Curve Progression Research Articles

Scoliosis progression after lung transplantation.

Scoliosis is a potential postoperative complication of various pediatric cardiothoracic conditions. To investigate the incidence of scoliosis in pediatric lung transplant patients and explore the factors associated with its development. Retrospective observational study. About 330 consecutive lung transplant recipients at a single institution between April 2002 and June 2022. The incidence of scoliosis. After excluding 45 patients with <1 year of follow-up, 285 patients were analyzed: 43 pediatric (≤17 years) and 242 adult (>18 years) patients. Data on baseline demographics, Cobb angle measurements pre- and posttransplant, and lung volumes at 1-year posttransplant in pediatric patients were collected. The prevalence of scoliosis was compared between pediatric and adult patients. Additionally, the impact of lung volume differences (right minus left) on scoliosis progression was assessed. Pediatric (n=43) and adult (n=242) patients had a mean age of 10.3 and 44.9 years, respectively. Scoliosis was significantly more prevalent in pediatric patients, with 30.2% having a Cobb angle >10° and 13.9% having a Cobb angle >20°, compared to 11.5% and 1.6% in adults, respectively. Pediatric patients with Cobb angles >20° exhibited significant lung volume differences 1-year posttransplant. Lung volume disparities increased the risk of scoliosis progression, particularly in patients with unilateral lung collapse. Pediatric lung transplant recipients have a higher incidence of significant scoliosis than adult recipients. Posttransplant lung volume disparities, especially in cases of unilateral lung collapse, may contribute to scoliosis progression. Routine spinal assessments are necessary for managing scoliosis in pediatric lung transplant patients to prevent curvature progression and ensure long-term musculoskeletal health.

Asymmetry in the Onset of Paraspinal Muscles Activity Differs in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis Compared With Those With a Symmetrical Spine.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by an asymmetrical formation of the spine and ribcage. Recent work provides evidence of asymmetrical (right versus left side) paraspinal muscle size, composition, and activation amplitude in adolescents with AIS. Each of these factors influences muscle force generation. The timing of paraspinal muscle activation may also contribute to an asymmetry in the timing of forces applied to the spine. The main objectives were to determine (1) whether the timing and asymmetry of erector spinae muscle activation during a rapid bilateral arm raise task differs between adolescents with AIS and those without AIS and (2) whether the magnitude of erector spinae activation asymmetry in AIS is associated with scoliosis curve severity (Cobb angle) or skeletal development level (Risser stage). Finally, (3) we investigated potential kinematic confounders to determine whether symmetry of bilateral rapid arm movements differed between those with and without AIS, and whether any asymmetry in arm movement was associated with erector spinae activation asymmetry. All patients were made aware of the project through flyers at one outpatient spine clinic and a scoliosis rehabilitation clinic in Brisbane, Australia. They were invited between August 2022 and September 2023 to contribute if they met the selection criteria. This cross-sectional study included females with AIS who agreed to participate (n = 24, mean ± SD age of 14 ± 2 years). They all had a primary right-thoracic curve, diagnosed by an orthopaedic specialist. Twenty age- and sex-matched controls (age 13 ± 2 years) who did not have AIS were recruited from the local community. Volunteers (from either group) were excluded if they had any history of spinal surgery, neurological disorders, or musculoskeletal disorders (other than AIS). The experimental task required participants to perform a bilateral rapid arm flexion in response to a visual cue. Muscle activation was recorded using surface electrodes, placed bilaterally on the anterior deltoid and erector spinae adjacent to the C7, T9 (the curve apex for AIS), T12, and L5 vertebrae. Muscle activation onsets were determined from 6 of 10 trials with the quickest deltoid onset for each participant. A linear mixed model (with fixed factors) was used to determine whether activation asymmetry (left-right onset difference) differed between groups (AIS, control) and vertebral level (C7, T9/apex, T12, and L5). Where a group difference in onset asymmetry was identified, the relation of the Cobb angle and Risser stage with the magnitude of asymmetry was evaluated in the AIS cohort using a linear mixed model. Task kinematics, including peak angular arm movement velocity and deltoid onset relative to the light signal, were analyzed using a linear mixed model with group and side as fixed factors. Erector spinae activation timing asymmetry differed between groups at the T9/apex (mean difference 14 ± 23 ms; p < 0.01). In the AIS group, muscle activation was 6 ± 17 ms earlier on the right (convex) relative to the left side of the spine, whereas in controls, activation was 8 ± 19 ms earlier on the left relative to the right side. This difference in activation timing asymmetry between groups was explained by later activation of the T9 level erector spinae muscles on the left (concave) side of the spine in AIS compared with controls (mean group difference of left T9/apex erector spinae onset 13 ± 26 ms; p = 0.01). There were no between-group differences at other vertebral levels. Within the AIS group, no association was observed between the magnitude of the erector spinae activation asymmetry measured at T9/apex and Cobb angle or Risser stage. There were no differences between groups in either the bilateral deltoid onset relative to light or arm peak velocity. Erector spinae muscle activation is asymmetrical at the T9/apex vertebral level during a rapid bilateral arm raise task. This asymmetry was opposite between the AIS and control cohorts, with left-side activation delayed in AIS. It is well established in conditions such as cerebral palsy that muscles forces can influence bone development in children. In children with AIS, there is growing evidence of asymmetrical paraspinal muscle size, composition, and activation amplitude. Each of these factors contribute to paraspinal muscle force generation. Our findings add to what we know by identifying an asymmetry in the timing of erector spinae activation during a well-controlled, bilateral movement task. Combined with previous research, these results support further investigation into whether asymmetrical paraspinal muscle forces might contribute to the curve progression and asymmetrical bony development in AIS. This is important as muscle forces are modifiable through targeted rehabilitation.

Adolescent vs. Young Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis patients: how different are their two year postoperative radiographic and clinical outcomes?

To compare the long-term outcomes among AIS (10-18 years) and young AdIS (YAdIS) (19-40 years) patients with minimum 2 year follow up. A retrospective review of AIS and YAdIS patients who underwent primary corrective surgery at a single center was conducted. Demographic, radiographic, operative data, patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), including the ODI and SRS-22r, and long-term complications were collected. A 1:1 propensity score matched (PSM) analysis was implemented to limit selection bias by controlling for gender, curve type, total instrumented levels (TIL), and main coronal cobb angle. 95 patients (60 AIS, 35 YAdIS) were identified. Following PSM, 27 matched pairs were identified. AIS patients had greater LL (-55.6 ± 14.0 vs. -61.8 ± 11.7, p = 0.0486) at preop, less OR time (4.7 ± 1.2h vs. 5.2 ± 1.5h, p = 0.0468), intraoperative transfusion rates (70.4% vs. 96.3%, p = 0.0082), and postop Hb (9.0 ± 1.9 vs. 10.1 ± 1.4, p = 0.0280) and Hct (26.4 ± 5.4 vs. 29.7 ± 3.7, p = 0.0453). YAdIS patients had greater T2-T12 TK (42.7 ± 13.6 vs. 36.3 ± 11.0, p = 0.0412), T2-T5 TK (19.4 ± 9.4 vs. 13.3 ± 8.7, p = 0.0187), and TPA (12.4 ± 7.9 vs. 7.4 ± 8.9, p = 0.0200). There were no significant differences in baseline and 2year follow up PROMs and in the rates of 2 year complications, including proximal/distal junctional kyphosis (PJK/DJK), pseudarthrosis, rod fracture, curve progression, and revision (p > 0.05). Despite differences in operative characteristics, idiopathic scoliosis (IS) patients who underwent corrective surgery at a younger age had comparable PROMs and 2 year outcomes to older patients. Corrective fusion surgery is safe and effective in both adolescents and young adults and may avoid the higher complication rates seen in older adults.

Curve Behavior of Distal Segments After Posterior-Only Hemivertebra Resection for Congenital Cervicothoracic Scoliosis.

A retrospective and consecutive study. To demonstrate the curve evolution of distal non-structural compensatory curves in patients with congenital cervicothoracic hemivertebra (CTH) scoliosis undergoing posterior-only hemivertebra resection and to propose the possible mechanisms of this specific phenomenon. Though the spinal alignment could be well corrected via posterior hemivertebra resection in CTH patients, the high prevalence of distal curve progression was remarkable. However, the curve behavior of distal non-structural compensatory curves and its possible mechanisms were unclear. This study retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of CTH patients undergoing posterior-only hemivertebra resection with a minimum 24 months follow-up. The parameters measured in coronal plane included local scoliosis, clavicle angle, head shift, and the Cobb angle of distal unfused segments. The distal curve was considered as an emerging scoliosis (ES) if with more than 20° progression and the apex of distal curve no less than 2 levels away from the lower instrumented vertebra. A total of 51 CTH patients with a mean age of 8.5 ± 3.8 years at surgery and a mean 38.0 ± 5.3 months follow-up were recruited. The correction of local scoliosis and clavicle angle was statistically significant (p < 0.05 for all). The distal compensatory curve was 11.8 ± 5.3° before surgery and 6.5° ± 4.1° after surgery (p < 0.001), which was slightly increased to 11.6° ± 10.9° (p = 0.002) at the latest follow-up. During follow-up, the increase of distal compensatory curve was significantly correlated with the change in clavicle angle (r = 0.49, p = 0.038). The ES was observed in 10 patients (19.6%) with an average value of 28.0 ± 2.1° at diagnosis, including 7 patients within 6 months and 3 patients after 5 years postoperatively. The mean value of ES was 31.9° ± 3.1° at the latest follow-up, while no patients required revision surgery. The ES was classified into compensatory and idiopathic types according to the typical curve behaviors. The compensatory ES usually presented within 6 months after operation and was responsible for further reconstruction of head and shoulder balance. While the idiopathic ES occurred at adolescent which may be related to the rapid body growth. Distal compensatory curve had a tendency toward slight progression during follow-up in CTH patients with posterior hemivertebra resection surgery. The prevalence of emerging scoliosis was 19.6% and the typical compensatory and idiopathic curve behavior were firstly proposed. Close and longitudinal follow-up was thus highly recommended for CTH patients with posterior HV resection surgery.

A neurophysiological and genetic assessment of a case of rapidly progressive scoliosis.

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by a lateral deviation of at least 10° Cobb, categorized into idiopathic and non-idiopathic forms, caused by identifiable factors like congenital abnormalities, neuromuscular conditions, or genetic syndromes. This case report discusses a 15-year-old girl with growth delay and growth hormone (GH) deficiency who experienced rapid scoliosis progression. Initial evaluations were normal, and electroencephalography (EEG) showed nonspecific alterations, but further assessment revealed a MYH3 gene variant associated with scoliosis, short stature, and distinct facial features. Treatment with a Lyon ARTbrace and tailored exercises stopped curve progression. This case highlights the need for thorough evaluations in atypical AIS cases to uncover potential causes.

Morphing torso mannequin for pressure measurement and scoliotic brace efficacy evaluation

Fashion plays a critical role in self-expression and confidence-building, but adolescents with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have limited fashion choices when they wear a spinal brace that is bulky and rigid underneath their clothing. Spinal braces also have a significant impact on their self-and body-images, social life, and overall quality of life. This study proposes a morphing torso mannequin that accurately measures the interface pressure between the brace and skin, and evaluates the effectiveness of scoliosis braces, thus eliminating the need for ongoing X-rays and ensuring patient safety. The constructed mannequin replicates the AIS torso by using a validated finite element model and 3D-printing and molding techniques. A comparison of the in-brace effects on the morphing mannequin shows significant improvements in spinal alignment and reductions in Cobb’s angles (5.2° and 2.2°), which is consistent with clinical X-ray images. The large correlation coefficient (0.95) between the mannequin and clinical results confirms its ability to simulate the corrective effects of spinal bracing accurately. The proposed morphing mannequin provides valuable information for applying appropriate pressure to halt the progression of spinal curvature while maximizing the wear comfort for AIS patients. Additionally, the mannequin allows for the assessment of clothing fit, thus simulating the effects of wearing a brace and enabling fashion designers to create garments that accommodate the unique physical profile of AIS patients.

Does a delay of surgery due to a multidisciplinary screening process result in neuromuscular scoliosis curve progression in complex Cerebral Palsy?

While surgical intervention of scoliosis in cerebral palsy (CP) patients has shown notable improvements in quality of life, the high risk of post-operative complications in CP patients necessitates careful preoperative optimization. A preoperative multidisciplinary (Multi-D) pathway at our tertiary pediatric hospital in effect since 2014 led to a significant reduction in mortality at one year. However, such a strategy delays surgery, potentially increasing the risk of curve progression. This study aims to elucidate the impact of the Multi-D screening process on curve progression in neuromuscular scoliosis among complex CP patients. A retrospective review of all CP patients with scoliosis at a tertiary care center from 2012 to 2020 was conducted. This assessment focused on the progression of the major Cobb angle from the time of the indications conference to surgery of patients who went through Multi-D screening. Patient demographics and perioperative variables were obtained from the electronic medical record (EPIC, Systems Verona, WI). After exclusion criteria were met, there were 85 patients who went through Multi-D, 78 of whom had surgery, and seven who did not. Surgery was delayed an average of 202 days for Multi-D optimization. We found a trend in increasing Cobb angle over time, but this correlation did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.079). 45 Multi-D surgery participants had a decrease or no change in Cobb angle and had surgery an average of 5.6 months after indications. 33 Multi-D surgery participants had an increase in Cobb angle and had surgery an average of 8.5 months after indications. Cobb angle progressed an average of 13.4° in the increased group, and - 0.4° in the decrease or no change group. There were no associations with change in Cobb angle and GMFCS, starting major curve angle, number of referrals, or intrathecal baclofen pump use according to this analysis. Multi-D optimization resulted in an average delay in surgery of 6.7 months. Patients that did not have a change in Cobb angle had surgery within 5.6 months vs. patients that had an increase in Cobb angle had surgery on average 8.5 months after indicated for surgery, with an average increase of Cobb angle of 13.4°. Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Effect of different corrective force directions applied by spinal orthoses on the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundSpinal orthoses are commonly prescribed for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), yet their three-dimensional correction was not fully understood. The amount of deformity control largely depends on the corrective forces applied, which remain empirically based due to a lack of consensus on optimal force application. This study investigated the effects of different corrective force directions exerted by spinal orthoses on patients with AIS.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 78 subjects. The trunk was segmented into four quadrants using coronal and sagittal planes from a top-down perspective. Each left or right posterolateral quadrant (with 90°) was further subdivided into zones 1–4, from the sagittal to coronal planes. Based on the zone where the resultant corrective force direction fell, the subjects were categorized into Group 1 (zone 1), Group 2 (zone 2), Group 3 (zone 3), or Group 4 (zone 4). The direction of the corrective force was estimated using modified models of the subjects’ bodies, designed through a computer-aided design and manufacturing system integral to the orthosis fabrication process. The effects of corrective forces in different zones on scoliotic spine were assessed.ResultsAmong the subjects, 3 were in Group 1, 17 in Group 2, 52 in Group 3, and 6 in Group 4. Due to the limited number of subjects, data from Groups 1 and 4 were not analysed. Groups 2 and 3 showed significant reductions in Cobb angle in the coronal plane and plane of maximum curvature (PMC) following orthosis fitting (p < 0.05). Group 2 displayed a significant decrease > 5º in thoracic kyphosis (p < 0.05). Both Groups 2 and 3 exhibited significant reductions in lumbar lordosis. PMC orientation remained unchanged over time (p > 0.05) but was notably higher in Group 2 after orthosis fitting (p < 0.05).ConclusionsCorrective forces applied by spinal orthoses in zones 2 and 3 effectively controlled lateral curve progression. Notably, only forces in zone 3 neither significantly reduced thoracic kyphosis nor exacerbated the deviation of scoliotic spine from the sagittal plane. Further research is needed to validate and expand upon these results.

Curve Progression After the Termination of Bracing for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Usefulness of Combining the Proximal Femur Maturity Index (PFMI) and Risser Staging.

Background The brace therapy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) typically ends upon the end of growth. However, determining the timing of growth cessation can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the proximal femur maturity index (PFMI), which can be assessed simultaneously with Risser staging without requiring additional radiation exposure, in determining the appropriate timing to terminate bracing. To achieve this, we investigated the relationship between skeletal maturity at the end of bracing, post-bracing curve progression, and height growth in patients who had been successfully treated with a brace. Methods Between April 2010 and March 2021, a total of 84 female patients with AIS who started bracing at our hospital with an initial Cobb angle of 20-40 degrees were included. All patients were followed for at least one year after brace termination. Height and radiographic parameters (Risser staging, PFMI, Cobb angle) were retrospectively collected. Results At the end of the bracing period, patients were categorized into Risser stage 4 (85.7%) and 5 (14.3%). By the last follow-up, patients with Risser stage 4 experienced an average main curve progression of 1.8°, whereas those with Risser stage 5 had an average progression of -0.3° (P = 0.03). Patients with Risser stage 4 were further divided into PFMI grade 5 (59.7%) and 6 (40.3%). Significant curve progression was observed in patients with PFMI grade 5 (average: 3.0°) compared to grade 6 (average: -0.6°) (P < 0.0001). The mean height growth was 1.9 cm/year for PFMI grade 5, and 0.3 cm/year for grade 6, with significant differences between these groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions PFMI allowed further categorization within Risser stage 4: PFMI grade 5 indicated remaining growth potential and risk of postbracing curve progression, whereas grade 6 indicated growth cessation. The combined use of Risser staging and PFMI, both evaluable through the same whole-spine radiograph, may provide a more accurate prediction of growth cessation.

Fractional curve following adult idiopathic scoliosis correction: impact of curve magnitude on postoperative outcomes.

The goal of this study was to assess the impact of fractional curve (FC) severity on curve progression and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS) correction. Patients with AdIS who had preoperative coronal plane deformity and who had undergone thoracolumbar fusion with a lowermost instrumented vertebra (LIV) between L1 and L4 were included. Patients were stratified by 6-week postoperative FC severity (small FC, ≤ 40th percentile, large FC, ≥ 60th percentile of the entire cohort; calculated as the Cobb angle between LIV and S1) and age groups. Preoperative to 2-year postoperative changes in FC were evaluated using Student t-tests. Demographics, spinopelvic alignment, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and complications were compared using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Student t-tests for quantitative variables. Multivariate regression analyses, accounting for age, sex, frailty, and 6-week postoperative LIV, were also performed when feasible to assess the impact of FC on 2-year postoperative outcomes. In total, 86 patients, with 34 in the group with small FCs and 34 in the group with large FCs, were examined (18 were in the group with medium FC). The mean age (36.4 years for those with small FCs vs 36.0 years for those with large FCs, p > 0.05) was similar. Preoperatively, spinopelvic parameters and PROMs were comparable (p > 0.05). Two years postoperatively, higher postoperative FC was associated with larger thoracolumbar deformity (i.e., higher thoracolumbar/lumbar/lumbosacral Cobb angles) and lower perceived lumbar stiffness (p < 0.05); however, other PROMs and complications, including revisions, were comparable (p > 0.05). Bidirectional change in postoperative FC was associated with a lower C7 pelvic angle and lower C7 plumb line (R2 = -0.03, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.00, p = 0.050). Across all patients, the mean FC improved from baseline to 6 weeks postoperatively (from 18.1° to 6.5°, p < 0.001) but changed minimally from 6 weeks to 2 years postoperatively (from 6.5° to 6.5°, p = 0.942). After stratification, the cohort with small FCs exhibited a relative increase (from 1.6° to 3.5°, p < 0.001), whereas the cohort with large FCs noted a nonsignificant change (from 11.9° to 9.8°, p = 0.121) in FC over time. Following surgery for AdIS, larger residual lumbosacral FCs were not correlated with adverse events or poor outcomes at 2 years postoperatively. FCs may improve or worsen over time to drive improvement in global coronal balance surgery, but are not associated with adverse outcomes or reoperation during the first 2 years after surgery.

Results of bracing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the context of clinical practice and the Scoliosis Research Society’s criteria: 5-year observational study from a German orthopaedic university hospital

BackgroundBrace therapy’s influence on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis’s (AIS) natural course is inconclusive.MethodsBrace-treated AIS patients from 2016 to 2020 were examined regarding four endpoints at brace weaning: surgery need, curve progress ≥ 6° and > 45°, and curve improvement ≥ 6°. Prediction variables’ influence was computed for the all-patients group and three subgroups (Subgroup 1: fulfilling the Scoliosis Research Society’s [SRS] criteria, Subgroup 2: initial Cobb angle < 25°, Subgroup 3: initial Cobb angle > 40°). According to the data characteristics, parametric and non-parametric tests and binary logistic regression were performed.ResultsThe research included 69 patients. Overall, after brace weaning surgery was recommended for 20.3% of them, curve progression was ≥ 6° in 23.2%, the Cobb angle was beyond 45° in 11.6%, and the Cobb angle improved by ≥ 6° in 20.3%. Patients needing surgery had a significantly higher initial Cobb angle (38.8° ± 9.8° vs 27.8° ± 7.6°, p < 0.001), lower Risser stages (p = 0.010), and higher Nash and Moe degrees (p = 0.030). Patients with curve progress ≥ 6° were younger at first curve notification (12.4 ± 1.5 vs 13.7 ± 1.7 years, p = 0.011) and older at menarche (13.4 ± 1.1 vs 12.6 ± 1.2 years, p = 0.037). Furthermore, 21.6% of all Risser 3 and 4 patients had still curve progress ≥ 6°. In-brace correction was significantly higher in patients with curve improvement ≥ 6° vs < 6° (54.0% ± 31.2% vs 31.9% ± 30.7%; p = 0.019). Nine patients fulfilled the SRS criteria, 22 had initial Cobb angles < 25°, and 11 had > 40°. Real brace wear (RBW) in all groups had no significant effect on outcome. Two significant subgroup differences were found: Surgery recommendation and curve progression beyond 45° were significantly more frequent in the initial Cobb angle > 40° subgroup.ConclusionsBrace effectiveness can be assumed because curve improvement was achieved in nearly one-fifth with sufficient in-brace correction. However, no significant influence of RBW on the outcome endpoints was demonstrated. To clarify conflicting results, big data management, including untreated patients, must be employed to further research AIS’s multifactorial influenced aetiology and course. Meanwhile, it is worth starting bracing in AIS in practice also beyond the SRS’s criteria.

Assessment of Adolescent and Parent Willingness to Participate in a Comparative Study of Scoliosis Braces.

Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) are often prescribed an orthosis to prevent curve progression and avoid surgery. Standard-of-care scoliosis orthoses are designed for full-time (FT) wear, which can be burdensome for some patients. Nighttime (NT) hypercorrective scoliosis orthoses are another option that has a lower impact on daily life, however, additional research is needed to guide the prescription of NT orthoses. The aim of this study was to assess the willingness of patients with IS and their parents/guardians to enroll in a randomized controlled study on bracing in scoliosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted to survey adolescents with IS and their parents/guardians. Eligibility criteria for adolescent participants included: (1) diagnosis of IS, (2) no previous orthosis use, (3) currently seeing a provider for their scoliosis, and (4) able to communicate in English. Parent/guardian participants were the parent or guardian of an adolescent participant and were able to communicate in English. Separate online surveys were designed for adolescents and their parents/guardians. Surveys provided information about a hypothetical study and queried respondents about whether they would participate in the study, their willingness to randomize brace treatment, and their preferences for NT or FT bracing. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize survey data. One hundred four adolescent/parent dyads completed the survey (104 adolescents and 103 parents). Most participants (adolescents: 55.8%, parents: 55.3%) indicated an interest in study participation, and approximately one-third of participants (adolescents: 31.8%, parents: 30.1%) reported that they would be willing to randomize to brace type. Most participants (adolescent: 77.0%, parent: 81.6%) preferred the NT brace if they needed brace treatment. High-quality evidence is needed to inform the use of FT and NT scoliosis orthoses. Approximately a third of respondents would enroll in a randomized trial, indicating that multiple collaborative sites will be needed to recruit a sufficient sample into a randomized study on scoliosis bracing. Study findings also demonstrate support from adolescents and their parents/guardians for research on scoliosis bracing.

The Effect of Night-time versus Full-time Bracing on the Sagittal Profile in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Propensity Score-matched Study.

Retrospective multicenter cohort study. To investigate the impact of night-time bracing (NTB) and full-time bracing (FTB) on the sagittal profile in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Recent studies have shown that FTB in AIS patients may induce hypokyphosis. Whether this effect differs between NTB and FTB is unknown. We included skeletally immature AIS patients with main curves ranging from 20-45° treated with either NTB or FTB. The two cohorts were propensity-score matched on Risser stage, age, major curve size, and kyphosis at brace initiation. Coronal and sagittal radiographic parameters were gathered at the initiation and completion of brace treatment. Two-hundred fifty-seven patients were eligible for inclusion. The matched cohorts included 62 patients in each group. During bracing, the thoracic kyphosis increased from 31±11° to 35±13° in the NTB group compared to a decrease from 30±12° to 28±13° in the FTB group (P=0.011). Eight percent were hypokyphotic (<20°) after bracing in the NTB group compared to 24% in the FTB group (P=0.015). Pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and pelvic tilt were not significantly different between the groups. In the coronal plane, curve progression >50° was seen in 50% in the NTB group and 31% in FTB (P=0.028). We saw a small increase in thoracic kyphosis in the NTB group vs. a small decrease in the FTB group. Eight percent in the NTB group vs 24% in the FTB group showed substantial hypokyphosis after bracing. The impact of minor changes in thoracic kyphosis remains uncertain; however, a threefold difference in the occurrence of hypokyphosis is notable and merits further attention.

Modelado de paredes de mampostería confinada: revisión de métodos y aplicación utilizando macroelemento discreto

One of the main challenges assessing masonry structures is numerical simulation. An overview and classification of the current developments and available techniques for nonlinear analysis of confined masonry structures is presented. As an exploratory study, an application of a numerical model using a Discrete Macro Element Method was carried out. It consisted on the calibration of mechanical parameters for representing the capacity curve and damage progression of a confined masonry wall tested under quasi static cyclic load. Then a sensitivity analysis was carried out. It has been found that global behavior is well captured by the model regarding strength and deformation. However, failure mode at confining elements was not consistent with the observed damage. Calibration has been made only for one experimental test; thus, conclusions are only valid for this set of experimental results. It is considered that the Discrete Macro Element Method is suitable not only to reproduce the global behavior of complete buildings, which is its original purpose, but also it may be used to study element behavior with appropriate modifications. ILIA: Investigaciones Latinoamericanas en Ingeniería y Arquitectura, No. 01, 2024: 108-114.

Acute postoperative complications after spine deformity correction in patients with Down syndrome.

Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, is the most diagnosed chromosomal abnormality and is associated with multiple orthopedic concerns, including scoliosis. We sought to examine the surgical treatment of scoliosis associated with Down syndrome with an emphasis on specific complications in this population. A retrospective review of 13 patients with Down syndrome who underwent surgical intervention for spinal deformity between 2000 and 2018 were identified. Postoperative complications were classified using the modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink system. Perioperative and final follow-up radiographic data were analyzed. The mean age at surgery was 14.2 years (11-19) with a mean follow-up of 3.6 years (0.4-6.2) at the time of data collection. Seven (54%) patients had postoperative complications, all related to wound healing. Three patients (23%) had major complications (Clavien-Dindo-Sink grade ≥3). These included one deep surgical site infection, one hematoma, and one seroma, all requiring surgical drainage. Four additional patients (31%) had minor complications (Clavien-Dindo-Sink grade ≤2). Surgical intervention for scoliosis in patients with Down syndrome is associated with high complication rates despite the use of more modern surgical techniques and implant types. Complications in this cohort primarily involved wound healing, whereas previous studies described high rates of postoperative implant failure, pseudoarthrosis, and significant curve progression, which were not experienced by the patients in this study. Although the etiology of wound-related complications is unknown, awareness of this risk may help surgeons optimize surgical technique, postoperative monitoring, and preoperative counseling of families. IV-single-institution retrospective case series.

Accuracy of screw placement during vertebral body tethering using fluoroscopic guidance and anatomic landmarks

PurposeTo determine the accuracy of screw placement using fluoroscopy and anatomic landmarks during vertebral body tethering (VBT) surgery.MethodsTen patients with 73 VBT screws were converted to posterior spinal fusion (PSF) after continued curve progression. The positions of each VBT screw were analyzed using intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scans performed for image guidance during VBT. Differences for screws placed using an open versus thoracoscopic approach were noted for the screw position in each vertebra, distance from the spinal canal, unicortical versus bicortical placement, the distance of screw tips from the thoracic aorta, and impingement of screws on adjacent rib heads.ResultsSeventy three (73) screws in ten (10) patients were available for analysis. Only 21% of screws were placed traversing the middle one-third of the vertebral body, without spinal canal penetration, with the distal tip placed unicortically or bicortically as planned, and without touching the thoracic aorta. The rates of non-ideal screw placement were not significantly different for screws placed via thoracoscopic versus open approaches. Five (5) screws (6.8%) penetrated the spinal canal 1–2 mm, but without known clinical sequelae.ConclusionThe majority of VBT screws available for analysis were placed in non-ideal positions, suggesting that accurate screw placement using intraoperative fluoroscopy and anatomic landmarks can be challenging, but without adverse clinical consequences.

Conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): A narrative review of current evidence and implications for clinical practice

Introduction and purpose: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by lateral curvature, vertebral rotation, and disruption of physiological curvature of the spine with the Cobb angle ≥10°. AIS affects 1-3% of children aged 10-16 years, representing the most common form of idiopathic scoliosis. Diagnosis of AIS is by exclusion and can be suspected based on Adams forward bend test and scoliometer. Untreated AIS can lead to serious consequences, such as progression of the deformity, back pain, reduced respiratory and cardiovascular function. The aim of this review is to update overview of conservative treatment options. Description of the state of knowledge: AIS treatment guidelines from the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) and the Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) advocate for observation, bracing, or surgery depending on curve severity, with a focus on avoiding spinal fusion when possible. Additionally, SOSORT recommends scoliosis-specific physiotherapy exercises for smaller curves or as an adjunct to bracing. Conservative treatment aims to prevent curve progression, manage respiratory and spinal complications, and improve quality of life. Conclusions: AIS can significantly impair the physical and psychosocial well-being of young patients, with potential long-term consequences extending into adulthood Individualized treatment plans and patient/parent education are crucial for optimal outcomes. Schroth exercises are superior to Core Stabilization (CS) exercises in reducing Cobb angle, trunk rotation and improving spinal mobility, cosmetic trunk deformities and quality of life. CS exercises are more effective in increasing peripheral muscle strength, reducing pain and correcting vertebral rotation.

Does the coronal deformity angular ratio affect bracing outcome in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

PurposeTo examine if coronal deformity angular ratio (C-DAR) serves as a predictor for progression to surgical magnitude in patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) treated with thoracolumbar sacral orthosis (TLSO).MethodsPatients with AIS, prescribed a full-time TLSO, Cobb angle 20–40°, Risser 0–2, who wore the brace ≥ 12.9 h and reached skeletal maturity/surgery were included retrospectively. C-DAR was defined as the Cobb angle divided by the number of vertebrae in the curve, yielding a larger value in short curves. The association between C-DAR and the risk of progression to surgical magnitude (> 45°) was assessed. Secondly, we evaluated the association between pre-treatment Cobb angle and in-brace correction on the risk of progression to > 45°.ResultsWe included 165 patients with a mean Cobb angle of 30 ± 6°. Of these, 46/165 (28%) progressed ≥ 6° and 26/165 (16%) reached surgical magnitude at the end of treatment. C-DAR was a significant predictor for risk of progression to surgical magnitude with an OR of 1.9 (CI 1.2–2.9) per unit increase in C-DAR. A threshold value of 5.15 was established and demonstrated an OR 5.9 (CI 2.1–17.9) for curve progression to a surgical magnitude. Likewise, pre-treatment Cobb angle showed a significant OR 1.3(CI 1.2–1.4) per degree increase in Cobb, whereas in-brace % correction showed OR 0.96 (CI 0.93–0.98).ConclusionC-DAR is an independent predictor for progression to a surgical magnitude in AIS patients treated with bracing. Patients with a higher C-DAR should be counseled to help set realistic expectations regarding the likelihood of curve progression despite compliance with brace wear.

Prognostic model development for risk of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective cohort study of 127 patients.

The study's purpose was to develop and internally validate a prognostic survival model exploring baseline variables for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis curve progression. A longitudinal prognostic cohort analysis was performed on trial data (n = 135) including girls and boys, Cobb angle 25-40°, aged 9-17 years, remaining growth > 1 year, and previously untreated. Prognostic outcome was defined as curve progression of Cobb angle of > 6° prior to skeletal maturity. 34 candidate prognostic variables were tested. Time-to-event was measured with 6-month intervals. Cox proportional hazards regression survival model (CoxPH) was used for model development and validation in comparison with machine learning models (66.6/33.3 train/test data set). The models were adjusted for treatment exposure. The final primary prognostic model included 127 patients, predicting progress with acceptable discriminative ability (concordance = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.86). Significant prognostic risk factors were Risser stage of 0 (HR 4.6, CI 2.1-10.1, P < 0.001), larger major curve Cobb angle (HRstandardized1.5, CI 1.1-2.0, P = 0.005), and higher score on patient-reported pictorial Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (pSAQ) (HRstandardized 1.4, CI 1.0-1.9, P = 0.04). Treatment exposure, entered as a covariate adjustment, contributed significantly to the final model (HR 3.1, CI 1.5-6.0, P = 0.001). Sensitivity analysis displayed that CoxPH maintained acceptable discriminative ability (AUC 0.79, CI 0.65-0.93) in comparison with machine learning algorithms. The prognostic model (Risser stage, Cobb angle, pSAQ, and menarche) predicted curve progression of > 6° Cobb angle with acceptable discriminative ability. Adding patient report of the pSAQ may be of clinical importance for the prognosis of curve progression.

Exploring general practice staff perspectives on a teaching concept based on instruction videos for diabetic retinopathy screening – an interview study

Objective The aim of this study is to explore general practice staff perspectives regarding a teaching concept based on instructional videos for conducting DR screenings. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the competencies acquired by the staff through this teaching concept. Design and setting Qualitative cross-sectional study conducted in general practice clinics in the North Denmark Region. Method A teaching concept was developed based on instruction videos to teach general practice staff to conduct diabetic retinopathy screenings with automated grading through artificial intelligence. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 16 staff members to investigate their perspectives on the concept and acquired competencies. Results This study found no substantial resistance to the teaching concept from staff; however, participants’ satisfaction with the methods employed in the instruction session, the progression of learning curves, screening competencies, and their acceptance of a known knowledge gap during screenings varied slightly among the participants. Conclusion This study showed that the teaching concept can be used to teach general practice staff to conduct diabetic retinopathy screenings. Staffs’ perspectives on the teaching concept and acquired competencies varied, and this study suggest few adjustments to the concept to accommodate staff’s preferences and establish more consistent competencies.