Triglyceride Curve Research Articles

Are age, anthropometry and components of metabolic syndrome-risk factors interrelated with lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with erectile dysfunction? A prospective study

To evaluate the effects of metabolic profiles on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with erectile dysfunction (ED). A total of 75 impotent men aged 25-75 years old (mean 58.1 years) were included in the study on a prospective basis. Patients were evaluated with a complete history, physical examination, anthropometry and metabolic profiles. LUTS were assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Overall, there was no correlation between the IPSS and continuous parameters. However, when continuous variables were categorized, some parameters were significantly associated with LUTS. Patients with triglyceride level of 150 mg/dL or higher had more severe symptoms than those with triglyceride levels less than 150 mg/dL (19.4 +/- 2.4 vs. 14.3 +/- 1.1, P = 0.033). When 40 mg/dL was chosen as the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol cut-off level, the IPSS was significantly different between the two groups divided by 40 mg/dL (19.4 +/- 2.6 for HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL vs. 14.4 +/- 1.0 for HDL-cholesterol = or > 40 mg/dL, P = 0.042). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) of triglyceride was 65.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.6%-82.3%; P = 0.034) for severe LUTS. However, the AUROCC for 'HDL-cholesterol' was not significant (area, 65.4%; 95% CI, 48.2%-82.7%; P = 0.062). No other factors were determined to be significant in this regard. The results of the present study indicate that some metabolic profiles might influence LUTS in men with ED.

Efeitos do exercício agudo na lipemia pós-prandial em homens sedentários

OBJETIVO: Examinar os efeitos de uma sessão isolada de exercício físico isométrico na trigliceridemia pós-prandial em homens sedentários com valores de triglicérides em jejum < 150 mg/dl (NTG) ou > 150 mg/dl (TG ALT). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 27 indivíduos (10 NTG e 17 TG ALT), com idade entre trinta e 55 anos. Os triglicérides foram determinados no início, e após duas, quatro e seis horas da ingestão oral de uma solução com 50g/m² de gordura em duas oportunidades, em repouso e após exercício isométrico em esteira. RESULTADOS: O exercício agudo não modificou os níveis pós-prandiais de triglicérides, ou a área sob a curva (AUC) de triglicérides. Entretanto, o padrão anormal da curva de lipemia pós-prandial associou-se a maior trigliceridemia basal com exercício (TG basais: 147 ± 90 versus 238 ± 89 mg/dl, p = 0,02) e sem exercício (TG basais: 168 ± 93 versus 265 ± 140 mg/dl, p = 0,04). A análise das curvas ROC (receive operating characteristics) mostrou valores de corte de triglicérides basais com atividade física de 166,5 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,72) e AUC de 0,772 [IC 95%: 0,588-0,955], e sem atividade física de 172 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,61) e AUC de 0,722 [IC 95%: 0,530-0,914]. CONCLUSÃO: A trigliceridemia pós-prandial em homens sedentários não foi modificada pelo exercício agudo, sendo os valores basais de triglicérides preditores de uma resposta anormal dos triglicérides pós-prandiais.

Efecto del género y de la obesidad en la lipemia posprandial en sujetos sanos normolipidémicos no diabéticos y sujetos con hiperlipemia familiar combinada

A new method based on self-measurement of diurnal capillary triglycerides (TG) facilitates the study of postprandial lipemia (PL). The objectives of our study are: to evaluate the effect of gender and obesity on PL measured by self-determination of diurnal capillary TG with Accutrend GCT in normolipidemic non-diabetic subjects and subjects with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH). We studied 23 FCH subjects (10 males) and 45 normolipidemic non-diabetic subjects (29 males). All subjects self-determine 3 diurnal capillary TG profiles during a week. In normolipidemic non diabetic subjects significantly higher diurnal TG profiles and area under the curve of TG (AUCTGc) (25.25 +/-9.09 vs 19.71 +/- 6.16 mmolh/l) were found in males compared to females. In FCH subjects these differences were not found and the AUCTGc correlated with BMI (r = 0.510, p < 0.05) and waist circumference (r = 0.453, p < 0.05). Obese subjects (BMI >or= 27 kg/m2) showed diurnal TG profiles and AUCTGc significantly higher than the non-obese. Normolipidemic non diabetic females showed a lower PL compared to males, probably due to the effect of estrogens in PL metabolism. Obesity negatively influences PL in normolipidemic non diabetic subjects and subjects with FCH.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Exercise Training Attenuate Postprandial Lipemia in Sedentary Individuals

Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3fa) supplementation and exercise training each can attenuate postprandial lipemia (PPL), but the combination effect is not clear in sedentary individuals. PURPOSE: We examined the effects of four weeks of n-3fa supplementation alone or in combination with aerobic training on the PPL response and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in previously sedentary individuals. METHODS: Previously sedentary subjects (N=20, 12 women, 8 men, mean age 33y, mean BMI 26 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: n-3fa supplementation alone (FO, n=10) or n-3fa supplementation plus exercise training (FO + ExTr, n=10). Both groups consumed 4 g/d n-3fa, while exercise training consisted of 45 min/d, 5d/wk of walking and/or treadmill jogging at 60% VO2max. Before treatment subjects performed a baseline PPL (Pre-PPL) and an acute exercise PPL (Pre-ExPPL), after a 24h controlled diet including a 12h fast overnight. In Ex-PPL, an acute exercise session at 60% VO2max for 60 min was performed 12h prior to the PPL. Subjects were administered a high fat meal (standardized high fat shake, 1.3 g fat/kg), and blood samples were collected pre, 2h, 4h, 6h, and 8h after the high fat meal for triglyceride (TG) analyses. After treatment, the two PPL trials (Post-PPL and Post- ExPPL) were repeated. PPL response was quantified as total area under the TG curve (TG-AUCTol) and TG peak response. HDL-C and subfractions were analyzed in pre high fat meal samples. RESULTS: Acute exercise did not attenuate the PPL response. Together treatments significantly attenuated the PPL response measured as total TG-AUCTol; FO: Pre-PPL 1121.7 ± 84.1 mg/dl *; 8hr (means ± SE), and Post-PPL 1021.2 ± 57.7; FO + ExTr: Pre-PPL 1580.5 ± 184.3, and Post-PPL 1168.1 ± 115.0. There was no significant main effect for group or group by week interaction. Both groups had higher HDL-C and HDL2-C after treatment than before treatment. CONCLUSION: N-3fa supplementation or the combination of n-3fa with aerobic exercise training attenuates the PPL response and improves HDL-C in previously sedentary people. Combination treatment neither magnifies nor attenuates the effect of n-3fa alone on postprandial lipemia. Supported by Food for the 21st Century, MU HES Margaret Mangel Grant, and NIH T32 AR48523.

Effect of Acute Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia and Biomarkers of Endothelial Function and Inflammation in Adolescents

Elevated postprandial lipemia (PPL) is associated with impaired endothelial function, an increase in adhesion molecule expression and inflammation. Acute exercise reduces PPL in adults. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the effect of acute exercise on PPL in adolescents. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of an acute bout of exercise (600 kcal) on postprandial changes in triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, WBC) following a high-fat meal in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) adolescents. METHODS: 10NW(BMI: 20.9±1.7kg.m−2, 15.6±0.7y) and 8 OW(BMI: 28.3±3.6 kg.m−2, 15.9±0.4y) adolescent boys underwent two 6h oral fat tolerance tests (OFTT) separated by 7 d. On the evening prior to each OFTT, subjects rested (CTL) or completed a treadmill walk/run at 70% VO2max until 600 kcal had been expended (EX). Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h postprandially. Dependent t-tests were used to compare summary postprandial responses and 3-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used to determine changes over the postprandial period. RESULTS: There was an 81. 1±40.7% increase in lipemia following the OFTT in the CTL trial, and a 75.3±21.2% increase in the EX trial, in both groups. Area under the TG vs. time curve was reduced during the EX trial in both groups (8.3±3.1 vs. 6.9±1.6 mmol L-1.6hrinNW, p=.054; 11.3±5.4vs. 8.3±2.3 mmol.L-1.6hr in OW, p=.056). The magnitude of the attenuation did not differ between NW and OW (p=.269). Insulin response to the test meal did not differ between the EX and CTL trials or between NW and OW. Glucose response was lower in both NW and OW groups in the CTL condition (CTL: 24.5±2.9 vs. EX: 28.9±3.2 mmol.L-1, p<0.001). IL-6 increased similarly in NW and OW following the OFTT in both experimental trials (CTL: 1.46±0.49 (0 h) vs. 2.72±1.60 (6 h) pg.ml-1, p=0.001;EX: 1.81±1.03 (0 h) vs. 3.71±2.21 (6 h) pg.ml-1, p=0.002) and was higher during the EX condition than the CTL condition (p=.043). TNF-α was higher in OW than NW (p<.001) but there was no main effect of exercise or the OFTT. WBC number was higher in OW than NW (p=.049), and increased similarly in both groups following the OFTT in both experimental conditions (p<.001). There were no changes in CRP, sVCAM-1 or sICAM-1 following the OFTT and there were no differences between experimental condition or BMI group. CONCLUSION: Acute exercise attenuates postprandial TG response but does not reduce inflammation or alter adhesion molecule expression in NW and OW adolescents. Supported by the Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology: funded by the National Development Plan.

Postprandial Lipemia in Postmenopausal Women with High Fasting High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Several groups of patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease have been found to show an exaggerated postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. Postprandial lipemia (PPL) therefore has been implicated as a potential additional risk factor that has been evading us. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of high fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels on PPL in postmenopausal females. Oral fat tolerance test, as quantified by the areas under the curve (AUC) of triglyceride (TG) levels, was given to 3 groups: normal postmenopausal females (control), postmenopausal females with exceptionally high HDL-C and a familial history of longevity (longevity syndrome), and postmenopausal females that were heterozygotes of familial hypercholesterolemia (hFH) with exceptionally high HDL-C. The PPL was not different between the control and longevity syndrome groups but was significantly higher in the hFH group; AUC (SD), in mg/dl/h; 749 (195), 882 (278) and 1244 (497) respectively, p=0.002. In linear regression analysis only fasting TG levels were a significant predictor of the AUC (Coefficient B = 11.779, p < 0.001). In subjects with longevity syndrome the PPL is similar to controls, which means that high fasting HDL-C has not any beneficial influence on PPL. The fasting TG concentration is the main determinant of PPL. Furthermore, postmenopausal females with hFH have higher TG response postprandially, even in the case of high fasting HDL-C. Whether there is a threshold below or above, where HDL-C becomes a significant independent determinant of PPL is a question to be answered by future research.

Determinantes de la lipemia posprandial medida como perfil diurno de triglicéridos en personas no diabéticas con normolipemia

We decided to evaluate the clinical and biochemical predictors of postprandial lipemia, measured as daylong capillarly triglycerides (TGc) profiles, in normolipidemic non diabetic subjects.We studied 76 normolipidemic non diabetic subjects (45 premenopausal females). Accutrend was used to measure daylong TGc profiles during 3 days in 6 previously standardized points: fasting, pre and 3 h after dinner and lunch and at bedtime. The area under the curve of TGc (AUC-TGc) was determined as expression of postprandial lipemia.Males showed significantly higher AUC-TGc (26.20 [11.00] vs 19.12 [6.57] in females; p < 0.001). Obese showed significantly higher values of AUC-TGc (27.87 [12.47] vs 20.05 [7.04]; p < 0.01). The AUC-TGc correlated with: age (r = 0.242; p < 0.05), body mass index (r = 0.312; p < 0.01), waist circumference (r = 0.394; p < 0.01), fasting plasma triglyceride (r = 0.634; p < 0.001), fasting insulinemia (r = 0.485; p < 0.001) and fasting HOMA (r = 0.484; p < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that HOMA (regression coefficient: 0.352; p = 0.02) and waist circumference (regression coefficient: 0.4; p = 0.05) were independent predictors of the AUC-TGc.Independent determinants of postprandial lipemia were waist circumference and HOMA.

Postprandial lipemia in men with metabolic syndrome, hypertensives and healthy subjects

BackgroundThe metabolic syndrome (MetS), as well as postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, is associated with coronary heart disease. This study aimed to evaluate the postprandial lipemia after oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) in subjects with MetS and compare them to hypertensive (HTN) and healthy subjects.ResultsOFTT was given to 33 men with MetS (defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III), 17 HTN and 14 healthy men. The MetS group was further divided according to fasting triglycerides (TG) into TG ≥ 150 [MetS+TG, (n = 22)] or <150 mg/dl [MetS-TG (n = 11)], and into those with or without hypertension [MetS+HTN (n = 24), MetS-HTN (n = 9), respectively]. TG concentrations were measured before and at 4, 6 and 8 h after OFTT and the postprandial response was quantified using the area under the curve (AUC) for TG.The postprandial response was significantly higher in MetS compared to HTN and healthy men [AUC (SD) in mg/dl/h; 2534 ± 1016 vs. 1620 ± 494 and 1019 ± 280, respectively, p ≤ 0.001]. The TG levels were increased significantly in MetS+TG compared to MetS-TG subjects at 4 (p = 0.022), 6 (p < 0.001) and 8 hours (p < 0.001). The TG were increased significantly in MetS-TG compared to healthy subjects at 4 (p = 0.011), 6 (p = 0.001) and 8 hours (p = 0.015). In linear regression analysis only fasting TG levels were a significant predictor of the AUC (Coefficient B = 8.462, p < 0.001).ConclusionFasting TG concentration is the main determinant of postprandial lipemia. However, an exaggeration of TG postprandialy was found in normotriglyceridemic MetS and HTN compared to healthy subjects. This suggests that intervention to lower fasting TG levels should be recommended in MetS subjects.

A low-protein diet exacerbates postprandial chylomicron concentration in moderately dyslipidaemic subjects in comparison to a lean red meat protein-enriched diet

To investigate whether altering energy intake as red meat protein or carbohydrate modifies chylomicron homeostasis and postprandial lipaemia. Randomized single-blind dietary intervention trial. School of Public Health, Division of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. A total of 20 moderately hypertriglyceridaemic but otherwise healthy subjects were recruited and completed the study. Participants consumed an isocaloric weight maintenance diet low in protein (14, 53 and 30% of energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively) or high in protein (25, 35 and 30% energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat) for a period of 6 weeks. Fasting plasma lipids and postprandial lipoprotein studies (triglyceride and apolipoprotein B48) following an oral fat challenge were carried out at the start and conclusion of the dietary intervention period. Consumption of the low- or high-protein diet had no significant effect on fasting plasma or postprandial lipaemia, the latter determined as the incremental area under the triglyceride curve following a fat challenge. However, subjects who consumed a low-protein diet for 6 weeks had a substantially exaggerated postprandial chylomicron response, indicated as the area under the apo B48 curve following a fat challenge. The change in postprandial chylomicron kinetics could not be explained by changes in insulin sensitivity, which appeared to be similar before and after intervention with either diet. Daily moderate consumption of a lean red meat protein-enriched diet attenuates postprandial chylomicronaemia in response to ingestion of a fatty meal.

Additive Effects of the PPARγ, APOE, and FABP-2 Genes in Increasing Daylong Triglycerides of Normolipidemic Women to Concentrations Comparable to Those in Men

Fasting and postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations vary considerably among individuals. TG metabolism is more efficient in women than in men, which may partly explain why females are protected against atherosclerosis. Our aim was to identify gender-specific genetic influences on fasting and postprandial TG concentrations under typical living conditions in healthy, lean, normolipidemic women. We studied 40 women and 48 men. Diurnal capillary TG profiles were calculated as the integrated area under the capillary TG curve averaged over 3 days. Genotypes of the FABP-2, HL, LPL, APOE, and PPARgamma genes and the APOC-III, APOC-III/A-IV intergenic region were determined. Three genes (FABP-2, APOE, and PPARgamma) had a significant additive effect only in women. Mean TG concentrations were fourfold higher in women carriers of the PPARgamma wild-type allele (P = 0.044), threefold higher in carriers of the rare FABP-2 allele (P = 0.006), and fivefold higher in carriers of the E2 allele of the APOE gene (P = 0.037) than in noncarriers. None of these effects was observed in men. The presence of two or more of these adverse alleles increased TG concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Women carriers of three adverse alleles had postprandial TG values comparable to those for men. An adverse combination of common alleles of the FABP-2, APOE, and PPARgamma genes in women increases their TG concentrations to values comparable to those seen in men. Although this influence is not appreciable when studying fasting plasma TGs, it becomes apparent with use of a more sensitive index such as measurements made throughout the day.

In VivoEvidence of Impaired Peripheral Fatty Acid Trapping in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Lipodystrophy

The use of antiretroviral combination therapy in HIV has been associated with lipodystrophy and several metabolic risk factors. We postulated that patients with HIV-lipodystrophy have impaired adipose tissue free fatty acid (FFA) trapping and, consequently, increased hepatic FFA delivery. We investigated FFA, hydroxybutyric acid (HBA; reflecting hepatic FFA oxidation), and triglyceride (TG) changes after a high fat meal in HIV-infected males with (LIPO; n = 26) and without (NONLIPO; n = 12) lipodystrophy and in healthy males (n = 35). Because defective peripheral FFA trapping has been associated with impaired action of complement component 3 (C3), we also determined postprandial C3 concentrations. The LIPO group had higher homeostasis model assessment scores compared with the other groups. Areas under the curve (AUCs) for FFA, HBA, and TG were higher in the LIPO group than in the NONLIPO group or the controls. No differences in TG-AUC, FFA-AUC, and HBA-AUC were observed between the NONLIPO group and controls. In HIV-infected patients, FFA-AUC and HBA-AUC were inversely related to sc adipose tissue area. Plasma C3 showed a postprandial increase in healthy controls, but not in the HIV-infected groups. C3 was not related to body fat distribution, postprandial FFA, or HBA. The present data suggest disturbed postprandial FFA metabolism in patients with HIV-lipodystrophy, most likely due to inadequate incorporation of FFA into TG in sc adipose tissue, but do not support a major role for C3 in these patients. The higher postprandial HBA levels reflect increased hepatic FFA delivery and may aggravate insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, leading to increased cardiovascular risk.

Exercise plus n-3 fatty acids: Additive effect on postprandial lipemia

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in postprandial lipemia (PPL) in recreationally active males following aerobic exercise, omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) supplementation, and the combination of the two. PPL following a high-fat meal was measured in 10 recreationally active males (25 ±1.5 years) under each of the following conditions: no exercise and no n-3 FA supplementation (control); exercise and no n-3FA supplementation (exercise); n-3FA supplementation and no exercise (n-3FA); and exercise and n-3 FA supplementation (combined). Blood was collected before the high-fat meal and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the meal to assess the PPL response. Supplementation consisted of 4.0 g of n-3FA per day for 5 weeks. Triglyceride (TG) peak response, the total area under the TG curve (TG-AUC T), and the incremental area under the TG curve (TG-AUC I) were used to define the PPL response. TG peak response was significantly reduced 38% by n-3FA supplementation and 50% by the combination of exercise and n-3FA supplementation. N-3FAs significantly reduced the TG-AUC T by 27% and by 42% when combined with exercise. When compared with the exercise trial, the TG-AUC T during the combined trial was significantly lower. Exercise, n-3FAs, and the combination significantly reduced the TG-AUC I by 40%, 42%, and 58%, respectively. These results suggest that the combination of exercise and n-3FA supplementation reduce PPL to a greater degree in recreationally active males when compared with the individual treatments.

Lipoprotein remnants and endothelial dysfunction in the postprandial phase.

The objective of this work was to study whether changes in remnant lipoprotein (RLP) plasma levels during the postprandial phase relate to alterations of the endothelial function. Fasted patients (15 moderately dyslipidemic men) were given an oral fat load (OFL), and blood samples were collected before the OFL ingestion (T0) and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h (T2, T4, T6, T8) thereafter. Endothelial function, determined as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery, was assessed at the same time points. Triglyceridemia peaked between T4 (5.48 +/- 0.64 mmol/liter) and T6 (5.34 +/- 0.89 mmol/liter) and decreased at 8 h (4.36 +/- 0.87 mmol/liter) after the OFL. FMD decreased significantly 6 h after the OFL consumption (from 16.03 +/- 1.32% to 11.53 +/- 1.42%, P < 0.01). Cholesterol in RLPs increased steadily up to 6 h and decreased at 8 h (T0 0.53 +/- 0.10, T6 0.81 +/- 0.11, T8 0.73 +/- 0.13 mmol/liter). Fasting levels of triglycerides and cholesterol-RLPs (C-RLPs) correlated significantly with FMD at baseline. The decrease in endothelial function at 6 h also significantly correlated with the area under the curve of triglycerides (R = 0.53, P = 0.04). Postprandial C-RLPs (area under the curve), however, showed the best correlation with the decrease of FMD (R = 0.63, P = 0.012). The correlation persisted in a multivariate analysis. We concluded that C-RLPs contribute significantly to the endothelial dysfunction occurring during the postprandial lipemia.

The Effect of Acute Exercise upon Postprandial Lipemia Following Correction for Plasma Volume Shifts

1489 PURPOSE: To examine the influence of plasma volume (PV) adjustments on our previously reported finding that isocaloric bouts of acute strength (ST) and aerobic training (AT) had no effect on fasting and postprandial plasma lipoprotein concentrations in 13 healthy normolipidemic males (age, 20.9 ± 0.6 years). METHODS: Subjects participated in three postprandial lipemia tests, one control (CON) and the other two 14-hours following isocaloric bouts of ST and AT. During all 3 tests, venous samples were obtained in a 12-hr fasted state and after the consumption of a high fat breakfast (55 g fat, 149 g carbohydrate, 22 g protein). Blood samples were analyzed for plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glucose. Changes in PV were determined using the fasting CON trial hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) values as the reference point from which all blood samples from the CON trial and exercise trials were compared. TG was monitored hourly for 6 hours from which the incremental (INCAUC) and total (TOTAUC) areas under the 6-hour TG curve were calculated. Differences between CON, ST and AT trials, with and without PV corrections. RESULTS: Hb was significantly higher in the fasting AT blood sample compared to the fasting CON sample (CON, 11.48 ± 0.78; AT, 14.13 ± 0.65; ST, 13.46 ± 0.53 mg/dl). The AT and ST fasting blood samples displayed 18 and 14 % reductions in PV, respectively. After PV correction there was no effect on fasting plasma TG or HDL-C concentrations. However, fasting plasma TC (CON, 172.5 ± 7.3; AT 138.1 ± 7.5; ST 149.2 ± 8.2 mg/dl) and glucose (CON, 85.9 ± 1.7 AT 70.8 ± 1.5; ST 69.6 ± 1.6 mg/dl) were significantly lower (P<0.05) following both exercise bouts. The 6-hour plasma TG INCAUC (CON, 355.0 ± 60.4; ST 183.5 ± 36.6; AT, 130.3 ± 30.1 mg/dl × 6h) and glucose TOTAUC (CON, 531.6 ± 19.8; ST 432.4 ± 20.1; AT, 419.8 ± 23.2 mg/dl × 6h) were significantly reduced during both exercise trials. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that PV corrections over multiple tests may provide a clearer picture of the effect of exercise treatments upon PPL. Given uncertainty over the exact cause of post exercise PV shifts and the large PV variation between trials in this study it is suggested that fluid and salt intakes be controlled during the 24-hours preceding fat tolerance tests.

The Effect of Acute Exercise upon Postprandial Lipemia Following Correction for Plasma Volume Shifts

1489 PURPOSE: To examine the influence of plasma volume (PV) adjustments on our previously reported finding that isocaloric bouts of acute strength (ST) and aerobic training (AT) had no effect on fasting and postprandial plasma lipoprotein concentrations in 13 healthy normolipidemic males (age, 20.9 ± 0.6 years). METHODS: Subjects participated in three postprandial lipemia tests, one control (CON) and the other two 14-hours following isocaloric bouts of ST and AT. During all 3 tests, venous samples were obtained in a 12-hr fasted state and after the consumption of a high fat breakfast (55 g fat, 149 g carbohydrate, 22 g protein). Blood samples were analyzed for plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glucose. Changes in PV were determined using the fasting CON trial hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) values as the reference point from which all blood samples from the CON trial and exercise trials were compared. TG was monitored hourly for 6 hours from which the incremental (INCAUC) and total (TOTAUC) areas under the 6-hour TG curve were calculated. Differences between CON, ST and AT trials, with and without PV corrections. RESULTS: Hb was significantly higher in the fasting AT blood sample compared to the fasting CON sample (CON, 11.48 ± 0.78; AT, 14.13 ± 0.65; ST, 13.46 ± 0.53 mg/dl). The AT and ST fasting blood samples displayed 18 and 14 % reductions in PV, respectively. After PV correction there was no effect on fasting plasma TG or HDL-C concentrations. However, fasting plasma TC (CON, 172.5 ± 7.3; AT 138.1 ± 7.5; ST 149.2 ± 8.2 mg/dl) and glucose (CON, 85.9 ± 1.7 AT 70.8 ± 1.5; ST 69.6 ± 1.6 mg/dl) were significantly lower (P<0.05) following both exercise bouts. The 6-hour plasma TG INCAUC (CON, 355.0 ± 60.4; ST 183.5 ± 36.6; AT, 130.3 ± 30.1 mg/dl × 6h) and glucose TOTAUC (CON, 531.6 ± 19.8; ST 432.4 ± 20.1; AT, 419.8 ± 23.2 mg/dl × 6h) were significantly reduced during both exercise trials. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that PV corrections over multiple tests may provide a clearer picture of the effect of exercise treatments upon PPL. Given uncertainty over the exact cause of post exercise PV shifts and the large PV variation between trials in this study it is suggested that fluid and salt intakes be controlled during the 24-hours preceding fat tolerance tests.

W04.147 Plant sterol and stanol esters do not influence markers for endothelial function and inflammation in subjects on statin treatment despite a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol

Plant stanols have been recommended in combination with individualized dietary interventions to reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations. It is unclear whether plant stanols in combination with dietary guidance in patients already using optimal doses of statins will further reduce fasting and postprandial lipids compared with standard care.This single-blind, randomized study investigated the effect of plant stanols in margarines, combined with a lipid-lowering dietary intervention, in patients already on lipid-lowering medications at maximal doses not reaching their target lipid levels. Nutrition education was based on the stages of change theory. The control group (which served as the standard care control group) was also taking optimal doses of statins. This group received a margarine without plant stanols and a leaflet with Dutch nutrition guidelines. Fasting lipids were measured once in venous samples and postprandial lipemia was assessed by self-measured triglycerides in an outpatient setting. All subjects were given a capillary triglyceride measuring device (Accutrend GCT, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and were instructed to measure their capillary triglycerides at six fixed time-points throughout the day on three different days. The mean area under the triglyceride curve represented total daylong triglyceridemia, which has been shown to reflect postprandial triglyceridemia. Twenty patients were included, 11 in the intervention group and 9 in the control group.In the plant stanol group, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly by 15.6% compared with a reduction of only 7.7% in the control group. The daylong triglyceridemia was similar in both groups at the beginning and at the end of the study, and no change was observed by the intervention.Intensive dietary intervention with addition of plant stanols results in clinically relevant reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients optimally treated with statins, compared with similar patients on statins receiving only standard care. The use of a plant stanol-enriched margarine did not decrease postprandial triglyceridemia in these patients.

Effects of Nateglinide on the Elevation of Postprandial Remnant-like Particle Triglyceride Levels in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Assessment by Meal Tolerance Test

To elucidate the role of early insulin response in post-prandial hyperlipidemia, we examined triglyceride (TG) and remnant-like particle triglyceride (RLP-TG) levels, using a meal tolerance test (MTT) with or without the administration of nateglinide (NAT). The MTTs were performed 2 d apart in 36 drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes who had been hospitalized for glycemic control while receiving diet therapy. Before the second MTT, patients were treated with 90 mg NAT. Treatment with NAT was associated with a significant increase in insulin levels in the treated patients 1 h after the test meal, compared to levels in non-treatment. NAT treatment was also associated with a significant decrease in the level of free fatty acids 1 and 2 h after the meal, and with a significant decrease in plasma glucose levels 1, 2, and 4 h after the meal, compared to those in non-treatment. During the first MTT with NAT non-treatment, 13 patients showed serum TG levels of 200 mg/dL or greater when measured 2 h after the meal. In these 13 patients, NAT administration produced a significant decrease in TG levels 1, 2, and 6 h after the meal, as well as a significant reduction in RLP-TG levels 1 and 2 h after the meal. NAT administration was also associated with significant reductions in area under the curve (DeltaAUC) for TG and RLP-TG. These results suggest that, in a clinical setting, the early insulin response is closely associated with both postprandial glucose and postprandial lipid metabolism in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Postprandial changes in the distribution of apolipoprotein AIV between apolipoprotein b- and non apolipoprotein b-containing lipoproteins in obese women

Plasma apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) level has been shown to be a good marker of triglyceride changes after a high-fat diet. However, the distribution of apo AIV between apo B- and non—apo B-containing lipoproteins (Lp) during the postprandial state has not been described as well as the influence of obesity on this distribution. Our aim was to study the influence of parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance on the postprandial changes in apo AIV-containing Lp after a high-fat meal in obese women. Twenty-three overweight or obese women (body mass index [BMI] ranging from 29.1 and 64.0 kg ⋅1 m −2), for whom blood samples were taken after fasting overnight, participated in the study. Thirteen of these obese women were given a fatty meal and, in this case, blood samples were taken at fast and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after ingestion of the fat meal. Apo AIV-containing particle families, Lp B:AIVf (family [f] of particles containing at least apo B and apo AIV) and Lp AIV non-Bf (family [f] of particles containing apo AIV, but free of apo B) were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When fasting, Lp B:AIVf and Lp AIV non-Bf did not correlate with any of the parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance, if one excepts a positive correlation between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and Lp AIV non-Bf. Postprandial lipemia was associated with a trend towards an increase in the plasma levels of apo AIV-containing Lp 6 hours after fat ingestion. The postprandial peak of Lp B:AIVf and Lp AIV non-Bf occurred 2 hours after the triglyceride peak. The distribution between apo B- and non—apo B-containing Lp did not change after ingestion of the fat meal, if one excepts a tendancy towards a lower ratio of bound and nonbound forms at 8 hours. Fasting plasma Lp B:AIVf concentration correlated with the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma triglycerides (β = 0.11, P < .02). In a multivariate analysis, BMI (β = 51.85, P < .001), fasting triglycerides (β = 431.08, P < .01), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (β = 2638.57, P < .005) were independent and positive determinants of the AUC of Lp AIV non-Bf, while waist circumference (β = -23.94, P < .001), cholesterol (β = -1655.02, P < .01), and systolic blood pressure (β = -6.34, P < .05) were negative and independent determinants of this AUC. Fasting Lp B:AIVf may represent a good marker of the postprandial triglyceride increase in obese women. Changes in apo AIV concentrations in apo B- and non—apo B-containing Lp after a fat meal depend mainly on the degree of obesity rather than on insulin resistance. This effect is more obvious for Lp AIV non-Bf than for Lp B:AIVf.

EXERCISE AND FISH OIL

In sedentary subjects, aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplementation interfere with each other and results in no change in postprandial lipemia (PPL). It is unknown if this interference is present in recreationally trained subjects. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to measure changes in PPL and to determine if this interference occurs in recreationally trained males. METHODS Ten recreationally active males (VO2max 53.1 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min) served as subjects. Each subject completed postprandial trials: Pre n-3FA supplementation 1. High fat meal (HFM) only (M), 2. HFM plus exercise (MX). Post n-3FA supplementation (F) 3. HFM only (MF), and 4. HFM plus exercise (MFX). In addition, fasting lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLa) was determined before and after supplementation. Supplementation consisted of 3 wk of n-3FA ingestion at 4 g/d. The exercise session was a 60 min treadmill run at 60% of VO2max. Blood was collected prior to the HFM and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the HFM. Triglyceride (TG) peak response, the total area under the TG curve (TG-AUCT), the incremental area under the TG curve (TG-AUCI), and LPLa were analyzed for differences among the trials. RESULTS TG peak response was significantly reduced 38% by n-3FA supplementation and 50% by the combination of exercise and n-3FA supplementation. N-3FA and the combined treatments significantly reduced the TG-AUCT by 27% and 42%, respectively. When compared to the MX trial, the TG-AUCT during the MFX trial was significantly lower. Exercise, n-3FAs, and the combination of the two significantly reduced the TG-AUCI by 40, 42, and 58%, respectively. There was a non-significant 22% increase in fasting LPLa following n-3FA supplementation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the interference of aerobic exercise and n-3FA supplementation is not present in recreationally active subjects. These results also suggest that the combined treatments may have an additive effect on PPL. Supported by ACSM Foundation Research Grant and UMC Research Council Grant.

THE EFFECT OF 9-WEEKS STRENGTH TRAINING ON POSTPRANDIAL LIPEMIA

PURPOSE The effect of 9-weeks strength training upon postprandial lipemia (PPL) was investigated in 19 healthy (VO2max 54.94 ± 2.09 ml kg min−1) males aged 22–28 yrs. METHODS Subjects were assigned to either a control (CON) or strength trained (ST) group (3 days/week). Before and after the training period; weight, fat free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), % body fat (%BF) and three-repetition maximum for bench press (3RM) were determined in each subject. Pre and post training PPL was determined using venous blood samples obtained in a 12-hr fasted state and after the consumption of a high fat breakfast (55 g fat, 149 g carbohydrate, 22 g protein). Blood samples were analyzed for plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Postprandial plasma TG was monitored hourly for 6 hours, from which the total area under the TG curve (TOTAUC) was calculated. Pre and post training between and within group difference were examined with analysis of variance. RESULTS No changes were noted in any variable tested in the CON group. The ST program resulted in significant increases (all P < 0.05) in weight (67.13 ± 3.11 vs 68.10 ± 3.06 kg), MM (55.10 ± 2.20 vs 56.40 ± 2.27 kg) and 3RM (58.06 ± 4.29 vs 72.28 ± 5.04 kg). There were no changes in %BF (13.13 ± 1.55 vs 12.47 ± 1.41 %), fasting TG (88.90 ± 18.13 vs 96.90 ± 18.94 mg.dl−1), TOTAUC (932.36 ± 284.25 vs 1034.88 ± 216.98 mg.dl−1 x6), fasting HDL-C (52.00 ± 4.26 vs 62.60 ± 6.58 mg.dl−1) or fasting TC (163.60 ± 8.03 vs 179.80 ± 9.14 mg.dl−1) with training. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that 9-weeks of moderate ST does not improve fasting plasma lipoprotein profiles or the total postprandial lipid response, and therefore suggests that ST alone has little effect on reducing coronary heart disease risk.