Current Transfer Research Articles

Integration of unpaired single cell omics data by deep transfer graph convolutional network.

The rapid advance of large-scale atlas-level single cell RNA sequences and single-cell chromatin accessibility data provide extraordinary avenues to broad and deep insight into complex biological mechanism. Leveraging the datasets and transfering labels from scRNA-seq to scATAC-seq will empower the exploration of single-cell omics data. However, the current label transfer methods have limited performance, largely due to the lower capable of preserving fine-grained cell populations and intrinsic or extrinsic heterogeneity between datasets. Here, we present a robust deep transfer model based graph convolutional network, scTGCN, which achieves versatile performance in preserving biological variation, while achieving integration hundreds of thousands cells in minutes with low memory consumption. We show that scTGCN is powerful to the integration of mouse atlas data and multimodal data generated from APSA-seq and CITE-seq. Thus, scTGCN shows high label transfer accuracy and effectively knowledge transfer across different modalities.

Research on the High-Efficiency Wireless Bidirectional Charging and Discharging System for Electric Vehicles Based on the LCC-S Compensation Network

In response to the existing issues of poor anti-offset performance and insufficient width of the matchable voltage range at the DC end in the current bidirectional wireless power transfer (BWPT) system for electric vehicles, an efficient wireless bidirectional charging and discharging system for electric vehicles based on the LCC-S compensation network is proposed. Compared with the topological structure of the traditional two-stage wireless bidirectional charging and discharging system, this system adds a DC-DC module in the on-board equipment, while the BWPT link adopts the LCC-S compensation topology. Moreover, this system realizes DC side voltage matching and transmission power regulation through the DC converter on the vehicle side. Under the premise of no control-level data communication between the primary and secondary sides, it achieves efficient, stable and reliable wireless bidirectional charging and discharging control. Finally, the working characteristics of the proposed system are tested through experiments. The results indicate that the system can maintain efficient, stable and reliable bidirectional operation under the conditions of a large offset range and wide voltage range at the DC side

A robust transfer learning approach for high-dimensional linear regression to support integration of multi-source gene expression data.

Transfer learning aims to integrate useful information from multi-source datasets to improve the learning performance of target data. This can be effectively applied in genomics when we learn the gene associations in a target tissue, and data from other tissues can be integrated. However, heavy-tail distribution and outliers are common in genomics data, which poses challenges to the effectiveness of current transfer learning approaches. In this paper, we study the transfer learning problem under high-dimensional linear models with t-distributed error (Trans-PtLR), which aims to improve the estimation and prediction of target data by borrowing information from useful source data and offering robustness to accommodate complex data with heavy tails and outliers. In the oracle case with known transferable source datasets, a transfer learning algorithm based on penalized maximum likelihood and expectation-maximization algorithm is established. To avoid including non-informative sources, we propose to select the transferable sources based on cross-validation. Extensive simulation experiments as well as an application demonstrate that Trans-PtLR demonstrates robustness and better performance of estimation and prediction when heavy-tail and outliers exist compared to transfer learning for linear regression model with normal error distribution. Data integration, Variable selection, T distribution, Expectation maximization algorithm, Genotype-Tissue Expression, Cross validation.

Organic Optocoupler with Simple Construction as an Effective Linear Current Transceiver.

In this study, it is shown that an efficient organic optocoupler (OPC) can be fabricated using commercially available and solution-processable organic semiconductors. The transmitter is a single-active-layer organic light-emitting diode (OLED) made from a well-known polyparavinylene derivative, Super Yellow. The receiver is an organic light-emitting diode (OLSD) with a single active layer consisting of a mixture of the polymer donor PTB7-Th and the low-molecular-weight acceptor ITIC; the receiver operates without an applied reverse voltage. OLED and OLSD have the same geometry and simple structure without any interlayers: glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(active layer)/Ca/Al; the OPC is formed by OLED and OLSD which adhere tightly to each other. Despite its simple structure, the OPC showed a current transfer ratio of 0.13%, good linearity, and good dynamic performance: a three-decibel cutoff frequency of 170 kHz and response times to a step change in current at the OPC input of 2 μs. Compared to most organic OPC devices with similar performance parameters, where the transmitter and receiver have complex structures with additional interlayers between the active layers and electrodes and the need to apply a reverse voltage to the receiver, the simple design of our OPC reduces the number of fabrication steps and greatly simplifies the device fabrication process.

One-step preparation of waste epoxy resin-derived nanosized carbon aerogel and its high supercapacitor performance

Energy storage devices serve critical roles in both harvesting energy from new energy sources and supplying energy to consumers, and the performance of supercapacitors is heavily reliant on the performance of activated material, which is determined by the qualities achieved during the specified preparation process. Herein, due to the merit of isotropy of 0D carbon nanoparticles in structure and current transfer, spherical carbon aerogels (CA) with the size of ϕ ~ 100 nm are carbonized within 3 min in air in an open tube furnace, in which those waste epoxy resin blocks are chosen and reused as the carbon source. After the activation, the surface of activated CA (ACA) becomes rough, and its specific surface area reaches 1222.40 m2·g−1. The above ACA owns high electrochemical supercapacitor performance: Referring to the ACA-based electrode, a specific capacitance of 298.8 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 (vs. 2.0 F·g−1 for CA) and 92.81 % retention after 20,000 cycles of repeated charge/discharge. As for its symmetric supercapacitor (SSC), it has good CV behavior even at 1000 mV·s−1, accompanied by an energy density of 20.92 W h·kg−1 at the power density of 300 W·kg−1, and 12.34 W h·kg−1 even at 12000 W·kg−1.

Carbon Felts Uniformly Modified with Bismuth Nanoparticles for Efficient Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.

The integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy supply has driven the need for large-scale energy storage technologies. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are considered promising due to their long lifespan, high safety, and flexible design. However, the graphite felt (GF) electrode, a critical component of VRFBs, faces challenges due to the scarcity of active sites, leading to low electrochemical activity. Herein, we developed a bismuth nanoparticle uniformly modified graphite felt (Bi-GF) electrode using a bismuth oxide-mediated hydrothermal pyrolysis method. The Bi-GF electrode demonstrated significantly improved electrochemical performance, with higher peak current densities and lower charge transfer resistance than those of the pristine GF. VRFBs utilizing Bi-GF electrodes achieved a charge-discharge capacity exceeding 700 mAh at 200 mA/cm2, with a voltage efficiency above 84%, an energy efficiency of 83.05%, and an electrolyte utilization rate exceeding 70%. This work provides new insights into the design and development of efficient electrodes, which is of great significance for improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of VRFBs.

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dot/tin disulfide nanosheet composite electro-catalysts for dye-sensitized solar cells

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) and vertically-grown tin disulfide (SnS2) nanosheets are synthesized via hydrothermal method and chemical vapor deposition technique, respectively. The SnS2nanosheets are directly fabricated on flexible carbon cloth (CC), and then their basal planes are decorated with N-CDs. The as-prepared composite electrodes are used as the counter electrode for the application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The characterizations of N-CDs and SnS2nanosheets are studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopic, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, Raman spectrometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy etc. Moreover, the cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and photocurrent-density voltage are utilized to understand the electro-catalytic performance of N-CDs/SnS2/CC composite counter electrode. The N-CDs/SnS2/CC composite electrode shows higher cathodic reduction current density and lower charge transfer resistance in CV and EIS measurements, respectively, as compared to those of the electrodes with N-CDs or SnS2alone. Meanwhile, the DSSC using N-CDs/SnS2/CC exhibits cell efficiency (η) of 7.68%, which is higher than those of cells having SnS2/CC (η= 7.54%) and N-CDs/CC (η= 5.66%) counter electrodes, respectively; it also reaches 94% cell efficiency of the cell using Pt/CC counter electrode (η= 8.15%). The design concept of the modification of the basal planes by defect-rich carbon dots (i.e. N-CDs) and highly-exposed edge sites (i.e. vertically-grown SnS2nanosheets) makes promising route to enhance the performance of two-dimensional electro-catalysts.

A novel cross domain diagnosis method based on physical feature weighting and deep residual shrinkage network

Abstract Traditional intelligent diagnostic methods often exhibit poor generalization ability when faced with data from different experimental platforms due to their differing distributions. Current transfer learning methods typically require fine-tuning of the model with some target domain data to adapt to different data distributions. However, in practical applications, it is often difficult to obtain sufficient target domain data. To address this issue, this paper proposes an innovative cross-domain diagnostic method that can diagnose faults on a target platform without relying on its data. The method introduces fault information of bearings into the attention weights of a Deep Residual Shrinkage Network (DRSN) through a novel physical feature weighting layer. This effectively extracts the hidden fault information from the signals, which is further refined and classified by DRSN to obtain an accurate fault diagnosis result. Experiments conducted on three bearing datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating its promising application prospects for bearing fault diagnosis under different operating conditions.

Mechanism of Current Performance in Thin-Film Heterojunctions n-CdS/p-Sb2Se3 Obtained by the CMBD Method

In this work, we analyzed the temperature dependence of the current-voltage characteristics of the structure of glass/Mo/p-Sb2Se3/n-CdS/In. From an analysis of the temperature dependences of the direct branches of the I-V characteristic of the heterojunction, it was established that the dominant mechanism of current transfer at low biases (3kT/e<V<0.8V) is multi-stage tunneling-recombination processes involving surface states at the Sb2Se3/CdS interface. At V>0.8 V, the dominant current transfer mechanism is Newman tunneling. In the case of reverse bias (3kT/e<V<1.0 eV), the main mechanism of charge carrier transfer through a heterojunction is tunneling through a potential barrier involving a deep energy level. At higher reverse voltages, a soft breakdown occurs.

Investigation of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a Gas Sensitive Sensor Based on Tin Dioxide

The volt-ampere characteristics of the sensitive elements of gas sensors are investigated and plotted in coordinates corresponding to various mechanisms of the transfer current. It has been established that the prevailing mechanism of current transfer in the section from 0 to 6 V is Om’s law, in the interval (3 - 6) V the Mott’s law is fulfilled, and at higher voltages deviations from these laws are observed. It is determined that the laws of Om and Mot confirm the mechanism of the flow of currents limited by the space charge.

A novel thyristor‐based hybrid DC circuit breaker with short arcing capability

AbstractMulti‐terminal flexible high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission and DC grid technology are developing rapidly. The hybrid DC circuit breaker (HCB) has broad application prospects in the field of HVDC transmission and DC power grid. Nevertheless, existing HCBs have one or more following blemishes: arc suppression scheme of mechanical switch, high cost and unreliable adaptive reclosure. In this paper, a modified thyristor‐based hybrid DC circuit breaker with short arcing capacity (SA‐HCB) is introduced, which consists of the main branch, the fault handling branch and the pre‐charging branch. Besides, the modified SA‐HCB has the inherent capability of adaptive reclosing. The advantages of thyristors are fully used in the SA‐HCB, such as low cost, low conduction voltage drop, and natural shutdown. The detailed structure diagram and mathematical model of the SA‐HCB are introduced, and the operation processes of the fault current transfer are also analysed. Later, a design method for parameters of the proposed SA‐HCB is provided. Then, a single‐ended equivalent system is built in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and parameter design. Subsequently, based on four‐terminal simulation, the economy of the SA‐HCB is verified by comparing with the topology proposed by ABB. Finally, the small‐scale experiment of the proposed SA‐HCB is introduced.

Optimizing Employee Transfer in an Effort to Get Acceptable Employees at the Directorate General of Defense Forces

This research aims to examine the employee transfer system in order to obtain adequate competence at the Directorate General of Defense Strengthening. The method used is a qualitative approach with literature studies and in-depth interviews with employees within the Directorate General of Customs and Defense. The results of the study show that the current employee transfer process has not adopted the merit system optimally, with the existence of dominant administrative filing and lack of transparency and accountability. In addition, there are shortcomings in the assessment of performance and competencies from previous workplaces, as well as orientation and training programs that have not been fully effective. These findings underscore the importance of reforms in human resource management in the public sector to improve employee competence and performance. It is hoped that the implementation of the merit system, competency-based assessment, and improvement of training programs can overcome existing problems and optimize organizational performance.

Implementing Parameterizations of Sub‐Pixel Terrain Long‐Wave Radiative Effect for FY‐4A/AGRI Infrared Data Assimilation Over Land Based on the Community Radiative Transfer Model

AbstractThe sub‐pixel terrain long‐wave radiative effect (STLRE) plays an important role in the satellite surface‐sensitive infrared brightness temperature (TB) simulation over rugged areas, however, it is absent in current radiative transfer models. This study incorporates a STLRE scheme in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) for the FY‐4A/Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI). The total surface downwelling long‐wave radiance (SDLR) over rugged areas at sub‐pixel is composed of the radiance from the overlying atmosphere under plane‐parallel radiation condition and the radiance emitted from surrounding terrains, weighted by the sky view factor (SKV). Based on the homogenous assumption, a STLRE scheme is established through constructing terrain correction factors at AGRI pixel scale. The ExpCTL/ExpTOPO experiments with the CRTM adopting the plane‐parallel scheme/STLRE scheme are conducted to evaluate the simulations of AGRI clear‐sky TB over the rugged areas. Results show that considering the STLRE can significantly reduce the orography dependent simulation biases in the plane‐parallel scheme. The reductions of biases for the AGRI channel 11–13 regionally averaged over the rugged areas are 64.2%, 72.7% and 67.6%, respectively. Stable correction performance is found at different times of the day. Meanwhile, the corrections of SDLR are more obvious in winter than in summer, and in barren condition than in the other land cover types. This is theoretically attributed to the land‐air temperature difference and the land surface emissivity, respectively. This pilot study improves the observation operator for infrared TB data assimilation over complex terrain and exhibits broad promotion and application value.

Aptamer Based Stress Detection Biosensor

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, and stress is a major factor behind the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Stress refers to the internal reaction of the body to an external stimulus, and the external stimulus that causes stress is called a stressor. Stressors can be broadly classified into physical and chemical stressors, physiological stressors, and psychological and social stressors. Among these, humans are particularly affected by psychological and social stressors. Therefore, it is very important to accurately assess the level of psychological and social stress in daily life in order to maintain mental health. Currently commonly used stress diagnostic methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are relatively complex and are not suitable for personal use in public places or for point-of-care testing (POCT) because of the large size of the EEG and ECG equipment used to perform the tests. Therefore, attention has focused on methods to detect stress-related biomarkers from biofluids such as sweat and interstitial fluid. One of the most well-known stress-related biomarkers is cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone with a molecular weight of 362.46 g/mol and is one of the major glycocorticoids synthesized in the bundle zone of the adrenal cortex. Cortisol levels fluctuate rapidly throughout the day. When humans are exposed to various psychological and physiological stresses, cortisol levels fluctuate rapidly throughout the day. Therefore, there is a need to establish a technique to detect cortisol in situ under stress-inducing conditions. In this study, we aim to construct an electrochemical biosensor using aptamers with pseudoknot structures as molecular recognition elements, which have the advantages of high sensitivity, short detection time, easy miniaturization, and low cost. A pseudoknot structure is a secondary structure of nucleic acid containing two stem-loop structures such that one side of one stem is located between the other stems. While the sensors reported so far allow for convenient detection of the target, the structure of the aptamer in the absence of the target is not defined and the distance between the mediator and the electrode is not controlled. Therefore, the sensitivity is compromised by high background current and low electron transfer efficiency. However, by applying the pseudoknot structure, it is possible to dichotomize the structure in the absence and presence of cortisol. This makes it possible to reduce the background current and is expected to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. In this sensor, an aptamer is immobilized on a gold electrode via an Au-S bond and modified with a mediator at the end. When cortisol, the target, is then added, the aptamer recognizes cortisol and binds specifically to it. This changes the structure of the aptamer and brings the mediator closer to the electrode surface. Therefore, as the concentration of cortisol increases, an increase in current is observed due to the increased electron transfer efficiency of the mediator, and detection is performed by observing this change in current value (Fig. 1). The purpose of this study is to develop a biosensor that can comprehensively diagnose stress levels in humans using this technique. The experimental procedure first involved heat treatment of the aptamer to control its conformation in the absence of the target before immobilizing the aptamer on the gold electrode of the sensor. Then, 10 µl drops of aptamer were immobilized overnight followed by washing. Then, a drop of ferrocene carboxylic acid solution, a mediator, was added to the electrode to modify the aptamer ends with ferrocene. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed using the prepared electrode to measure cortisol. As a result, a reduction peak around +0.56 V was observed. This peak is thought to be derived from the ferrocenecarboxylic acid modified at the end of the aptamer. An increase in the reduction peak was observed with increasing cortisol concentration. This suggests that there is a strong correlation between cortisol concentration and the reduction current value. Since the normal value of cortisol concentration in humans is approximately 166 nM to 635 nM, it is clear that this sensor covers the human cortisol concentration range. Figure 1

The Effect of U-Bend Zone, Rotation, and Corrugation on Two-Pass Channel Flow

Abstract Further consideration on the two-pass channel flow is still necessary due to the complexity of 180-deg turn, rotation, and wall ribs. Numerical investigations have repeatedly revealed differences from experiments, with the primary focus of the smooth walls. Thus, this work deals with newly added ribs and three-equation variant of the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model to the current fluid flow and heat transfer depending on an existing experiment as a reference. The adapted turbulence model thought to be more susceptible to U-bend zone, rotation, and wall corrugation is applied using comsolmultiphysics program. A two-pass profile with leafy characteristics, derived from a prior work by the first author, is implemented for the first time and contrasted against alternative corrugation designs. The findings demonstrated that applying the suggested model reduces the percentage error between the computational and experimental data to less than 20%. The Nusselt numbers computed at different leafy-corrugated channel divisions are augmented to 30% with 70% surface temperature reduction; however, the friction penalty rises too.

High-impedance fault location method using guessed fault resistance

Electromagnetic time reversal fault location method requires the placement of observation points at a single location and is effective for searching fault location. Among the various existing metrics, the transfer function correlation metric emerged as the most robust. However, its application to high-impedance faults also presents challenges. This difficulty can be attributed to the unknown real fault resistance in the direct-time process, where the guessed fault resistance is typically set to 0 during the reversed-time process of the electromagnetic time reversal fault location method. Consequently, this practice yields comparable direct-time and reversed-time transfer functions for low-impedance faults. Conversely, high-impedance faults exhibit significant discrepancies between direct-time and reversed-time transfer functions, leading to errors in fault location. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a location method based on specific guessed fault resistance preset during the reversed-time process. First, the direct-time voltage and reversed-time current transfer functions under high-impedance faults were derived in the frequency domain. Subsequently, by comparing transfer function differences when fault resistances in the direct-time and reversed-time processes did not align, a principle for selecting the guessed fault resistance was established. Additionally, the similarity of the two transfer functions under specific guessed fault resistances was investigated. Furthermore, the symmetry of the fault current was leveraged to reflect the correlation between the two transfer functions, and the differential fault current symmetry coefficient metric was introduced. A fault location time-domain algorithm based on guessed fault resistance was proposed, and its effectiveness was demonstrated through both reduced-scale and simulation experiments. The results indicate that the proposed method is not only applicable to complex lines but also offers a straightforward calculation approach, facilitating fault location under high-impedance faults.

Burden of liver steatosis and liver fibrosis in a large cohort of people living with HIV.

Liver steatosis (LS) and liver fibrosis (LF) can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with HIV, but their prevalence and associated factors are poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with LS and LF in a large cohort of people with HIV. We conducted a cross-sectional study of consecutive people with HIV attending the Clinic of Barcelona from September 2022 to September 2023, excluding those with chronic B or/and C hepatitis virus coinfection. LS was assessed using the Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) and Fatty Liver Index (FLI), and LF was assessed using the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fibrosis Score (NFS), Fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4), and the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) algorithm in both the whole cohort (cohort 1) and in a specific cohort more susceptible to liver disease (cohort 2). We identified independent variables associated with LS and LF using logistic regression. Cohort 1 included 4664 people with HIV; 76% and 37% of them had available HSI and FLI data, LS was present in 28% and 19%, respectively. LF risk was present in 1%, 2%, and 1% of people with HIV according to NFS, FIB-4, and EACS algorithm scores, respectively. Cohort 2 included 1345 people with HIV; 60% and 30% of them had available HSI and FLI data, LS affected 55% and 43% and LF 2%, 5%, or 3%, respectively. Factors associated with LS included current CD4 cell count, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas LF was associated with previous exposure to dideoxynucleoside drugs and current CD4 to LF. Current integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) therapy appeared protective for LF in cohort 1. In this study, one in four people with HIV had LS, and the prevalence rose to one in two in those with cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of LF was low, but it should be considered in older people with HIV with low CD4 counts or high aspartate transaminase levels. A possible protective effect from INSTIs deserves further investigation.

Accuracy estimation of a CFD multiphysics approach to study a mixed parallel and serpentine flow channels PEM fuel cell

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a 50 cm2 fuel cell with mixed parallel and serpentine flow channels using Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling. Through rigorous validation against experimental measurements, the numerical model ensures accuracy in capturing convective and diffusive fluid flows, thermodynamic, and electrochemical phenomena and their mutual interaction. The study discusses a systematic procedure for achieving model convergence and identifies key parameters influencing the fitting of numerical polarization curves with experimental data. Operating within a temperature of 333 K, at atmospheric pressure, with a relative humidity of 100% for both the anode and cathode, the model offers crucial insights for advancing our understanding of fuel cell operation and guiding the development of more efficient and reliable technologies. In the activation region, reference exchange current densities and charge transfer coefficients were proved to play a significant role in reproducing the PEM fuel cell behaviour. Increasing the exchange current densities raises the voltage output in the activation polarization region while charge transfer coefficients affect the slope of the curve. In the ohmic region, a proton conduction coefficient of 1.84 and a contact resistance between gas diffusion layers and bipolar plates equal to 4.03e-7 Ω·m2 were used to fit the experimental polarization curve. After the tuning process, the numerical curve closely matches the experimental one with a maximum relative error of 2.40% and an R2 value of 0.9848. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the internal distribution of key variables was conducted for a specific point on the polarization curve (0.25 A/cm2). This analysis provided significant insights into the complex interplay of fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and electrochemical processes. Specifically, it was observed how the flow distribution, pressure drop, and reactant concentrations within the fuel cell channels and gas diffusion layers affect overall performance, highlighting the crucial role of convection and diffusion in reactant transport and the importance of managing heat for optimal cell operation.

Current Limit Transfer and Recovery Characteristics of Resistive-Inductive Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Current Limit Transfer and Recovery Characteristics of Resistive-Inductive Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Review of Outcomes After Peripheral Nerve Transfers for Motor Nerve Injury in the Upper Extremity.

Modern nerve-to-nerve transfers are a significant advancement in peripheral nerve surgery. Nerve transfers involve transferring donor nerves or branches to recipient nerves close to the motor end unit, leading to earlier reinnervation and preservation of the musculotendinous units in proximal nerve injuries. After nerve reinnervation, function may be superior to traditional tendon transfer techniques in terms of strength and independent motion. Nerve transfer surgery has emerged as a promising treatment option for many cases of nerve injury that were previously expected to result in poor outcomes, such as proximal injuries, long nerve gaps, or unavailability of the proximal injured segment. A review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Publications that focused on upper extremity nerve transfers were included, and functional motor and sensory recovery was analyzed. Technique reports, case reports, brachial plexus injuries, and reports on multiple nerve injuries were excluded. A total of 48 relevant articles were identified with search criteria, and we discuss functional outcomes on nerve transfers for ulnar nerve injury, musculocutaneous nerve injury, median nerve injury, and radial nerve injury that met inclusion criteria. Nerve transfers are an option for restoring hand and forearm function in patients with peripheral nerve injuries adversely affecting their ability to function. The literature demonstrates positive functional outcomes after nerve transfer operations, and thus, the utility and variations have increased. We aim to provide an overview of the outcomes of current nerve transfer techniques for ulnar, radial, median, and musculocutaneous acquired/traumatic mononeuropathies in the hand and upper extremity.