Curvilinear Trend Research Articles

Anagram solving as a function of letter moves

In three experiments involving solution of anagrams, the relationship between the number of required letter moves and difficulty of solution was found to contain both linear and quadratic trends. Performance decreased from one to three moves, but performance was usually better with three-move orders than with two-move orders. In addition to finding high-frequency words solved more often than low-frequency words, the curvilinear trend was more pronounced for high-frequency words. It was suggested that these findings might be accounted for on the basis of two processes, one concerning the production of words as units and another the manipulation of letter combinations in the attempt to produce the word letter order.

Quantitative Studies of Nucleic Acids in Contrasting Zones of Tissue Differentiation in Germinating Mimosa Seedlings

Groups of germinating mimosa seedlings (Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini) were harvested at 3, 5, 7, and 9 days from planting. Five-millimeter root tips, second 5-mm root sections, and epicotyls were used at each age for quantitative ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) determinations. Base ratios of the RNA extracts were also determined. A comprehensive statistical analysis was run using all of the data. Epicotyl dry weight and epicotyl RNA per seedling section both increased significantly with age. In the epicotyl, DNA per seedling section and the RNA/DNA ratios increased significantly with age. Five-millimeter root-tip dry weight, second 5-mm root-section dry weight, and epicotyl DNA per unit dry weight all decreased significantly with age. Curvilinear trends were found for 5-mm root-tip RNA per unit dry weight with a peak at 7 days and for 5-mm root-tip RNA/DNA ratios with a peak at 6 days. RNA and DNA per unit dry weight, RNA and DNA per seedling section, and RNA/DNA ratios varied significantly between types of seedling sections. Individual base quantities differed significantly within each RNA extract, and base ratios varied between types of seedling sections. Only the base ratios of the second 5-mm root sections, when compared to the other two seedling sections, contributed to the difference between types of seedling sections. No significant linear or curvilinear associations were found between base ratios and seedling ages. Microscopic slide sections were made for examination of each of the two root segments. Zones of division, elongation, and differentiation and maturation were located in order to relate base ratios with the degree of differentiation of tissues. It was concluded that RNA base ratios differed between types of seedling sections, probably depending upon the degree of differentiation occurring within each section.

MELANIZING ACTIVITY OF SEMEN AND ITS RELATION TO LIVE SPERMATOZOA OF BULLS, GOATS AND RAMS.

Summary. Melanizing activity of semen varied between males and between ejaculates of the same male. Samples of semen with yellow colour showed stronger melanizing activity than other samples. The percentage of live spermatozoa found after different levels of temperature shock was uniformly less in semen with strong melanizing activity than in semen with weak melanizing activity. The observed variation in live spermatozoa after shock treatments followed a curvilinear trend with slopes varying among the species studied.

A Comparison of Bacterial Growth in Milk and in Milk-Water Combinations

Summary Bacterial development in milk and in four milk-water combinations was studied by inoculating autoclaved samples with raw milk or pure cultures and making plate counts after incubation at 32° C. In the raw milk inoculum experiments, the counts recorded after 6 hr. of incubation were variable. However, there was a trend toward higher counts in certain milk-water combinations than in undiluted milk. With six pure cultures, after 6 hr. of incubation, counts tended to be higher in certain milk-water combinations than in undiluted milk, except for one culture. The increases always followed some type of a curvilinear trend and were statistically significant compared to zero dilution with two cultures, of near significance with a third, and nonsignificant with two others. With the remaining culture (Streptococcus lactis), counts decreased significantly with each succeeding increment of water dilution. After 24 hr. of incubation, none of the counts from milk-water combinations was significantly higher than in undiluted milk. In all cases after 6 hr. of incubation, and in all but one after 24 hr. of incubation, counts on samples containing 98% water were markedly lower than on undiluted milk. Presumably, the addition of certain amounts of water to milk created more suitable conditions for initial development of some bacterial species than was provided in undiluted milk.

Level of Aspiration Measures and College Achievement

The purpose of this study was to provide some indication as to the amount and kind of relationship between general college achievement and goal discrepancy scores derived from certain group level of aspiration techniques recently developed. Goal discrepancy scores for several groups of college students were derived from aspiration statements made in connection with two group experimental tests and with regular course examinations. These discrepancy scores were correlated with scores from a scholastic aptitude test and with Grade-Point Average during the previous year at college. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between the goal discrepancy scores and Grade-Point Average, holding scholastic aptitude scores constant. There was no evidence uncovered to support the existence of a relationship between any of the goal discrepancy scores investigated and past academic achievement, whether or not scholastic aptitude is held constant. No curvilinear trends were discovered in the data. No consistent differences in the various correlations were apparent between aspiration instructions asking for expectations and instructions asking for goals.

LEVEL OF ASPIRATION MEASURES AND COLLEGE ACHIEVEMENT*

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to provide some indication as to the amount and kind of relationship between general college achievement and goal discrepancy scores derived from certain group level of aspiration techniques recently developed. Goal discrepancy scores for several groups of college students were derived from aspiration statements made in connection with two group experimental tests and with regular course examinations. These discrepancy scores were correlated with scores from a scholastic aptitude test and with Grade‐Point Average during the previous year at college. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between the goal discrepancy scores and Grade‐Point Average, holding scholastic aptitude scores constant.There was no evidence uncovered to support the existence of a relationship between any of the goal discrepancy scores investigated and past academic achievement, whether or not scholastic aptitude is held constant. No curvilinear trends were discovered in the data. No consistent differences in the various correlations were apparent between aspiration instructions asking for expectations and instructions asking for goals.

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