely focusing around the approaches to conflict transformation that can lead to collaboration in realizing forest sustainability that also support interests of people living in and around forests. I employed a qualitative approach by collecting data through in-depth interviews and participatory observations in Flores in 2017 and 2020. The results show that forest tenure conflicts have occurred since the 1970s due to state forest territorialization. Conflicts culminated in the determination of state forest area boundaries through the 1984 state program entitled the “consensus-based forest land use planning” initiative. Until 2008, efforts to resolve conflicts by offering the community access rights through community forestry programs initiated by the government were rejected by NGOs and the local community. NGOs facilitated communities to demand the return of state forest land as customary forest. This conflict presented the opportunity to facilitate multi-stakeholder forestry programs through a conflict transformation approach by building long-term stakeholder collaboration. Since 2010, the collaboration between stakeholders took place through the community forest program. This study shows the need for more direct attention to studying conflict resolution under an integrated and long-term approach to conflict transformation and collaboration. Pragmatically, this study shows the importance of integrated social forestry policies that synergize various schemes initiated by stakeholders to realize forest sustainability and support local community interests.

Women Empowerment on the Orangutan Conservation in Tembak Hamlet, Gurung Mali Village, Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan

Tembak Hamlet is the first orangutan school area built by the Sintang Orangutan Center (SOC). One of the programs is empowering women to make orangutan dolls. Part of the proceeds from the sale will be donated to the operational activities of the orangutan school. The SOC is aware that socio-cultural and economic aspects significantly influence the successful implementation of the orangutan school program. This study was analyzed using the empowerment ladder concept and Symbolic Interactionism Theory. This study aimed to analyze the empowerment of women in Tembak Hamlet and its socio-economic impacts. The research uses a qualitative method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Respondents in this research consist of 6 purposively determined people. This analysis is expected to be a reference material for orangutan conservation organizations in other places to pay more attention to the socio-cultural and economic aspects of the community. The results showed that the process in the empowerment stage formed the meaning of orangutan conservation in the women of the orangutan doll-making group. Women use orangutan dolls as a symbol of women's contribution to protecting customary forests and orangutans.

The Urgency of Strengthening the Rights and Participation of Indigenous Peoples in Realizing Sustainable Management of Customary Forest

This article aims to analyze the urgency of strengthening the rights and participation of indigenous peoples in customary forest management in Indonesia. Law No. 41/1999 on Forestry, which is still centralized in nature, has limited the rights and roles of indigenous peoples in managing their customary forests. The regulation regarding customary forest in the Forestry Law is inconsistent with protecting ecosystem carrying capacity and democratic decentralization. This article was prepared using a normative legal research methodology in which a statutory and conceptual approach is used. Then, secondary sources of legal material were analyzed and qualified to be narrowed down to answer existing juridical problems. The results show that the rights and roles of indigenous peoples in managing their customary forests are still minimal. Customary forest management centered on the central government and prioritized a sectoral approach can have implications for exploitation that ignores the interests of conserva-tion and sustainability of customary forest natural resources.

Customary Forest Utilization: The Determinants of Indigenous (Adat) Community’s Economic Welfare

Customary forest utilization to improve the indigenous (adat) community welfare must be in line with local wisdom and preserving ecological function, even though they are no longer part of the state forest. In term of sustainable customary forest management, knowledge related to customary forest utilization and community welfare is getting significant to be study object. The paper aims to identify and analyse the determinants of indigenous community’s income. It was conducted in indigenous community of Kasepuhan Karang, Banten in 2018. Data collection was taken by purposive sampling, processed by ordinal logistic correlation and descriptive analysis. The results show the indigenous community has high level of dependence on the forest through on and off farm. From the respondents, the average income from forest use is below the regional minimum wage. While from the partial test results, it is concluded the land owned area and the livelihood type have a significant positive effect on the income level. Therefore, land distribution should be well managed due to conservation issue and livelihoods diversification to increase income level. Nonetheless, formal education level undetermined on income level. Informal education, capacity building of the community regarding to sustainable customary forest management needs to be organized.

A Description of Dayak Iban’s Traditional Knowledge on Customary Forest Management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Deforestation and land tenure conflict are two of the biggest threats happening in Borneo and Kalimantan. Dayak Iban has been affected by the negative impacts of these threats, considering they are forest dwellers dependent on forest resources as their primary living resources. This study is aimed to describe the traditional knowledge and customary law of the Iban people on managing their customary forest and its resources sustainably. This study was carried out in Sungai Utik Hamlet, where a small Iban community inhabits the Kapuas Hulu Regency with diverse ecosystems and forest resources. This study has applied an inductive approach and in-depth interviews to obtain information from three informants and the results were described qualitatively. The Iban community in Sungai Utik is demonstrated to have customary laws on managing customary forests and practicing swidden cultivation to meet their food needs. The community has a way to pass the traditional knowledge to the next generations through traditional schools. Through preserving traditional knowledge, the Iban community proved to be able to survive and adapt in this modern era. The implementation and integration of traditional and modern forest management would protect the forest from threats and improve the community’s well-being significantly.

Implementation of Forest Conservation Policies based on Local Wisdom of the Ammatoa Kajang Indigenous Community

The Ammatoa Kajang indigenous community maintain cultural authenticity from generation to generation, especially in protecting and preserving customary forests from the threat of damage. This research aims to describe the implementation of forest conservation policies based on local wisdom of the Ammatoa Kajang indigenous community. The research method uses a literature/library study approach. Reference documents from 2001-2021. Data analysis methods with data minimization, data visualization, data analysis, and data validation and concluding. The results of the research showed that the Kajang orthodox community in day-to-day forest management is guided by the Pasang ri Kajang, which contains rules, implementation and sanctions for all forms of forest utilization and management, monitoring tools and control over all activities related to forestry, positively correlated with forestry policies governance. The concept of customary forest management is to divide the forest into three areas with certain specifications and rules as well as prohibited from destroying flora and fauna. In the end, the forest is sustainable and indigenous community behave sustainably; it can be concluded that the implementation of forest conservation policies based on local wisdom of the Ammatoa Kajang indigenous community is going well.

The role of NGOs in recognition and sustainable maintenance of customary forests within indigenous communities: The case of Kerinci, Indonesia

In 2013, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia ruled that customary forest areas (hutan adat) should not be included in state forest areas. This decision permitted customary communities to claim land rights in Indonesian state forests for the first time. This change required formal legal institutions to recognize forests managed by adat rules (customary, informal institutions) by granting property rights. This study considered two villages in Kerinci District to clarify how customary forests were recognized by district and central governments with support from non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The researchers surveyed documents referencing customary forests and interviewed local residents, NGOs, and other government sectors. The World Wildlife Fund and a local NGO helped to protect both the environment and villagers’ rights by developing a formal recognition system of customary forests as district-level institutions, as well as by reinforcing village-level institutions. NGOs’ critical support of local communities’ field activities strengthened the maintenance of customary forests recognized by the district government. The recognition of customary forests in Kerinci (to which NGOs contributed significantly) has become an antecedent to the national-level customary forest scheme.

The Grassroots Innovation of Customary Forest Management: A Case Study of Kulawi-Marena Community in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi

The Kulawi-Marena community is one of the communities with customary law units located in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi.They have inhabited the area around the forests of the Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) long before Indonesia became a country. The Katuvua customary law system is a mechanism for effective natural resource management in preserving forests and ensuring social order, rather than the governance applied by national park managers. The writing of this article is based on research conducted by the author with the Indonesian Institute for Forest and Environment (RMI) with the support of FAO funds in 2018. Qualitative methods were used in the data collection process through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). This article describes the customary forest management practices by the Kulawi-Marena community based on the Katuvua customary law system. Furthermore, this article shows that this practice is a form of grassroots institutional innovation that reflects "sodality" according to the understanding that has been formulated by Prof. Tjondronegoro which in this case is for the context of people outside Java. This kind of grassroots innovation in forest management based on customary law can be used as a lesson for efforts to resolve agrarian conflicts around conservation areas.

The cost of leisure: the political ecology of the commercialization of Indonesia’s protected areas

ABSTRACT Using the political ecology approach, we investigated the Indonesian government’s decision to commercialize protected areas (PAs) and promote its tourism sector aggressively, and examined how this commercialization is enabled through various institutions and governing structures. We confirmed that the commercialization of PAs in Indonesia was an alternative accumulation, dealing with the crisis of capitalist accumulation. Our empirical finding showed that the commercialization of PAs in Indonesia had detimental environmental and social impacts, such as deadlocks or monopoly or management, and environmental deterioration. This commercialization pattern was different from accumulation by conservation in other regions, such as Africa, where local people were deprived of their access to the means of production, consequently becoming laborers in the tourism industry. In Indonesia, local people were given access to resources; however, as these resources were of little value, they became laborers in the tourism industry. Further research is needed to test whether different patterns of accumulation by conservation also apply to other types of PAs in Indonesia, such as national parks and customary forests, including various coral reef conservation areas in remote and small Islands used as tourist attractions.

The Failure Factors of Collective Action in Promoting the Recognition of Customary Forest: Case of Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest in Riau Province

One of the five schemes in social forestry program in Indonesia is customary forest recognition. Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest, a customary forest in Riau Province, is failed in the recognition process. The objectives of this study are to analyze the failure factors of collective action and to formulate strategies to encourage the success of collective action on recognition of Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest. This research was built by using both quantitative and qualitative approach where the data were collected by using survey and in-depth interviews. The research results found that improper facilitation caused by communication issues between involved parties, the absence of the symbolic power, the failure in forming the common knowledge are the factors leading to the failure of collective action. To reconstruct the collective action, this study offered four strategies: (1) to frequently communicate with personal approach to the two highest indigenous leaders with whom facilitators have difficulty communicating well, (2) to mediate the two conflicted indigenous leaders for generating their motivation to propose their forest, (3) to conduct socialization to all indigenous leaders (40 jini) and community representatives to increase an understanding regarding the purpose and importance of recognition of customary forest, and (4) to conduct a participatory mapping to reduce area border issues among two sub-tribes.