Current Vision Research Articles

Research Progress of Deep Optical Flow Estimation

<p indent=0mm>Combining the deep learning model to compute end-to-end optical flow is a hot topic in current computer vision field. The optical flow estimation methods based on deep learning are summarized and reviewed. Firstly, the origin and concept of optical flow is introduced. Secondly, the optical flow datasets and evaluation metrics are summarized. Most importantly, classical methods are introduced and the deep optical flow estimation methods are reviewed in three aspects, including supervised deep optical flow estimation methods, unsupervised deep optical flow estimation methods and the performance of these methods. The analysis shows designing compact and generalized deep optical flow model is the future research direction. On this basis, the joint learning of optical flow estimation and specific video analysis tasks are introduced. It is pointed out that the design of task-driven deep optical flow network is a valuable research direction in practice application. Finally, the problems and challenges of deep optical flow estimation are summarized and the future work of this field is prospected.

Lunar human landing system architecture tradespace modeling

A renewed interest in lunar exploration with the focus on establishing a constant human presence on the Moon calls for developing new lunar human landing systems (HLS) which would deliver the crew from the prospective Lunar Gateway station to the surface of the Moon and back. Over the years, different human lunar lander architectures were proposed and multiple architecture studies were performed. However, those studies are relevant to the specific assumptions and lunar architectures proposed at the time of conducting the study. Since the current vision for lunar exploration includes new features, such as having the Lunar Gateway and switching to reusable systems, there is a need for a new HLS architecture study. Such studies are being performed by private companies; however, those are rarely publicly available. The goal of this paper is to address this gap and provide a publicly available architectural analysis within the current views on the future human lunar exploration.We assume the Lunar Gateway in an L2 near rectilinear halo orbit and a landing site at the lunar South Pole; the number of HLS crew of 4; the surface stay time of ~7 days, the payload mass delivered to the surface of 500 kg, and the payload mass returned from the surface of 250 kg. A set of parametric models including an HLS model and an HLS program cost model is developed for the analysis. 39 architectures with varying number of stages (1, 2, and 3 stages) and propellant combinations (LOX/LH2, LOX/CH4, and MMH/NTO) are explored. The Pareto analysis shows that there is a difference between typical performance trends for expendable and reusable architectures. For expendable architectures, the 2-stage option seems to be the most advantageous while, for reusable architectures, the 1- and 3-stage options are either comparable or win over the 2-stage option even for the number of system uses as low as 3. In terms of the propellant combinations, pure LOX/LH2 or combined LOX/LH2/LOX/CH4 architectures dominate the tradespace. Assuming that the inter-stage propellant compatibility is a preferred option for systems refueling from the Gateway, 1-stage and 3-stage all LOX/LH2 architectures are identified as the likeliest candidates to have lowest HLS-related production and launch costs. Further cost analysis of those two architectures shows that the 1-stage HLS wins over the 3-stage system in terms of the overall HLS program cost if a long-term exploration program (on the order of tens of missions) is assumed.

Stakeholder perspectives and requirements to guide the development of digital technology for palliative cancer services: a multi-country, cross-sectional, qualitative study in Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe

IntroductionCoverage of palliative care in low and middle-income countries is very limited, and global projections suggest large increases in need. Novel approaches are needed to achieve the palliative care goals of Universal Health Coverage. This study aimed to identify stakeholders’ data and information needs and the role of digital technologies to improve access to and delivery of palliative care for people with advanced cancer in Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe.MethodsWe conducted a multi-country cross-sectional qualitative study in sub-Saharan Africa. In-depth qualitative stakeholder interviews were conducted with N = 195 participants across Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe (advanced cancer patients n = 62, informal caregivers n = 48, health care professionals n = 59, policymakers n = 26). Verbatim transcripts were subjected to deductive and inductive framework analysis to identify stakeholders needs and their preferences for digital technology in supporting the capture, transfer and use of patient-level data to improve delivery of palliative care.ResultsOur coding framework identified four main themes: i) acceptability of digital technology; ii) current context of technology use; iii) current vision for digital technology to support health and palliative care, and; iv) digital technologies for the generation, reporting and receipt of data. Digital heath is an acceptable approach, stakeholders support the use of secure data systems, and patients welcome improved communication with providers. There are varying preferences for how and when digital technologies should be utilised as part of palliative cancer care provision, including for increasing timely patient access to trained palliative care providers and the triaging of contact from patients.ConclusionWe identified design and practical challenges to optimise potential for success in developing digital health approaches to improve access to and enhance the delivery of palliative cancer care in Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Synthesis of findings identified 15 requirements to guide the development of digital health approaches that can support the attainment of global health palliative care policy goals.

Potential Phytochemicals of Smilax zeylanicafor Treatment of Brain Disorders

Neurological disorders are described as conditions characterized by the systematic death of neurons. Conventional and newer molecules have been studied, but they only provide symptomatic benefits and come with a slew of adverse effects. The current vision will be the development of more convincing molecules that will interrupt the progression of such disorders. There are many synthetic drugs available, but they may cause a variety of other health problems. As a result, natural molecules derived from plants and other materials are being found to supplement existing medications. The WHO recommends that people increase their consumption of foods, herbs, and fibers as a way to lower their risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Chemically synthesized molecules can be replaced by phytochemicals from medicinal plants, which are a healthier and safer substitute. Smilax zeylanica contains polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids glucosides, according to phytochemical reports. The current article examines the effectiveness of Smilax zeylanica, a plant that could have therapeutic value for a variety of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, convulsions, schizophrenia, and stroke

Which story to tell?

Which story to tell? Richard Carr Christos Tsiolkas. 7½. Sydney: Allen and Unwin Press, 2021. 344 pp. A $32.99. ISBN: 9781761065330 Federico Fellini's 8½ (1963) centers on a filmmaker suffering from director's block who goes into retreat in a hotel [End Page 296] seeking to overcome this personal and artistic impasse. Christos Tsiolkas gives a nod of homage to the late director in his latest novel, 7½. Like the Italian master, the narrator—Christos, a novelist—enters into a two-week retreat in a rented seaside house, intent on making headway on at least one of the writing projects bedeviling him. "It is treacherous being a writer," the narrator avers after sketching the floor plan of the house and environs (4), laying out for his readers the current relationship between himself and his profession. "I have come here to write a book," the narrator states (4), and though he struggles to name what kind of book it will be—a novel? a play? a screenplay?—he is firm about its focus: "I do know this. … All of those matters—politics, sexuality, race, history, gender, morality, the future—all of them now bore me" (4). These early sections of 7½ introduce us to Christos at this stage of his life—successful, nearing sixty, his body conceding some defeat to the predations of old age—as he sets up his routine and presents us with a current manifesto: "I am writing at a time when the novel is unbearably timid" (33). Christos follows memory threads back to childhood and adolescence—to Stavros, a man sharing the Tsiolkas household in his childhood, defined, for the young Christos, by the alluring reek of his sweat; to his cousin Manolis, or Mani, growing up a peasant in Greece, who encourages "the chubby young boy from Melbourne" (36) to scale a cliff with him and his friends; to his surprising interruption of two men in sexual congress alongside a urinal. Such memories, in fact, are a source or set of sources for one of his book ideas: "I want to re-create a world that has disappeared through the sensual experiences of a child" (38). It is another idea, however, that has most captured the narrator's imagination. Another memory thread leads us back to the 1990s, when Christos watched gay porn on a VHS tape featuring a white actor identified as Paul Carrigan cavorting with a Black actor. Something electric in that viewing experience has stayed with Christos as he shares a history he has invented for Paul over time and a likely story line for his new work. Paul will now be a retired actor from the porn industry, an American married to a retired fellow performer named Jenna. They now live in her native Australia and are blessed with an adolescent son, Neal. In the developing draft, Paul receives an offer from an American viewer of his videos, an elderly man who, for $180,000, requests that Paul fly to California to spend three nights with him. Of course, there will be sex but "nothing sordid or disgusting" (48). Enticed by the sum, Paul and Jenna decide that he will return to California, where he will accede to the gentleman's request in return for the sum. While there, Paul will also encounter old friends from the industry and the suppressed temptations of his old life. 7½ unravels in multiple ways. The narrator guides us through his daily regimen of swims and walks and details his breakfast and dinner menus. Though striving to block himself from the outside world, he calls or is called by Simon, his enduring life partner-lover, and he visits Andrea, a lifelong friend with whom he quarrels over the nature of his creative gifts. Telling her that he no longer sees himself as rebel or reformer but as one who loves the world, Christos is humiliated by her dismissal of his current vision: "You can't write about beauty. … You don't have that talent. … You're shit at metaphor" (81). And as he sits at his desk, the narrator delves further into memories—of his immigrant family come to Melbourne in search of the...

Actual Visual Acuity Demands in the Classroom

Purpose: To address the knowledge gap regarding the actual acuity requirements needed in typical kindergarten through grade 12 classrooms by determining an actual logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) and contrast sensitivity requirements in a sample of classrooms for kindergarten through grade 12 in New York City. Methods: Measurements of classroom dimensions with specific attention to viewing distances were made in public and private school classrooms, at various grade levels from kindergarten through grade 12, in New York City. The dimensions of typical text shown to students on classroom smartboards and whiteboards was measured and the mean and range of logMAR values were calculated for various seating locations within the classrooms. Contrast between text and background was estimated by comparing digital images of actual classroom text to Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts. Results: Fourteen classrooms in five schools were evaluated. Classroom dimensions varied from 8 × 10 feet to 23 × 23 feet. Mean logMAR values of lower case text on smartboards and whiteboards varied from 0.93 ± 0.29 (range: 0.83 to 1.32) in the center of the front row to 0.46 ± 0.21 (range: 0.10 to 0.79) in the center of the back row ( P &lt; .001). Contrast was also variable, being highest for black markers on whiteboards (0.00) and lowest on smartboards (0.15 to 0.60). Neither logMAR nor contrast sensitivity values varied significantly by grade level or school ( P &gt; .50 for both). Conclusions: The data reveal that logMAR demands and contrast vary substantially from classroom to classroom and within a classroom based on room dimensions and seating. Although generally supporting current acuity-based pediatric vision screening referral guidelines, the data also provide insight into the potential impact of reduced visual acuity and seating location on visual performance in the classroom. These findings suggest the need to develop logMAR and contrast standards that optimize visual content in classrooms while accommodating a wider range of visual capabilities. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2021;58(1):48–54.]

Blood scarcity at the blood banks during COVID-19 pandemic and strategies to promote blood donations: current knowledge and futuristic vision

ABSTRACT The course of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected the healthcare systems in multiple ways, the programs of control and the management of patients with other infectious diseases as well as with chronic and acute non-communicable diseases, including those conditions requiring blood transfusions. Blood donations have been decreasing over time in multiple countries with their expected consequences. Although the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has not been detected via blood transfusion, the increasing fear and anxiety among communities have led to a substantial decrease in blood donations. Several research groups have raised concerns about the consequences associated with the scarcity of blood. However, it is critical to understand the underlying causes of the sharp decline in blood donations, as well as the consequences. Hence, we discuss the impact of blood scarcity at the blood banks during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as strategies to promote blood donations, given the experience in some countries with this situation.

Color vision in civil aviation.

Color vision deficiency (CVD) is a condition that results in individuals being unable to distinguish differences between certain colors. Occupational color vision standards were introduced in aviation in 1919 by The Aeronautical Commission of the International Civil Air Navigation Authority. Concern has been expressed during the last few years that the current color vision standards in aviation may be too stringent and, at the same time, also variable across the world. The tests employed do not always reflect the tasks pilots encounter in today’s aviation environment. This ambiguity leads to the possible exclusion of deserving applicants for selection as aircrew. The compatibility of CVD with aircraft crew is assessed by medical personnel using clinical diagnosis tests on the ground level. These clinical tests were developed specifically to detect the presence, nature, and severity of CVD. No clinical tests yet provide a measure of operational performance in operating an aircraft. Arbitrary pass marks have been assigned to clinical tests such that a failing candidate will either be subject to operational restrictions or excluded completely. The prescribed clinical tests and associated pass marks vary considerably between regulators. While an individual may be subject to no restrictions in one jurisdiction, they may be excluded in another. This article highlights newer diagnostic techniques adopted by different countries for assessing color vision to see for the scope of evidence-based guidelines for minimum color vision requirements for flight crew as well as for civil aviation in India.

The Use of Digital Image Art under Visual Sensing Technology for Art Education

The traditional art education model often cannot achieve good teaching results due to the development of digital technology. Art is integrated with technology based on three‐dimensional (3D) panoramic vision sensing technology, so as to study the application of the combination of visual sensing technology and digital image art in the field of art education. With the application of projection virtual game “Whac‐A‐Mole” as an example, the integration of panoramic color volume structured light generation technology with single emission point and omnidirectional visual imaging technology with single view is proposed; the mathematical model of the active vision system is established, and the camera model, projector model, object surface illumination model, and their relationship are studied. On this basis, the mathematical relationship between the color of the projected light source and the color of the corresponding imaging point is proposed; a light source color correction algorithm based on the two‐color reflection model is proposed. The object surface color is corrected by three‐channel reflectance after the light source color correction algorithm is used for correction. The results suggest that the 3D panoramic vision sensing technology makes the current active stereo vision develop from the visual perception of surface structure to the visual perception of volume structure and reduces the error rate of recognition from 44% to 11%. Moreover, the algorithm does not need to know the coding method of the projected light source and the surface material of the object in advance. The scene teaching combined with technology overcomes the limitations of the teaching site and brings students into a completely realistic teaching situation. The presentation of digital image art using visual sensing technology can inspire children’s imagination, combine education and games, and perform edutainment. Thereby, the application research of digital image art based on 3D panoramic visual sensing technology has an irreplaceable development prospect in the field of art education.

A Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation Approach Based on the Centroid Loss: Application to Quality Control and Inspection

It is generally accepted that one of the critical parts of current vision algorithms based on deep learning and convolutional neural networks is the annotation of a sufficient number of images to achieve competitive performance. This is particularly difficult for semantic segmentation tasks since the annotation must be ideally generated at the pixel level. Weakly-supervised semantic segmentation aims at reducing this cost by employing simpler annotations that, hence, are easier, cheaper and quicker to produce. In this paper, we propose and assess a new weakly-supervised semantic segmentation approach making use of a novel loss function whose goal is to counteract the effects of weak annotations. To this end, this loss function comprises several terms based on partial cross-entropy losses, being one of them the Centroid Loss. This term induces a clustering of the image pixels in the object classes under consideration, whose aim is to improve the training of the segmentation network by guiding the optimization. The performance of the approach is evaluated against datasets from two different industry-related case studies: while one involves the detection of instances of a number of different object classes in the context of a quality control application, the other stems from the visual inspection domain and deals with the localization of images areas whose pixels correspond to scene surface points affected by a specific sort of defect. The detection results that are reported for both cases show that, despite the differences among them and the particular challenges, the use of weak annotations do not prevent from achieving a competitive performance level for both.

Pathways to Just, Equitable and Sustainable Trade and Investment Regimes

In this report we discuss what a Fair, Just and Equitable approach to the global, liberalized and hyper-competitive system of global trade and investments should be. The global market for goods and capital affect the life of producers and workers, stimulates the run towards cheaper products and puts farmers and workers against each other. The current vision of trade and investments is based on the silencing of gendered and reproductive labour and is responsible for the increase in inequality and relative poverty. Furthermore, it stimulates the extraction of commodities and contributes to the degradation of the planet, it has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to transportation representing above 7% of the world total GHG, and it is closely linked with the appropriation of nature through patenting and the shift towards capital-intensive forms of production. In light of this, our report claims that the Fair Trade Movement shall not play ‘outside the market’ nor accept that the existing narrative and mechanisms will provide a solution that addresses the root causes of the problem. If the Fair Trade Movement was to play outside the market, it would create islands of fairness in a sea of degradation and violence, which sooner or later would also swallow those few bubbles (unless they can be reproduced thanks to the support of an elite interested in fair and sustainable products). This is because the global market is characterized by an inherent expansionist tendency and needs to stretch its frontiers, compete for resources and ensure a larger shares of consumers. If the approach was that of tweaking with current mechanisms and narratives, it would accept the historical violence and inequality of colonialism and uneven development that are at the basis of the global system of trade, it would dismiss the role that global trade has in piercing the planetary boundaries, and it would accept that contemporary social problems shall be addressed by making the pie larger rather than adequately redistributing what is already available. Given that the aim is that of implementing justice, equity and sustainability, we thus suggest ten principles/recommendations to be utilized by the Fair Trade movement when thinking about its approach to trade, its campaigns and where does it stand vis-a-vis concrete issues. The adoption of an intersectional and systemic approach to justice, equity and sustainability has concrete implications on the approach that the Fair Trade movement should adopt with regards to a set of trade and investments issues that are prominent in the contemporary international and regional debate. In the last part of this report we engage with five of these topics and present the main elements of a renew policy approach that follows the indications contained in our analysis.

Cellular IOT using nRF9160kit

The current vision of internet of things aims at connecting anything with everything. It is estimated that there will be 18 billion connected devices in 2022. Applications like utility meters, robotics, smart street lighting, process automation, solar and wind farms are expected to grow. High end requirements for automated driving, industrial automation and e-health exist. Cellular IOT is expected to bring new use cases to address latest requirements in the market. There is a need to provide large coverage in a power efficient manner while providing a high battery life. There is a need to have a kit which connects seamlessly and has a small form factor. The requirements on latency and throughput are relaxed in some cases while stringent in others. Stringent requirements make use of more radio resources. There is increased demand for system capacity and network availability. In this paper we make use of nRF9160 kit a low-cost device where a reduction in the cost and complexity has been achieved. The performance objectives of coverage, throughput, latency, capacity, power efficiency and complexity are met. This kit provides a reliable and future proof solution in the long term. The kit is built for the global market and allows roaming over multiple networks.

The vision of the body in the surgical block (operating suite)

The objective of this research is, through an ethnographic study, to capture the vision of the body as an object in the surgical block. This concept has been forged throughout history under the influence of sociotechnical and sociocultural factors. This has led to a desubjectivation of the patient's agency reduced to a biochemical agency. For the research I have used participant observation and interviews. With all this, it has been possible to analyze the factors related to the current vision of the body in medicine and the relevance of this knowledge, especially for health professionals.

Object Detection at Level Crossing Using Deep Learning.

Multiple projects within the rail industry across different regions have been initiated to address the issue of over-population. These expansion plans and upgrade of technologies increases the number of intersections, junctions, and level crossings. A level crossing is where a railway line is crossed by a road or right of way on the level without the use of a tunnel or bridge. Level crossings still pose a significant risk to the public, which often leads to serious accidents between rail, road, and footpath users and the risk is dependent on their unpredictable behavior. For Great Britain, there were three fatalities and 385 near misses at level crossings in 2015–2016. Furthermore, in its annual safety report, the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) highlighted the risk of incidents at level crossings during 2016/17 with a further six fatalities at level crossings including four pedestrians and two road vehicles. The relevant authorities have suggested an upgrade of the existing sensing system and the integration of new novel technology at level crossings. The present work addresses this key issue and discusses the current sensing systems along with the relevant algorithms used for post-processing the information. The given information is adequate for a manual operator to make a decision or start an automated operational cycle. Traditional sensors have certain limitations and are often installed as a “single sensor”. The single sensor does not provide sufficient information; hence another sensor is required. The algorithms integrated with these sensing systems rely on the traditional approach, where background pixels are compared with new pixels. Such an approach is not effective in a dynamic and complex environment. The proposed model integrates deep learning technology with the current Vision system (e.g., CCTV to detect and localize an object at a level crossing). The proposed sensing system should be able to detect and localize particular objects (e.g., pedestrians, bicycles, and vehicles at level crossing areas.) The radar system is also discussed for a “two out of two” logic interlocking system in case of fail-mechanism. Different techniques to train a deep learning model are discussed along with their respective results. The model achieved an accuracy of about 88% from the MobileNet model for classification and a loss metric of 0.092 for object detection. Some related future work is also discussed.

The effect of intrinsic image memorability on recollection and familiarity

Many photographs of real-life scenes are very consistently remembered or forgotten by most people, making these images intrinsically memorable or forgettable. Although machine vision algorithms can predict a given image’s memorability very well, nothing is known about the subjective quality of these memories: are memorable images recognized based on strong feelings of familiarity or on recollection of episodic details? We tested people’s recognition memory for memorable and forgettable scenes selected from image memorability databases, which contain memorability scores for each image, based on large-scale recognition memory experiments. Specifically, we tested the effect of intrinsic memorability on recollection and familiarity using cognitive computational models based on receiver operating characteristics (ROCs; Experiment 1 and 2) and on remember/know (R/K) judgments (Experiment 2). The ROC data of Experiment 2 indicated that image memorability boosted memory strength, but did not find a specific effect on recollection or familiarity. By contrast, ROC data from Experiment 2, which was designed to facilitate encoding and, in turn, recollection, found evidence for a specific effect of image memorability on recollection. Moreover, R/K judgments showed that, on average, memorability boosts recollection rather than familiarity. However, we also found a large degree of variability in these judgments across individual images: some images actually achieved high recognition rates by exclusively boosting familiarity rather than recollection. Together, these results show that current machine vision algorithms that can predict an image’s intrinsic memorability in terms of hit rates fall short of describing the subjective quality of human memories.

Higher Education in Saudi Arabia: Rooted in Bureaucracy, Inspired by an EFL Semi-Decentralization Model

Educational initiatives and plans worldwide are now heading towards more decentralized systems including curricular decentralized models which are assumed to enhance teaching and learning outcomes and allow the whole educational community to participate in decision making. Decentralized approaches foster whole communities to share the development of teaching and learning management and processes. Providing a comprehensive description of a proposed semi-decentralized model, smoothly built into a higher education institute in Saudi Arabia and synchronized with the current Saudi Vision 2030, this paper illustrates a planned and deployed road map that guided the reform of some major aspects of the organization starting from the vision, mission, philosophy, principles, curriculum and decision-making, to teachers’ autonomy and creativity, and students learning outcomes.

Elicitors of Plant Immunity Triggered by Beneficial Bacteria.

The molecular basis of plant immunity triggered by microbial pathogens is being well-characterized as a complex sequential process leading to the activation of defense responses at the infection site, but which may also be systemically expressed in all organs, a phenomenon also known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Some plant-associated and beneficial bacteria are also able to stimulate their host to mount defenses against pathogen ingress via the phenotypically similar, induced systemic resistance phenomenon. Induced systemic resistance resembles SAR considering its mechanistic principle as it successively involves recognition at the plant cell surface, stimulation of early cellular immune-related events, systemic signaling via a fine-tuned hormonal cross-talk and activation of defense mechanisms. It thus represents an indirect but efficient mechanism by which beneficial bacteria with biocontrol potential improve the capacity of plants to restrict pathogen invasion. However, according to our current vision, induced systemic resistance is specific considering some molecular aspects underpinning these different steps. Here we overview the chemical diversity of compounds that have been identified as induced systemic resistance elicitors and thereby illustrating the diversity of plants species that are responsive as well as the range of pathogens that can be controlled via this phenomenon. We also point out the need for further investigations allowing better understanding how these elicitors are sensed by the host and the diversity and nature of the stimulated defense mechanisms.

An Improved Vision Method for Robust Monitoring of Multi-Point Dynamic Displacements with Smartphones in an Interference Environment.

Current research on dynamic displacement measurement based on computer vision mostly requires professional high-speed cameras and an ideal shooting environment to ensure the performance and accuracy of the analysis. However, the high cost of the camera and strict requirements of sharp image contrast and stable environment during the shooting process limit the broad application of the technology. This paper proposes an improved vision method to implement multi-point dynamic displacement measurements with smartphones in an interference environment. A motion-enhanced spatio-temporal context (MSTC) algorithm is developed and applied together with the optical flow (OF) algorithm to realize a simultaneous tracking and dynamic displacement extraction of multiple points on a vibrating structure in the interference environment. Finally, a sine-sweep vibration experiment on a cantilever sphere model is presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed method in a wide-band frequency range. In the test, a smartphone was used to shoot the vibration process of the sine-sweep-excited sphere, and illumination change, fog interference, and camera jitter were artificially simulated to represent the interference environment. The results of the proposed method are compared to conventional displacement sensor data and current vision method results. It is demonstrated that, in an interference environment, (1) the OF method is prone to mismatch the feature points and leads to data deviated or lost; (2) the conventional STC method is sensitive to target selection and can effectively track those targets having a large proportion of pixels in the context with motion tendency similar to the target center; (3) the proposed MSTC method, however, can ease the sensitivity to target selection through in-depth processing of the information in the context and finally enhance the robustness of the target tracking. In addition, the MSTC method takes less than one second to track each target between adjacent frame images, implying a potential for online measurement.

Concussion-Related Vision Disorder Practice Patterns in Occupational Therapy: A Survey

Background: Occupational therapists are among the first providers to initiate care after a concussion; however, evidence is limited regarding current concussion-related vision disorder practice patterns. A better understanding of these practice patterns is important because of the impact of undetected and untreated vision problems on occupational performance.

PENGEMBANGAN SUMBERDAYA PETUGAS PENYULUH LAPANGAN PPL PERTANIAN GUNA MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN DAN MERAIH PELUANG KERJA (THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION WORKER RESOURCES TO FACE COMPETITION AND TO GET JOB OPPORTUNITY)

Current vision of agribusiness development is to build a creative, productive and healthy society through a strong and local resourced-based agricultural development. Its mission is to provide food supply, empower human resources, and create employment and economic opportunities, and to sustain and utilise natural resources with responsible manner. Realization of this mission is, however, undermined by low education (more than 80% was in elementary level, even in completed). It results in blurred vision of farmer in doing business and weak entrepreneurship. On of necessary efforts to cope with this problem is to recruit more university students for field advisor of agriculture (PPL), instead of current field advisor with only senior high school level of education. For this purpose, university should create a curriculum program that is aimed at developing entrepreneurship skills for its students. University should be able to produce well-prepared graduated students with entrepreneurship skills, knowledgeable, religious capacity, and nationalism. Keywords : field agricultural advisor, entrepreneur, farmer