Current Wireless Communication Research Articles

Research on the applications of the wireless communication

Wireless communication transmits information, data, and signals across a spatial expanse without physical wired connections. The transmission of information is facilitated through the utilization of electromagnetic waves, which propagate through several mediums, including the air. The paper mainly examines the development process, the significant impact of wireless communication on individuals, the fundamental operating principles of wireless communication, and wide-used techniques and their applications in wireless communication. However, we also acknowledge the shortcomings and constraints of the existing wireless communication systems, and we are confronted with the challenge of identifying a viable approach to implement an improved and more comprehensive version of it. Luckily, it is anticipated that the future of wireless communication will yield promising prospects and contribute to notable progress in diverse fields. In conclusion, it is evident that despite the existing challenges in current wireless communication techniques, there is optimism for a promising future. This is attributed to the anticipated emergence of expanded applications and further enhancements facilitated by the continuous advancement and refinement of wireless communication techniques.

Studies on energy efficient techniques for agricultural monitoring by wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are pivotal for real-time monitoring in diverse sectors through the Internet of Things (IoT). However, current wireless communication protocols face challenges in integrating Precision Agriculture (PA) management systems with Artificial Intelligence (AI). PA optimizes nutrient supply and pesticide use, enhancing crop yield and product quality. Despite these advantages, structural changes in WSNs, including deployment, coverage, scalability, and energy consumption, hinder their potential. This paper conducts a comparative study of WSNs in agriculture, focusing on wireless protocols, energy harvesting, and efficiency procedures. The research delves into challenges faced by WSNs in agriculture, emphasizing the need for power-saving agricultural management strategies to ensure sustained, effective long-term monitoring. The study addresses integration issues, explores agricultural benefits, and proposes solutions to enhance WSN performance in dynamic field environments.

Review on filtering antenna technology for 5G mobile system

In recent years, people’s increased demand for wireless communication technology fuels the development of 5G communication technology growth. Electronic equipment in the current wireless communication system is developing in the direction of low power consumption, multi-function, miniaturization, and integration, which also puts higher technical standards for RF front-end. In recent years, the wireless communication industry is building lighter, thinner, and smaller products with multifunction. The integration of filter and antenna is one of the important ways for the miniaturization of electronic systems. The antenna and filter are integrated to form a filtering antenna, which can effectively reduce the size and weight of the RF front end while realizing the function of radiation and filtering. This paper first introduces the research background and significance of this topic according to the background of mobile communication technology, and the main challenges faced by 5G communication. Then, the working principle of filtering antenna and multiple-input multiple-output technology (MIMO) are introduced, and finally the development and research status of 5G filtering antenna are summarized, and some relevant personal views are put forward.

Satellite radio detection via dual-microwave Rydberg spectroscopy

Rydberg electric field sensors exploit the large number of Rydberg resonances to provide sensitivity over a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, due to the difficulty of accessing resonant Rydberg states at ultra-high frequency (UHF) and below, ubiquitous bands in the world's current wireless communications infrastructure, they currently fall, short in sensitivity in this range. We present a resonant Rydberg electric field sensor operating in the UHF band using a dual-optical dual-microwave spectroscopy scheme. Adding an additional microwave photon allows us to access transitions between Rydberg states with higher angular momentum (L=3→4), which have lower resonant frequencies than transitions typically used in Rydberg sensors. We discuss the applicability of this type of sensor across the UHF band and below and measure the resonant sensitivity of our system at 2.3 GHz to be 70(5) μV m−1 Hz−1∕2, 57 times better than the measured sensitivity with a far off-resonant probing scheme at this frequency. We also show the effectiveness of this sensing scheme by measuring Sirius XM satellite radio (2.320–2.345 GHz) received outside the laboratory and rebroadcast onto the atoms.

A State-of-the-Art Review on CMOS Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communication Systems.

Wireless communication systems have undergone significant development in recent years, particularly with the transition from fourth generation (4G) to fifth generation (5G). As the number of wireless devices and mobile data usage increase, there is a growing need for enhancements and upgrades to the current wireless communication systems. CMOS transceivers are increasingly being explored to meet the requirements of the latest wireless communication protocols and applications while achieving the goal of system-on-chip (SoC). The radio frequency power amplifier (RFPA) in a CMOS transmitter plays a crucial role in amplifying RF signals and transmitting them from the antenna. This state-of-the-art review paper presents a concise discussion of the performance metrics that are important for designing a CMOS PA, followed by an overview of the trending research on CMOS PA techniques that focuses on efficiency, linearity, and bandwidth enhancement.

Performance Analysis of Selective Mapping and Clipping based MC-CDMA System

Abstract: The use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in high-bit-rate communication systems is appealing. Due to its fast data rate, resilience to delay spread, frequency spectrum efficiency, and other features, it has been widely utilised in current wireless communication. In addition to these benefits, a significant disadvantage of OFDM is the high Peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitter's output signal, which limits the system's performance. The Iterative Clipping and Filtering (ICF) approach is used in this case because it yields better results than the Clipping method, which is the easiest way to lower the PAPR of the OFDM system. Another strategy that effectively reduces PAPR is selective mapping (SLM), in which the actual transmit signal is chosen from a list of candidates.

Face recognition based physical layer security system for next-generation wireless communication

Security system in every sector all over the world is a most demandable and crucial issue to protect the fake user especially in wireless communication system. The most common feature in current wireless communication system is only transmitted users’ information; consequently, it is difficult to identify the actual sender to attain the desired security. Face recognition is one of the most popular security systems in biometric authentication, which can detect intruders to restricted or high-security areas in wireless communication sector, and help in minimizing the face user. In this paper, we proposed a system that is the senders will transmit message information with their image to confirm the original senders. A face-recognition algorithm will be implemented at the receiver end. When a senders’ transmitted information enters to the receiver section, the image of sender will be separated from original message signal and sent to the face-recognition algorithm to be analysed and compared with an existing database of trusted user. An alarm goes off if the user is not recognized.

A THz-OAM Wireless Communication System Based on Transmissive Metasurface

With the development of various emerging technologies, the capacity of current wireless communication system is gradually saturated, and terahertz (THz) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) have hereby attracted much attention as two key technologies to increase the communication capacity. In this paper, a THz-OAM wireless communication system operating at 100 GHz based on a transmissive metasurface is proposed for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The operation principle of multiplexing metasurface which allows simultaneous generation of two coaxial OAM beams at different modes of l = 1 & –1 is studied. To meet the requirements of wireless communication and OAM multiplexing, a C-shaped transmissive unit is designed with characteristics of broad bandwidth, low transmission loss and insensitive to the change of incident angle. Experimental measurements show that the generated two OAM beams feature high mode purity, providing the excellent orthogonality of modes. The generated two OAM modes are also employed as two OAM channels to transmit two independent communication signals with on-off keying (OOK) modulation, and a data rate of 10 Gbit/s is achieved at a transmission distance of 300 mm (100 λ of 100 GHz) with bit error rates (BERs) below 3.8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . This work verifies the feasibility of the multiplexing metasurface supporting wireless communication, and makes THz-OAM wireless communication systems potential for future large capacity wireless services.

Deep learning based sequence detection with natural redundancy for memory sources

AbstractThe current wireless communication system has higher performance demands for receivers. This paper considers exploiting the natural redundancy (NR) that is widely existed in the transmission sources to improve the receiver's performance of sequence detection. The type of NR discussed in this paper is the inherent redundancy in data caused by the correlation between symbols in the memory sources. Since the correlation between transmitted symbols is too challenging to obtain, deep learning (DL) is introduced into sequence detection, which has a powerful ability to extract complex patterns from data. Specifically, intended for a specific memory source that is convenient for performance analysis, namely the Markov source, an iterative sequence detection algorithm based on the long short‐term memory network is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the receiver's performance can be improved by exploiting the NR and the proposed DL‐based sequence detection scheme can obtain optimal bit error rate performance with blind state transition probability of the transmitted Markov source.

Joint Spectrum and Power Allocation with User Association for 5G/Wi-Fi Coexisting Millimeter Wave Networks

With the exponential growth of mobile data traffic, the deployment of a large number of devices in the hot-spot gathering scenario has brought great challenges to the current wireless communication network. Considering that the user service latency of unidirectional data offloading scheme is still unacceptable when 5G and Wi-Fi coexist on the unlicensed 60 GHz band, we investigate a bidirectional data offloading scheme with resource allocation in this study. More specifically, aggregation nodes (ANs) are deployed in the coverage of Wi-Fi AP to receive multi-user data in parallel in order to reduce the collision probability of transmitted packets. Then, we formulate an optimization problem aiming to maximize the sum rate through spectrum and power allocation as well as user association. The problem is then decomposed into three sub-problems and solved successively, where RSSI (received signal strength indicator) as the standard determines the user association, while the algorithms of multi-stage matching and successive convex approximation are used for solving spectrum allocation and power allocation, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the total capacity of the uplink coexisting networks.

A New Method for using Wavelet-OFDM and Its Applications in Healthcare to Improve the Services of the 5G Mobile Network and IoT-Related Communication Devices

The orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM), which is based on the Fourier transform, is at the center of the current wireless communication systems, including 5G.Due to its performance and capacity to support network-intensive applications like the Internet of Things (IoT), numerous studies have suggested that wavelet transform-based OFDM is a superior alternative to Fourier in physical layer solutions. In this paper, we compare the performance of wavelet transforms to the requirements of the future wireless application system and offer guidelines and methods for wavelet applications in the design of 5G waveforms. A comprehensive discussion of the impact on healthcare follows. Taking into consideration the following 5G key performance indicators (KPIs), a comprehensive performance comparison has been conducted using an image as the test data: energy savings, complexity of modulation and demodulation, dependability, latency, spectral efficiency, effect of transmission and reception under asynchronous transmission, and resistance to time- and frequency-selective channels are all factors to consider. The usage guidelines for the wavelet transform are then discussed. The guidelines are sufficient to act as a guide for future developments and as approaches to tradeoffs.

Evaluation of Chinese populational exposure to environmental electromagnetic field based on stochastic dosimetry and parametric human modelling.

This study aimed to estimate the distribution of the whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (WBSAR) using several measurable physique parameters for Chinese adult population exposed to environmental electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of current wireless communication frequencies, and to discuss the effects of these physique parameters in the frequency-dependent dosimetric results. The physique distribution of Chinese adults was obtained from the National Physical Fitness and Health Database comprising 81,490 adult samples. The number of physique parameters used to construct the surrogate model was reduced to three via mutual information analysis. A stochastic method with 40 deterministic simulations was used to generate frequency-dependent and gender-specific surrogate models for WBSAR via polynomial chaos expansion. In the simulations, we constructed anatomically correct models conforming to the targeted physique parameters via deformable human modelling technique, which was based on deep learning from the image database including 767 Chinese adults. Thereafter, we analysed the sensitivity of the physique parameters to WBSAR by covariance-based Sobol decomposition. The results indicated that the generated models were consistent with the targeted physique parameters. The estimated dosimetric results were validated using finite-difference time-domain simulations (the error was < 6% across all the investigated frequencies for WBSAR). The novelty of the study included that it demonstrated the feasibility of estimating the individual WBSAR using a limited number of physique parameters with the aid of surrogate modelling. In addition, the population-based distribution of the WBSAR in Chinese adults was firstly presented in the manuscript. The results also indicated that the different combinations of physique parameter, dependent on genders and frequencies, significantly influenced the WBSAR, although the general conservativeness of the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation and Protection can be confirmed in the surveyed population.

User Selection Methods for Overcoming Growing Number of Served Users in Massive MIMO Systems

Massive MIMO is dominant in the current wireless communication systems. Massive MIMO system uses a massive number of antennas to serve multi-users simultaneously. The growth of served users in the system will increase the interference between them and affect the system’s performance. To maintain the qualified service for the growing number of users, user selection techniques can be used to separate users into groups to be served well. This paper proposes three user selection methods named Mean Step User Selection (MSUS), Second Null User Selection (SNUS), and Interference Threshold User Selection (ITUS) methods. These three user selection methods aim to serve users with the best possible performance. The performance of these proposed user selection methods will be evaluated and compared with the performance of the system without selection and with the system using other user selection methods such as Random User Selection (RUS), Semi-orthogonal User Selection (SUS), and Inter-Channel Interference Based Selection (ICIBS) methods. The simulation shows that the proposed MSUS, SNUS, and ITUS methods provide an improvement in the spectral efficiency of 75.39%, 92.13%, and 153.71% when compared with the system without the selection method. The proposed user selection methods also improve performance compared to other user selection methods.

IMPLEMENTATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AS FLYING BASE STATIONS TO ASSIST 5G NETWORKS

Current wireless communication networks are not able to accommodate the increase in broadband data and are currently encountering fundamental challenges like higher data rate and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, energy efficiency and excellent end-to-end performance and user coverage in overcrowded areas and hotspots whilst maintaining extremely low latency and high bandwidth. The deployment of 5G networks aims to address such challenges by introducing multiple advancements to the network and implementing new technologies to evolve new radio networks. This will primarily be done by introducing the 5G New Radio, which is the radio technology that is being developed to support the 5G technologies that will solve the problems mentioned previously. With the New Radio implementation, the next generation networks will accommodate the growing data rates. The networks are expected to attain a mobile data volume per unit area that is 1,000 times higher than current networks. Over 10-100 times the number of current connected devices is expected to be accommodated by 5G networks. Coverage is primarily the crucial problem with 5G networks, requiring the densification of urban areas with heterogeneous networks and the deployment of more closely packed terrestrial MBSs. However, this is not cost-effective and can be more complex as terrestrial network replanning will be required. The issue can be overcome by integrating UAVs into the network infrastructure as FBSs.

Outage Probability analysis of Power Domain MISO-NOMA in Rayleigh Fading Channel

The multiple access technique of the current wireless communication system depends on the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) technique. The availability of orthogonal resources is limited in OMA and cannot support the increasing demand for a large number of users and efficient use of the spectrum in the coming years. The Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered in the future release of 5G and beyond 5G. In NOMA, multiple users can be dealt with in the same resource block at the same time, which allows NOMA to provide large connectivity, low latency, and high spectral efficiency. In this paper, the outage probability expression for the MISO-NOMA downlink system is derived by employing an indefinite quadratic form (IQF) approach. Analytical results are compared with the Monte Carlo simulations which validate our theoretical derivations. Further, the performance of the MISO-NOMA system is assessed with different numbers of users in the system and different SNR values.

Open-Air Microwave Entanglement Distribution for Quantum Teleportation

Microwave technology plays a central role in current wireless communications, standing among them mobile communication and local area networks (LANs). The microwave range shows relevant advantages with respect to other frequencies in open-air transmission, such as low absorption losses and low energy consumption, and it is additionally the natural working frequency in superconducting quantum technologies. Entanglement distribution between separate parties is at the core of secure quantum communications. Therefore, understanding its limitations in realistic open-air settings, specially in the rather unexplored microwave regime, is crucial for transforming microwave quantum communications into a mainstream technology. Here, we investigate the feasibility of an open-air entanglement distribution scheme with microwave two-mode squeezed states. First, we study the reach of direct entanglement transmission in open-air, obtaining a maximum distance of approximately 500 meters in a realistic setting with state-of-the-art experimental parameters. Afterwards, we adapt entanglement distillation and entanglement swapping protocols to microwave technology in order to reduce environmental entanglement degradation. While entanglement distillation helps to increase quantum correlations in the short-distance low-squeezing regime by up to $46\%$, entanglement swapping increases the reach by $14\%$. Then, we compute the fidelity of a continuous-variable quantum teleportation protocol using open-air-distributed entanglement as a resource. Finally, we adapt the machinery to explore the limitations of quantum communication between satellites, where the thermal noise impact is substantially reduced and diffraction losses are dominant.

Wireless Mobile Power Communication System Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

In order to solve the problems of low-risk assessment accuracy and long time-consuming assessment of current wireless mobile communication systems, a wireless mobile communication system based on artificial intelligence algorithms is proposed. First, the research status of risk assessment of wireless mobile communication system at home and abroad is analyzed, and the risk assessment index system of wireless mobile communication system is established; then, the learning samples are collected according to the risk assessment index system of wireless mobile communication system, and artificial intelligence algorithm is used to optimize the neural network. Build the wireless mobile communication system risk assessment model; finally, carry out the wireless mobile communication system risk assessment simulation comparison test. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of the risk assessment of the wireless mobile communication system by the artificial intelligence algorithm is over 95%, and the assessment error is smaller than in other models. The risk assessment time of the wireless mobile communication system is significantly reduced, the real-time performance is better, and it has a higher practical application value.

A Lazy Learning-Based Self-Interference Cancellation Approach for In-Band Full-Duplex Wireless Communication Systems

We propose a new lazy learning-based cancellation approach to improve spectral efficiency for current wireless communication systems, suppress self-interference (SI) sent from base stations, and enable in-band full-duplex (IBFD) transmissions in cellular networks. Our proposed approach consists of two phases based on traditional IBFD systems: an offline phase for database generation and an online phase for data transmission. In the offline phase, the output before a 0/1 decision is premeasured without the desired signal input and recorded in a database with self-defined feature vectors (FVs). In the online phase, a suitable result is sought from the generated database with the help of a learning method and FV for the same system architecture with the desired signal input. The result is then assigned an SI cancellation value. Regular and eager learning-based cancellation approaches are employed to evaluate the proposed method and simulate the transmission output. Computer simulation results indicated that the proposed cancellation methods could achieve about 134 dB SI suppression and achieve nearly the same transmission levels as methods with no SI effect, enabling the IBFD operations in wireless communication systems better than the regular and eager learning-based techniques.

A Comparative Investigation on Different QoS Mechanisms in Multi-Homed Networks

The current wireless communication system in Iraq faces several challenges during users’ handoff, especially with the fast growth of users and demands. This is also a global issue; therefore, quality of service (QoS) measures have rapidly become more important and developed over the years. The complexity of communication between diverse applications and underlying QoS architectures leads to these deployment problems, which decreases the utility of QoS provisioning. This paper studies different QoS aggregation mechanisms in order to improve the overall operational efficiency of the multi-homed node. The main QoS mechanisms, i.e., IntServ, DiffServ, best-effort, and IntServ-DiffServ were investigated and compared thoroughly. Furthermore, it focuses on the multi-homed network that aims to develop a scalable system with better performance, reliability, and optimized communication networks. In this paper, multi-homed network enhancements are carried out with the comparable site and host multi-homing. The results show how the IntServ-DiffServ has achieved the best overall performance compared to the other mechanisms as it combines the advantages of the IntServ and DiffServ mechanisms. Another important finding was that the multi-homing managed to keep the communication going on the multi-homed node, whereas the site-multi-homing gave a better overall end-to-end latency over the host-multi-homing.

Cooperative SWIPT MIMO-NOMA for Reliable THz 6G Communications

In this paper, cooperative simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) terahertz (THz) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are considered. The aim is to improve wireless connectivity, resource management, scalability, and user fairness, as well as to enhance the overall performance of wireless communications and reliability. We optimized the current wireless communication systems by utilizing MIMO-NOMA technology and THz frequencies, exploring the performance and gains obtained. Hence, we developed a path-selection mechanism for the far user to enhance the system performance. The EH SWIPT approach used to improve THz communications performance was investigated. Moreover, we proposed a reliable transmission mechanism with a non-LoS (NLoS) line of THz communications for open areas or any location where the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) cannot be deployed, in addition to using the cheap decode-forward (DF) relaying instead of IRS. The performance and scalability of the upgradeable system were examined, using adjustable parameters and the simplest modulation scheme. The system presents a noticeable improvement in energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE), in addition to reliability. Accordingly, the outcome showed an improvement in the overall reliability, SE, EE, and outage probability as compared to the conventional cooperative networks of the recent related work (e.g., cooperative MIMO-NOMA with THz) by multiple times with a simpler design, whereas it outperformed our previous work, i.e., cooperative SWIPT SISO-NOMA with THz, by more than 50%, with a doubled individual user gain. This system reduces the transceiver hardware and improves reliability with increasing transmission rates.