Different Types Of Curves Research Articles

Fractional Hopfions in the Faddeev-Skyrme model with a symmetry breaking potential

We construct new solutions of the Faddeev-Skyrme model with a symmetry breaking potential admitting S1 vacuum. It includes, as a limiting case, the usual SO(3) symmetry breaking mass term, another limit corresponds to the potential m2ϕ12, which gives a mass to the corresponding component of the scalar field. However we find that the spacial distribution of the energy density of these solutions has more complicated structure, than in the case of the usual Hopfions, typically it represents two separate linked tubes with different thicknesses and positions. In order to classify these configurations we define a counterpart of the usual position curve, which represents a collection of loops {mathcal{C}}_1,{mathcal{C}}_{-1} corresponding to the preimages of the points overrightarrow{phi}=left(pm 1,0,0right) , respectively. Then the Hopf invariant can be defined as Q=mathrm{link}left({mathcal{C}}_1,{mathcal{C}}_{-1}right) . In this model, in the sectors of degrees Q = 5,6,7 we found solutions of new type, for which one or both of these tubes represent trefoil knots. Further, some of these solutions possess different types of curves {mathcal{C}}_1 and {mathcal{C}}_{-1} .

Розрахунок податкового навантаження на основі короткострокових фіскальних характеристик

In the article the author determines the optimal tax burden on businesses due to decrease of economic growth on one hand, and increase of government revenues, on the other. The author proves that the state's intention to maximize the budget revenues using tax proceeds leads to the drop in the rates of the state’seconomic development and a reduction of economic activity. The author shows that tax burden and tax evasion rates have increased caused by insufficient tax policies which in its turn minimized the probable positive effects of using fiscal measures. The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of tax burden on taxpayers and to calculate the extremes of its production and fiscal functions which are based on short-term fiscal characteristics. Influence of tax burden on economic growth, various methods of assessing the impact of taxes, tax rates and taxation technologies are used. Usage of Laffer's curve as an important theoretical and empirical instrument for investigating tax burden is offered by the author as a traditional one. The influence of taxes on economic agents by determining dependencies of linear and nonlinear types is outlined. The plotting of the Lafer curves for different types of dependencies is offered. The points of the local maximum which correspond the extramumes of the production and fiscal functions of the Lafer curves are found. The author calculates the level of tax burden in Ukraine on the basis of short-term fiscal characteristics. It can be seen from the chart that during 2000-2016 there is a gradual increase in tax burden to 8.9% in comparison to 2000. &nbsp

Evaluation method of rock brittleness based on statistical constitutive relations for rock damage

Brittleness is an important feature of rock and is related to many mechanical behavior of rock. An accurate evaluation of rock brittleness lays an analytical foundation of drilling and hydraulic fracturing. At present, there are several evaluation methods of rock brittleness, but none of them has taken the evolution of internal damage into consideration during the loading process, and thus will not effectively indicate the influence of damage on brittleness during loading. We have conducted a series of uni-axial compressive tests on coal rock, shale and tight sand, and have obtained the stress-strain curves of different types of rock. Then we have established the damage constitutive model of micro damage for each type of rock based on power function distribution, Weibull distribution and Gaussian distribution. We have proposed an evaluation method of brittleness index based on energy method, established the evaluation model of brittleness based on three types of damage constitutive relations, and have finally analyzed the effects of the damage variable of peak strain of different rocks on brittleness. The results of this paper have proved that the damage constitutive model of micro damage can effectively describe the stress strain curves of different rocks before the peak strength. On the other hand, it indicates that the increase of damage variable of peak strain will undermine rock brittleness, and the relation between brittleness and damage variable of peak strain obeys different rules of the three types of damage constitutive models damage constitutive model based on Gaussian distribution benefits evaluation of brittleness of different types of rock, and based on power function distribution makes for the same types of rock. This paper has proposed a fresh perspective of studying brittleness, the results of which will improve the present evaluation methods and enrich our understanding of rock brittleness.

Design of Low Power 6T-SRAM Cell and Analysis for High Speed Application

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is one of the core components in the digital world. Generally, it consumes enormous amount of power and die area. Thereby extensive research in SRAM is in progress related power dissipation, memory chip area and supply voltage requirement. In this paper SRAM analysis in terms of Static Noise Margin, Data Retention Voltage, Read Margin (RM) and Write Margin (WM) for low power application is considered. Static Noise Margin (SNM) is one of the most essential parameter for memory design because it affects both read and write margin. SNM is related to the threshold voltages of the Negative Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) and Positive Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices of the SRAM cell. High Read and Write Noise Margin are also significant challenges in the design of SRAM. Data Retention Voltage (DRV) is calculated for 6T-SRAM cell for high-speed application. Different types of curve are taken straightforwardly to analyses the 6t-SRAM by varying the size of the transistor. Performance analysis is estimated in 6T-SRAM designed and implemented in 90nm technology.

Fluctuation of Solid-Liquid Interface of Faceted Phase and Nonfaceted Phase by Periodic Temperature Variation

In order to examine how the solid-liquid interface responds to temperature variation depending on the materials characteristics, i.e. faceted phase or nonfaceted phase, the moving solid-liquid interface of transparent organic material, as a model substance for metallic materials (pivalic acid, camphene, salol, and camphor-50wt% naphthalene) was observed in-situ. Plots of the interface movement distance against time were obtained. The solid-liquid interface of the nonfaceted phase is atomically rough; it migrates in continuous mode, giving smooth curves of the distance-time plot. This is the case for pivalic acid and camphene. It was expected that the faceted phases would show different types of curves of the distance-time plot because of the atomically smooth solid-liquid interface. However, salol (faceted phase) shows a curve of the distance-time plot as smooth as that of the nonfaceted phases. This indicates that the solid-liquid interface of salol migrates as continuously as that of the nonfaceted phases. This is in contrast with the case of naphthalene, one of the faceted phases, for which the solidliquid interface migrates in “stop and go” mode, giving a stepwise curve of the distance-time plot.

Optimal model of photosynthesis-light response curve in canopy of planted Larix olgensis tree.

Rectangle hyperbola model (RH), nonrectangle hyperbola model (NRH), exponential model (EM), modified rectangle hyperbola model (MRH), and modified exponential model (MEM) were applied respectively for modeling the photosynthesis-light response curves (PLC) based on four types of curves (photosynthesis-light response curve of inhibition, PLCi, photosynthesis-light response curve of saturation, PLCs, photosynthesis-light response curve of unsaturation, PLCu andphotosynthesis-light response curve in weak light, PLCw) in canopy of 15 years old planted Larix olgensis tree in the Maoershan Forest Farm, Heilongjiang Province. The major photosynthetic physiological indexes including maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn max), dark respiration rate (Rd), light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point at saturated light intensity (LSP) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) were calculated. All the five candidate models were comprehensively compared by the model goodness-of-fit and the precision estimations of photosynthetic physiological indexes in the four types of curves. The results showed that MEM model was only suitable for fitting the PLCi. MRH model showed the best goodness-of-fit for PLCi and PLCs(Ra2was 0.9986 and 0.9978, respectively). Meanwhile, NRH model expressed the best fitting result in PLCu and PLCw (Ra2 was 0.9996 and 0.9963, respectively). MRH had the lowest mean absolute value of relative error (MAPE) when evaluating Pn max in different types of curves (0.1%<MAPE<0.7%), but its precision estimation for LCP was relatively worse (2.5%<MAPE<9.4%). NRH model exhibited more accurate estimation for LCP of PLCs and PLCu, as well as Rd of PLCu(MAPE was 1.8%, 0.1%, and 3.9%, respectively). RH model represented better prediction effect for LCP of PLCi and Rd of PLCs(MAPE was 1.0% and 2.7%, respectively). EM was more sui-table for estimating LCP of PLCw(MAPE was 0.2%). Comprehensive analysis showed that MRH model not only proved well model goodness-of-fit and accurate estimation of photosynthetic physiological indexes, but also showed the highest stability when fitting different types of curves. As a result, MRH model was finally selected as the optimal canopy photosynthesis-light response model of planted L. olgensis tree.

Effect of light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence in wheat leaves: Application of PAM-fluorometry

Application of pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometers for measuring slow stages of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) is considered. With an example of Triticum aestuvum L. plants grown under continuous illumination at a photon flux density of 600 μmol/(m2 s) photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the CFI curves were analyzed with leaves of various ages as a function of actinic light intensity. The fluorometer PAM-2100 was applied for measurements of CFI curves. The characteristic peaks of CFI curves in wheat leaves were most conspicuous and had the largest amplitudes at 600–800 μmol/(m2 s) PAR, which corresponds to the middle range of actinic light intensities employed in PAM-2100 fluorometers. In plants exposed to favorable and stressful conditions, the developmental stages may proceed at different rates; thus, the comparison of fluorescence parameters for leaves of equal calendar age but having different physiological states may provide ambiguous data. Therefore, the feasibility of recording CFI curves of different types is quite important for rapid diagnostics of the age and state of plant leaves, as well as for adequate physiological conclusions.

TYPES OF 3D SURFACE OF ROTATIONS EMBEDDED IN 4D MINKOWSKI SPACE

The geometry of surfaces of rotation in three dimensional Euclidean spaces has been studied widely. The rotational surfaces in three dimensional Euclidean spaces are generated byrotating an arbitrary curve about an arbitrary axis. Which should be using a type of matrices called matrices of rotation. But they are should be created by one parameter group of isometry. On the other hand, the Minkowski spaces have shorter history. In 1908 Minkowski [1864-1909] gave his talk on four dimensional real vector space, with a symmetric form of signature (+,+,+,-). In this space there are different types of vectors/ axes (space-liketime- like and null) as well as different types of curves (space-like- time-like and null). The relationship between Euclidean and Minkowskian geometry has many intriguing aspects, one of which is the manner in which formal similarity can co-exist with significantgeometric disparity. There has been considerable interest in the comparison of these twogeometries, as can be seen in the lecture notes of L’opez. In this manuscript we produce different types of surfaces of rotation in four dimensionalMinkowski spaces. And then we will provide a brief description of surfaces of rotation of 4D Minkowski spaces. Firstly consider the beginning by creating different type of matrices of rotation corresponding to the appropriate subgroup of the Lorentz group, and then generate all types of surfaces of rotation. The new work here is the spherical symmetric case which is nonabeliansubalgebra isomorphic to lie algebra. This case is known by expectation.

Monitoring of impact of hooked ends on mechanical behavior of steel fiber in concrete

The efficiency of hardened composite of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) is mainly related to the ability of its components to work together homogeneously. This homogeneously work of SFRC components might be obtained through sufficient bond between the fiber and the concrete matrix at its contact points on the interface surfaces. Usually, if a smooth and straight steel fiber is embedded in concrete matrix and subjected to tensile force, only weak bond may obtain at the interface between the fiber and the concrete. This weak bond decreases gradually parallel with increasing the value of the applied tensile force in the pull-out test, and the fiber can’t develop its yield strength, whereas debond length increases toward the depth of the concrete along the embedded length of the fiber until failure occurs in bond strength between the fiber and the concrete, then the fiber pulls out of the concrete through frictional sliding movement. The fracture mechanism of bond strength between the fiber and the concrete might be observed through pull-out tests. To enhance the bond strength performance of the fiber without change the concrete mix properties, it is necessary to find sophisticated form for the fiber such as end hooks. Monitoring of impact of hooked ends on mechanical behavior of steel fiber in concrete is observed during this research, where various pull-out experiments of single steel fiber in two forms (straight and hooked ends) are set using different values of embedded fiber length in concrete matrix. As well as computer simulations of single steel fiber with hooked ends embedded in concrete matrix are created using finite element model to monitor the development of stresses in different directions. Nonlinear results with contour maps and curves of different types of stresses are also obtained from the computer simulations, and numerical evaluation of the impact of enhancing the steel fiber shape has been done through this research.

English

Performance of annular fins of different shapes subject to locally variable heat transfer coefficient is investigated experimentally in this paper. The performance of the fin expressed in terms of fin efficiency, effectiveness and thermal resistance as a function of the ambient temperature and fin geometry parameters has been presented in the literature in the form of curves known as the fin-efficiency curves for different types of fins without use the diamond shape, but in the present work, we study this shape with others. However, for cases in which the heat transfer from the fin is dominated by natural convection, the analysis of fin performance based on locally variable heat transfer coefficient would be of primer importance. The local heat transfer coefficient as a function of the local base temperature has been obtained using the available equations of natural convection for copper pipe. Results have been obtained and presented in a series of fin-efficiency curves for annular fins of circular, diamond and elliptical, at constant heat flow area for a wide range of temperatures from 100 to 220 o C. The dimensionless parameter Biot no. on the locally variable environmental condition is examined for heat transfer rate. The deviation between the overall fin efficiency calculated of elliptical fin shape based on constant heat transfer area is greater than other shapes used reported in the our work, and that presently calculated based on variable heat transfer coefficient, has been estimated and presented for all fin shapes. In this paper the effectiveness and fin shape tube efficiency for diamond , circular and elliptical annular fins were analyzed for different environmental conditions. Experimental results observes that the performance of heat transfer rate to elliptical fin is better than diamond and circular fin for day and night condition with the high range of temperatures used. Key Word: (Diamond Fin , Circular Fin , Elliptical Fin, Heat Transfer Performance)

The physical vulnerability of different types of building structure to debris flow events

Vulnerability assessment of elements at risk is a key component for risk assessment. The representative element at risk for debris flow is a residential building in downstream mountain, and the physical vulnerability of such a building depends on the structural characteristics of a building. The main objective of this paper was to construct physical vulnerability curves for different types of building structures in Korea to enable a quantitative assessment of debris flow risks. The physical characteristics of debris flows were analyzed based on 11 debris flow events that occurred in July and August, 2011. A total of 25 buildings that were damaged during these events were investigated in detail to determine the characteristics and patterns of damage. This study analyzes the relationship between the degree of building damage and the intensity of the debris flows through field survey data, spatial data, and empirical formula. Three different empirical vulnerability curves were obtained as functions of the debris flow depth, the flow velocity, and the impact pressure. Furthermore, the vulnerability function was characterized according to the structural type of the buildings. In the case of non-RC buildings, complete destruction occurred with an impact pressure greater than 30 kPa. For RC buildings, slight damage occurred with impact pressures less than 35 kPa. The impact pressure of debris flows corresponding to slight damage to RC buildings could result in complete destruction of non-RC buildings. The physical vulnerability curves suggested here have potential applications in quantitative assessment of the structural resistance of buildings to debris flow events.

Distribution Switches Upgrade for Loss Reduction and Reliability Improvement

This paper presents an economic study to find the switches that should participate in a switch upgrade plan, based on the results of reconfiguration. The traditional reconfiguration problem trend considers only one loading condition (mostly maximum demand), in order to find the optimum reconfiguration. However, as the distribution loading condition has hourly and daily variations, the optimum configuration continuously changes. Consequently, considering only one loading condition might lead to inefficiency of the results. In this paper, daily load curves of different types of distribution consumers, during various types of days (weekdays and holidays) and seasons (summer and winter), are used to obtain the best reconfiguration hours during a day. Then, genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the optimum configuration during each time interval. The objective function applied to GA consists of loss and energy not supplied. The switches that contribute to reconfiguration should be remotely controlled in order to have the capability of immediate mode alteration. In order to evaluate the feasibility of automated switch installation, the benefit-to-cost ratio is calculated. The entire procedure is applied to a test distribution system, and the results are discussed in this paper.

Computation of bridge seismic fragility by large‐scale simulation for probabilistic resilience analysis

SummarySeismic resilience of structures and infrastructure systems is a fast developing concept in the field of disaster management, promoting communities that are resistant and quickly recoverable in case of an extreme event. In this contest, probabilistic seismic demand and fragility analyses are two key elements of the seismic resilience assessment in the majority of the proposed methodologies. Several techniques are available to calculate fragility curves for different types of structures. In particular, to assess the seismic performance of the regional transportation infrastructure, methods for the fragility curve estimation for entire classes of bridges are required. These methods usually rely on a set of assumptions, partially because of the limited information. Other assumptions were introduced at the time when computational resources were inadequate for a purely numerical approach and closed‐form solutions were a convenient alternative. For instance, some of these popular assumptions are aimed at simplifying the model of the engineering demand. In this paper, a simulation‐based methodology is proposed, to take advantage of the computational resources widely available today and avoid such assumptions on the demand. The resulting increase in accuracy is estimated on a typical class of bridges (multi‐span simply supported). Most importantly, the quantitative impact of the assumptions is assessed in the context of a life‐cycle loss estimation analysis and resilience analysis. The results show that some assumptions preserve an acceptable level of accuracy, but others introduce a considerable error in the fragility curves and, in turn, in the expected resilience and life‐cycle losses of the structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Determination of phase transition temperatures of polymer binding agents by differential scanning calorimetry

A method for determination of phase transition temperatures for binding agents on a differential scanning calorimeter is considered. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of different types of polymer binding agents that are used in production of items from fiber-glass and carbon-fiber plastics are presented. It is shown how to determine the optimal curing regimes using the resulting DSC curves. By the example of epoxy polymer binding agents, the effect of disperse fillers on polymerization process kinetics is demonstrated.

Nonlinear space charge dynamics in mixed ionic-electronic conductors: Resistive switching and ferroelectric-like hysteresis of electromechanical response

We performed self-consistent modelling of nonlinear electrotransport and electromechanical response of thin films of mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIEC) allowing for steric effects of mobile charged defects (ions, protons, or vacancies), electron degeneration, and Vegard stresses. We establish correlations between the features of the nonlinear space-charge dynamics, current-voltage, and bending-voltage curves for different types of the film electrodes. A pronounced ferroelectric-like hysteresis of the bending-voltage loops and current maxima on the double hysteresis current-voltage loops appear for the electron-transport electrodes. The double hysteresis loop with pronounced humps indicates a memristor-type resistive switching. The switching occurs due to the strong nonlinear coupling between the electronic and ionic subsystems. A sharp meta-stable maximum of the electron density appears near one open electrode and moves to another one during the periodic change of applied voltage. Our results can explain the nonlinear nature and correlation of electrical and mechanical memory effects in thin MIEC films. The analytical expression proving that the electrically induced bending of MIEC films can be detected by interferometric methods is derived.

Retention Curves of Different Types of Sandstone

Retention curve is the basic material property used in models for simulation of moisture storage in porous materials. The measurement of retention curves (also called suction curves, capillary potential curves, capillary-pressure functions and capillary-moisture relationships) is described in this paper. The water storage of different types of sandstone, the materials frequently used on the Czech territory for many centuries mainly for architectonic details and sculptures, is studied in using pressure plate apparatus. The obtained data gives information on materials behaviour in contact with liquid water and on their absorption capacity.

Impairments in learning by monetary rewards and alcohol-associated rewards in detoxified alcoholic patients.

Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to structural and functional brain changes associated with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impairments. It has been suggested that neural processing in the reward system is also affected by alcoholism. The present study aimed at further investigating reward-based associative learning and reversal learning in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Twenty-one detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 26 healthy control subjects participated in a probabilistic learning task using monetary and alcohol-associated rewards as feedback stimuli indicating correct responses. Performance during acquisition and reversal learning in the different feedback conditions was analyzed. Alcohol-dependent patients and healthy control subjects showed an increase in learning performance over learning blocks during acquisition, with learning performance being significantly lower in alcohol-dependent patients. After changing the contingencies, alcohol-dependent patients exhibited impaired reversal learning and showed, in contrast to healthy controls, different learning curves for different types of rewards with no increase in performance for high monetary and alcohol-associated feedback. The present findings provide evidence that dysfunctional processing in the reward system in alcohol-dependent patients leads to alterations in reward-based learning resulting in a generally reduced performance. In addition, the results suggest that alcohol-dependent patients are, in particular, more impaired in changing an established behavior originally reinforced by high rewards.

A new design method for stainless steel columns subjected to flexural buckling

The objective of this paper is to develop a design method for stainless steel columns subjected to flexural buckling. In this method, the strength curve for every type of stainless steel in common use is generated by using the base strength curves and a slenderness conversion formula. A validated finite element model is employed to generate the strength curves for different types of stainless steels. According to the strain hardening exponent n in the Ramberg-Osgood material model, cluster analysis is conducted to separate these strength curves into two groups. In each group, one type of material parameter is selected as the base material and the corresponding strength curve is expressed in the form of a modified Perry formula that serves as the base strength curve. A slenderness conversion formula is derived for any two stainless steel columns with the same section type and boundary conditions, but with different types of stainless steel. Based on the base strength curves and the slenderness conversion formula, the strength curve for every type of stainless steel in common use can be generated. The predictions of the proposed method show a good agreement with the results of the finite element analysis.

All‐Cause Mortality in Elderly Adults Diagnosed with Cardiorenal Syndrome After an Internal Medicine Unit Admission

All‐Cause Mortality in Elderly Adults Diagnosed with Cardiorenal Syndrome After an Internal Medicine Unit Admission

Transverse plane 3D analysis of mild scoliosis

To demonstrate the reality of a transverse plane pattern independent of the scoliotic curve location and to show the importance of the transverse plane pattern in the assessment of the progression risk in a population of mild scoliosis. Spines of 111 patients with adolescent idiopathic mild scoliosis were reconstructed using biplanar stereoradiography. The apical axial rotation, the intervertebral axial rotation at junctions and the torsion index were computed. Mean values of each parameter were compared between thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar curves. Then a cluster analysis was performed using these parameters on 78 patients with effective outcomes at skeletal maturity. The effective outcomes and the results reached with the statistical analysis were compared and analyzed (ROC and logistic regression). No statistical difference was observed when considering each parameter between the different types of curves. Two clusters independent of the curve type were identified. The mean values of transverse plane parameters were significantly higher in Cluster 1 than in Cluster 2. 91% of patients classified in Cluster 1 had progressive curve and 73% of patients classified in Cluster 2 remained stable at skeletal maturity. All parameters were good predictors but the best was the torsion index. This study demonstrated that a transverse plane pattern combining apical axial rotation, the intervertebral axial rotation at junctions and the torsion index is independent of the scoliotic curve location and significant in the determination of the progression risk of mild scoliosis.