Current Waste Management Research Articles

Revising the effectiveness of municipal waste management in Hong Kong

Although there have been many studies related to the municipal solid waste (MSW) problem in Hong Kong, only limited research has recently discussed the spatial variation of citizens’ environmental awareness in different geographical constituencies. Also, the relationship between environmental awareness of citizens and the effectiveness of waste management has been poorly understood. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three proposed approaches; investigate whether the environmental awareness of citizens will affect the effectiveness of current waste management strategies; and examine the differences in the level of environmental awareness of residents in different geographical constituencies, so we can provide suggestions to help mitigate the solid waste problem. In addition, the hypothesis is that there is a relationship between environmental awareness of citizens and its effectiveness. This research adopted quantitative observations and questionnaires as well as qualitative interviews to understand the public perception about the proposed MSW charging, plastic shopping bag charging and recycling in Hong Kong. This research confirmed that the environmental awareness of Hong Kong citizens varies among various geographical constituencies. Residents in Kowloon West have comparatively lower environmental awareness may due largely to the socio-economic background of residents and comparatively unhygienic environment, and they often do not support plastic shopping bag charging and recycling. In addition, males have a lower environmental awareness than females as their attitude towards charging policy may not have much impact on their lifestyle. It is not surprising that low environmental awareness of citizens will reduce the effectiveness of current environmental policies. MSW charging tends to be effective and should be implemented in Hong Kong. Furthermore, plastic shopping bag charging can be effective in the short term but ineffective in the long term, and recycling tends to be invalid as Hong Kong has not developed a circular economy. The limitations of each policy should be considered, and more studies are needed to improve the existing policies as well as exploring novel ways to solve the MSW problem.

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE GENERATED IN ARTISANAL GOLD MINING IN ECUADOR

In Ecuador, artisanal alluvial gold mining is generally carried out on the banks of rivers, which brings with it a number of impacts on the environment that can be classified as negative, and among which is included the generation of effluents, the deforestation of primary forests, atmospheric emissions, the generation of polluting solid waste and the establishment of communities without sanitation services. Therefore, observations were made in some sites, as well as interviews and surveys, and from the information obtained, a SWOT matrix was elaborated, organizing the results in tables and bar graphs. In addition, a diagnosis of current waste management was carried out, where it was determined that it is inefficient, so that a design and proposal to improve waste management for artisanal gold mining companies in Ecuador was made. establishing metrics and indicators to control the development of proposals to improve solid waste management in the artisanal gold mining company.

Value Chain Analysis of Rice Industry by Products in a Circular Economy Context: A Review

The quantity of organic waste generated by agricultural sectors is continually increasing due to population growth and rising food demand. Rice is the primary consumable food in Asia. However, many stakeholders follow a linear economic model such as the “take–make–waste” concept. This linear model leads to a substantial environmental burden and the destruction of valuable resources without gaining their actual value. Because these by-products can be converted into energy generating and storage materials, and into bio-based products by cascading transformation processes within the circular economy concept, waste should be considered a central material. This review examines the composition of rice straw, bran, and husks, and the procedures involved in manufacturing value-added goods, from these wastes. Moreover, starting with an extensive literature analysis on the rice value chains, this work systematizes and displays a variety of strategies for using these by-products. The future development of agricultural waste management is desirable to capitalize on the multi-functional product by circulating all the by-products in the economy. According to the analysis of relevant research, rice straw has considerable potential as a renewable energy source. However, there is a significant research gap in using rice bran as an energy storage material. Additionally, modified rice husk has increased its promise as an adsorbent in the bio-based water treatment industry. Furthermore, the case study of Sri Lanka revealed that developing countries have a huge potential to value these by-products in various sectors of the economy. Finally, this paper provides suggestions for researchers and policymakers to improve the current agriculture waste management system with the best option and integrated approach for economic sustainability and eco- and environmental solution, considering some case studies to develop sustainable waste management processes.

Solid Waste Management Problems, Solutions, Types and Its Effects; A Case Study of Okpoko Community

The aim of this study is to get to know the nature of solid waste management in Okpoko, identify the problems with the current management, and find a possible solution to them, thus creating a well-arranged environment where everyone can stay with no problem of solid waste. A field survey was conducted to get the opinion of the residents living in that particular area. After an analysis was done on the answers given to us by the residents with the help of the questionnaire that was shared, we finally learned the nature of the current solid waste management practiced there, which was mostly landfill, and the problems they were facing, such as air pollution caused by the open incineration (burning) of solid wastes. A possible solution was also found, which was the recycling and reuse of these solid wastes. The analysis method used for this study was Multiple Linear Regression (SPSS).

Comparative assessment of life cycle impacts of various plastic waste management scenarios in Johannesburg, South Africa

PurposeLandfilling can result in a loss in revenue that would otherwise have been accrued from recycling plastic waste, loss in potential jobs, and groundwater contamination. Plastics in landfills may also eventually find their way into marine environments, where they can be damaging to animals. This work aims to establish the environmental sustainability of current plastic waste management practices in South Africa using the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) as a case study.MethodologyFive scenarios encompassing combinations of landfilling, mechanical recycling, incineration with energy recovery, gasification, and use of plastic waste in a cement kiln were assessed through an environmental Life Cycle Assessment (e-LCA). Scenarios were developed based on an extensive literature review, current practices in South Africa and Europe, and the country’s National Waste Management strategy, which aims to achieve “zero waste to landfill”. SimaPro 9.1.1 software and the Ecoinvent Database were used to assess the life cycle impacts of each scenario over seven impact categories. The ReCiPe endpoint method, Egalitarian version, was employed in determining the impact potentials. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the model’s robustness.Results and discussionOverall, the impact assessment results, including damage assessments and single score results, revealed that moving away from landfilling and combining mechanical recycling, incineration, gasification, and use of plastic waste (PW) as solid refuse fuel in a cement kiln is the least environmentally impactful scenario when managing plastic waste. Landfilling alone was the worst-performing scenario, resulting in adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and resource depletion. This agrees with the waste hierarchy. On sensitivity analysis, the increase in transportation distances and reduction in market substitution factor in mechanical recycling did not change the ranking of scenarios despite reducing the net benefits to the environment. Including open dumping as an end-of-life scenario significantly increased the negative impact of the current plastic waste management scenario being practised in South Africa, while assuming a 100% mechanical recycling rate had the least environmental impact when compared to the other modelled scenarios.ConclusionsThe current plastic waste management practices in South Africa were found to be environmentally unsustainable based on the modelled scenarios, and a move away from landfilling is encouraged. The outcomes of this study will assist policymakers and other stakeholders in making informed decisions based on scientific evidence when formulating sustainability-related waste management policies.

Environmental and economic performances of municipal solid waste management strategies based on LCA method: A case study of kinshasa

Like many populated urban agglomerations in Africa, Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic Republic of Congo, faces several challenges to manage its exponentially growing Municipal Solid Waste. With its 12, 000, 000 people daily generating 7800 tons of Municipal Solid waste, the city still struggles with basic services such as waste collection and sanitary landfill. This causes major social, environmental and health related issues. With the aim of contributing to the implementation of a better management system in Kinshasa, this study evaluates the environmental impact and the cost of the existing waste management framework and proposes 6 alternative scenarios. Each scenario attempts to optimize Greenhouse gas emissions and cost, using the Life Cycle Assessment approach. Results show that the current municipal solid waste management in Kinshasa city emits 640,673 tons of CO2 equivalent per year and costs a total of 17, 776, 169.78USD yearly. Focusing on increasing waste collection coverage and recycling activities in the proposed 6 scenarios, scenario 4 where all municipal solid waste is collected, produces 4,042,402 tons of CO2 equivalent per year and costs 143, 296, 983.4 yearly. In scenario 7, considered the most optimized management model for Kinshasa in this study, municipal solid waste is valorized through different treatment processes and atmospheric pollution reaches 2,835,491 tons of CO2 equivalent yearly, with a management cost of 152, 790, 779.4 USD/year. This study finds that the optimization of the Municipal Solid Waste management system in Kinshasa city causes the atmospheric pollution in terms of CO2 equivalent to decrease by half, when all waste is collected. Landfill diversion rate reaches up to 70%, but the overall MSW management cost increases by almost eight times as much as the current operational cost. The optimization of the management system is done by increasing waste collection coverage and implementing diverse streams of waste valorization. Despite the wide use of the Life Cycle Assessment method in waste management and decision making, this method has not yet been, to the best knowledge of the authors, applied in estimating Greenhouse gas emissions and cost of the Municipal Solid Waste in the specific context of Kinshasa city.

Community composting strategies for biowaste treatment: methodology, bulking agent and compost quality

The European Union’s commitment to increase recycling and recovery rates of municipal solid waste requires significant changes in current waste management. Local governments are developing various strategies for treating the organic fraction of municipal waste (biowaste) via composting. Community composting centres (CCC), green waste collection, treatment points and community gardens are some of these new approaches. Population density and spatial distribution, together with the existence of community green areas, determine the location of the various infrastructures for recycling local biowaste. The composting process consumes high amounts of bulking agent (BA) necessary to provide the structure that allows, amongst other uses, biowaste aeration and microbial surface colonisation. Shredded green waste from parks, gardens and households can be used as BA in community composting and home composting. In this study, a total of 46 compost samples obtained from CCC with two types of handling were analysed: 22 samples treated by vertical flow (VF) and 24 samples treated by horizontal flow (HF). The HF model allowed better use of the volume of modular composting units and the VF model required less effort and time for the CCC operator. Mature, stable and high-nutrient-content composts were obtained with both models. These composts met the legal requirements to be used as an organic amendment, and they can be delivered to the participants or used in community gardens in the municipality.

Tire-derived reclaimed rubber as a secondary raw material for rubber foams: in the framework of circular economy strategy

Improper disposal and accumulation of waste tire rubbers have posed a serious threat to the development of a circular economy, a sustainable environment, and human health. In light of the drawback of the current waste management of waste tires, the recycling and transformation of reclaimed rubber (RR) into valuable end products has received significant attention from industries and the academic field. Herein, we propose a facile method to reuse RR in developing closed-cell elastomeric foams based on ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM). Rheometry results revealed that the introduction of RR up to 20 phr, increased the cure rate from 11.7 to 13.48%/min, reduced curing time from 12.21 to 9.3 min and also increased ultimate torque from 6.51 to 7.24 N.m. Morphological studies indicated that the RR increased the cell density from 12 to 78 cell/mm3 and reduced the number average cell size from 940 to 110 µm. The mechanical results indicated that the introduction of RR could be a feasible alternative for the fabrication of high-performance EPDM foams with improved hardness and resilience. By increasing RR content of EPDM/RR foams, the relative density and cell density of EPDM/RR foams increased, while cell size decreased. The introduction of 10 phr of RR, increased the hardness and resilience of the EPDM foam by 37 shore A and 68%, respectively. The research verified that the attempt to use RR to produce a good foam structure was found to be successful. The results open a way for EPDM/RR foam composites to be applied for sealing and gasket industries as an eco-friendly replacement for virgin products.Highlights• Use of reclaimed rubber from waste tires as secondary raw material for EPDM rubber foams• Tire-derived reclaimed rubber/EPDM closed-cell foams support the circular economy of waste tires• Tire-derived reclaimed rubber/EPDM closed-cell foams exhibit superior mechanical properties at the low cost

Hydrolysis of Blended Cotton/Polyester Fabric from Hospital Waste using Subcritical Water

Currently in Malaysia, most wastes are disposed into poorly managed systems with little or no pollution protection measures. Large amounts of wastes such as textiles are generated through hospitals and health care centers. However, the improper management of these abundantly generated wastes may pose an environmental pollution problems and fire hazard. Cotton textile is a potential biomass for bioethanol production. Subcritical water (Sub-CW) hydrolysis was investigated as an alternative technology for the recycling of cotton textile waste for current health care waste management. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of complete conversion of cotton textile waste to ethanol via Sub-CW hydrolysis and fermentation. Sub-CW was carried out to facilitate the hydrolysis of cellulose component in cotton textile (cotton 75%+polyester 25%). The study was divided into two parts; (i) To evaluate the subcritical water parameters such as temperature and time to achieve maximum yield of sugars. (ii) Fermentation of the hydrolysate obtained from Sub-CW hydrolysis to ethanol. Under Sub-CW conditions of temperature (140 °C - 350 °C), reaction time (1-10 min) and water to cotton ratio (3:1) showed that cotton textile treated at 280 °C for 4 min, was optimal for maximizing yield of sugar, which was 0.213 g/g-dry sample. The quantitative analysis by HPLC showed that the soluble carbohydrates in the water phase were mainly composed of glucose. The obtained glucose concentration, 171 mg/L was then fermented at 36 °C for 24 hours by Saccharomyces cerevisae (yeast) to ethanol. Highest yield of ethanol was 0.415 g/g glucose, which was 81.2 % of theoretical yield. Hydrolysis with Sub-CW showed the potential to decompose the cotton textile into simple sugar while keeping sugar degradation to minimal phase and the possibility of complete conversion of cotton textile waste to ethanol via Sub-CW and fermentation.

Evaluation of the Current Situation of Hazardous Waste Management in Türkiye

Today, with the increasing industrialization, the formation of hazardous waste, which carries the risk of harming the environment and human health, has increased considerably. To prevent possible threats, an effective management including collection, transportation, recycling/recovery and disposal steps is necessary. This study aims to provide an overview and critical evaluation of Turkey's current hazardous waste management based on the analysis of industrial hazardous waste generation. In this context, i)the adequacy of legal regulations, ii)the amount of hazardous waste generated, and iii)the capacity adequacy of disposal facilities were investigated. From the results; The steps taken with the Basel Convention in 1994 in terms of legal regulations in Turkey accelerated with the EU acquis harmonization in the 2000s. It is seen that the legal regulations are sufficient but significant improvement is needed for practice. It is observed that both the data on the amount of hazardous waste production and the data on the capacity of disposal facilities are not reliable. When the reachable facility capacities and the declared hazardous waste amount are compared, the current capacity seems sufficient however, considering the expected amount of hazardous waste, these facilities would not be sufficient. It is hoped that the results obtained will guide decision makers and practitioners for hazardous waste management in Turkey.

A Survey of Waste Management Analysis in Afghanistan

Sharp increases in the rate of social and economic factors, has increased the rate of urbanization in most of cities around the world. This global phenomenon is one of the primary reasons for waste generation cities. The basic purpose of this descriptive study is, to analyze and identify waste management problems in Kandahar city, and propose decent solutions. The study is based on primary and secondary data, which were collected through a structure questionnaire, interview and other tools of data collection. The data were analyzed with the help of various means of descriptive statistic. The finding shows that that people are not satisfied with current waste management services. The study suggests that municipality should improve the design and number of trash bins, increase the number of tracks hire more employees, hire a team of evaluation, set up modern technology and improve research skills.

Designing of Integrated Solid Waste Management at City Amanganj Dist. Panna Madhya Pradesh, India

The growth of cities might evidently manage the essential water supply and wastewater treatment services. It maintainsthe population to accelerate on amount of municipal solid waste generation. The revenues of SWM have managed around28% of total spending. The study has revealed that 4MT per day has been obtained from Amanganj District Panna, MadhyaPradesh. It has quantity and properties that measure the market with the product to meet with the vermicompostingmethod. The waste consists of decomposable organic matter through high carbon-nitrogen ratio by bio-composting.The study show has added on an efficient process with a stabilized way to manage and solve the problems arising on theadverse effects of household waste. This can improve the current solid waste management services offered by the Municipalgovernment of Amanganj to explore the constraints with the issues arriving on a suitable solution. Therefore, the sitesuitability has carried out through governmental records with the SWM system. It has derived on the different thematiclayers with solid waste dumping. A solid waste management system design with the waste segregation and treatment ofdisposal as well as capacity of engineered with the composting yard with the multiple chamber and layout of the facility

Assessment of Household Practices of Solid Waste Management in Jammu City, India

The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has gained recent attention in developing countries. The city of Jammu being a major city of Union Territory (UT) J&K, a prominent tourist and pilgrim site is facing a massive upheaval in the waste generation rates. The city is facing a sharp contrast between increasing generation rates on one hand and inadequacy of funds on the other hand. Jammu city is observed to generate 350-400 Tons per Day (TPD) with a per capita generation of 550 grams per day. The survey shows that residents of the city do not segregate waste at the source, possess inadequate storage facilities and often dump the waste openly without any treatment. They tend to have little knowledge about the efficient practices of waste management, adverse consequences on the environment and public health and the prevailing laws in the state. Thus, the sound planning of waste management study attempts to address the challenges linked to current household waste management practices. The study further recommends resorting to the practice of 3 Rs-Reduce, reuse and recycle, involving households in segregation at the source, making the residents aware of the existing by-laws and encouraging their participation in efficient waste management practices. These practices will act as a driver for behavior change of individuals towards efficient household practices of managing waste.

Role of Informal Waste Workers for Sustainable Waste Management in Nigeria and Nepal

Informal waste workers (IWWs) play a vital role in recovery, disposal and recycling of waste materials. This study examines the current solid waste management practices in Nigeria and Nepal, with a particular focus on the roles of IWWs in effective waste management. Through comprehensive secondary literature reviews, including journal databases, books, reports, and websites, this study highlights the inadequate solid waste management systems in both countries, resulting in limited reuse of generated waste. Common challenges related to waste collection, transportation, sorting, processing, and final disposal were identified in Nigeria and Nepal. The important role played by IWWs in waste management activities, such as collection, sorting, recovery, and recycling, is evident. However, the lack of appropriate legislation addressing their involvement serves as a major hindrance. This study also presents key findings on Nigeria’s waste generation, recycling rates, and reliance on the informal sector, as well as Nepal’s municipal solid waste composition, recycling rates, and the significant role played by informal waste workers. The study emphasizes the need for inclusive waste management policies, strengthened waste collection and segregation systems, investment in recycling infrastructure, and enhanced collaboration among government agencies, waste management companies, and informal waste workers. Enforcing existing legislation and providing support to IWWs, including improved working conditions and social protection measures, are essential steps toward improving waste management practices. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of research, innovation, and international cooperation in developing sustainable waste management solutions for Nigeria and Nepal.

Implementation Analysis of the Cleaner Production Concept in Solid Waste Management among Food Businesses along Ryacudu Street, Sukarame District, Lampung Province, Indonesia

In the midst of city or regional growth and transformation, the establishment of fresh commercial zones often arises from the development of infrastructure and enhancements to roads, exemplified by the rejuvenation of Jl. Ryacudu in Bandar Lampung. The recent enhancements to Jl. Ryacudu, supervised by the Public Works and Construction Agency, have given rise to a thriving business center featuring an assortment of shops, cafes, restaurants, minimarkets, and various services lining both sides of the thoroughfare. Consequently, the increased activities have led to a proportional rise in waste production, especially within the food industry sector. Thus, effective environmental management is urgently required to prevent any adverse ecological impacts arising from the solid waste produced. This study aims to evaluate the current status of waste management in the food industry sector, focusing on both its effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, the study proposes waste management strategies, emphasizing the adoption of the cleaner production concept, incorporating the principles of the 3R system (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). The study's findings reveal that the complete implementation of the 3R system has yet to be achieved in the current setting. Nonetheless, the effectiveness and efficiency of the current solid waste management practices are considered satisfactory. Furthermore, the preparedness to adopt the 3R approach has been confirmed, indicating a promising path towards sustainable waste management practices within the restaurant industry.

Rethinking Waste Management: A Holistic Sustainability Framework for a Circular Economy

As societies face increasing environmental challenges, the need for holistic sustainability frameworks in waste management becomes imperative. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to rethinking waste management within the context of a circular economy. The study begins by examining the limitations of current waste management practices, highlighting the urgency to transition towards sustainable solutions. Emphasizing the importance of a circular economy, the paper discusses the potential benefits of adopting circular principles in waste management systems. The primary objective of this research is to propose a holistic sustainability framework that integrates key components for effective waste management, including waste reduction, recycling, resource recovery, and stakeholder engagement. The framework incorporates established methodologies such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to guide decision-making processes. The framework is validated through a case study on Tokyo, Japan, assessing the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach in a real-world context. The findings highlight the significance of implementing source separation programs and promoting composting to reduce the organic waste fraction in Tokyo. Such measures can divert organic waste from landfills and transform it into a valuable resource. The validated framework provides insights into developing a holistic sustainability framework for waste management, contributing to the advancement of sustainable practices in achieving a circular economy.

Life cycle sustainability assessment of decentralised com- posting of bio-waste: A case study of the Łódź agglomeration (Poland)

The study examines the concept of decentralised composting of bio-waste as an alternative approach to current waste management practices, using the Łódź Agglomeration (Poland) as an exemplary case study. Consequently, the aim of the presented research is to compare and discuss the sustainability of the functioning biowaste management system (status quo) against an alternative solution based on decentralised composting. Combined application of process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was selected as the methodology to compare the sustainability framework for the waste management practices under analysis. The study has made it clear that decentralised composting of bio-waste offers broader environmental, economic and social benefits, albeit with the level of that benefit being very much correlated with the type of local government area (commune or in Polish gmina). Regardless of the impact category, rural and urban–rural gminas achieved the greatest savings, reaching >90%, and thus are seen to offer the greatest potential for decentralised composting to be put into effect, on the basis of household/backyard composting. In consequence, decentralised composting can constitute a fundamental form of bio-waste management in 20 out of the 28 gminas of the Łódź Agglomeration. The results obtained from the research facilitate the implementation and wider utilisation of decentralised composting, as an important element of the transition to a circular economy, where bio-waste is concerned.

Multi-stakeholder synergies for enhancing environmental management of beach recreation in the eastern coast, Thailand

Considering the long-term growth of tourism, the environmental impact of aesthetic waste is necessary to manage sustainably. However, the current municipal solid waste management (MSWM) mostly lacks capacity and excludes the relevant stakeholders to involve tourism waste management comprehensively. Synergy was recruited as an important mechanism for enhancing the current MSWM, which had never been applied previously. Also, the private sector (accommodation and trades) and people sector (residents and tourists) were included in the multi-stakeholder approach for an effective MSWM study. Thus, this study aims to explore the stakeholders of the public sector and relevant stakeholders in beach recreation to find the synergistic opportunities for enhancing MSWM in the eastern region of Thailand. Primary data was gathered by semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys, as part of a mixed-methods methodology. Descriptive statistics, chi-square testing, regression, and content analysis were applied for data analysis. The finding shows that, in addition to the challenging, potential, and cross-sector synergy identified in the literature, this study discovered synergistic opportunities with other types of partnership specifically. To shed light on synergy and multi-stakeholder studies, the benefits derived and ecosystem must be indicated to stimulate partnership and enhance the MSWM in coastal tourism destination sustainability.

Identification and quantification of major components of waste diversion and their recovery rates in current waste management system in Peshawar, Pakistan

Identification and quantification of major components of waste diversion and their recovery rates in current waste management system in Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis of Fuel Alternative Products Obtained by the Pyrolysis of Diverse Types of Plastic Materials Isolated from a Dumpsite Origin in Pakistan.

The current energy crisis and waste management problems have compelled people to find alternatives to conventional non-renewable fuels and utilize waste to recover energy. Pyrolysis of plastics, which make up a considerable portion of municipal and industrial waste, has emerged as a feasible resolution to both satisfy our energy needs and mitigate the issue of plastic waste. This study was therefore conducted to find a solution for plastic waste management problems, as well as to find an alternative to mitigate the current energy crisis. Pyrolysis of five of the most commonly used plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), was executed in a pyrolytic reactor designed utilizing a cylindrical shaped stainless steel container with pressure and temperature gauges and a condenser to cool down the hydrocarbons produced. The liquid products collected were highly flammable and their chemical properties revealed them as fuel alternatives. Among them, the highest yield of fuel conversion (82%) was observed for HDPE followed by PP, PS, LDPE, PS, and PET (61.8%, 58.0%, 50.0%, and 11.0%, respectively). The calorific values of the products, 46.2, 46.2, 45.9, 42.8 and 42.4 MJ/kg for LPDE, PP, HPDE, PS, and PET, respectively, were comparable to those of diesel and gasoline. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis proved the presence of alkanes and alkenes with carbon number ranges of C9-C15, C9-C24, C10-C21, C10-C28, and C9-C17 for PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PS, respectively. If implemented, the study will prove to be beneficial and contribute to mitigating the major energy and environmental issues of developing countries, as well as enhance entrepreneurship opportunities by replicating the process at small-scale and industrial levels.