Current Terminology Research Articles

Граффити как новый вид объектов почерковедческого исследования. Стили и виды

In this article one can find examples of the analytical work based on a current terminology of a word “graffiti”, that can be found in scientific research works on this phenomenon in the fields of sociology, psychology, art and law. Current classifications of this notion are analyzed taking into account the content of these objects, their attitude to a graffiti community and a certain author, motivation and outward. Analysis considers materials and tools used for a certain object implementation. These writing tools in some cases determine the type of graffiti.
 The main objective of this analysis was the need to identify certain classified objects the ones that might be necessary for a handwriting expertise and to determine of the relations between the notions of “graffiti” and “handwritten objects made with the use of unconventional writing materials”.
 During the analysis, a number of characteristics that can be used as a support for conducting handwritten expertise of considered object were defined and conclusions for those graffiti objects that meet these criteria were drawn.

The genus Eurytromma from Sri Lanka: the homology of penial macrosetae in Podoctidae matches the gonyleptoid AE11 pattern (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanoidea)

A description of the pattern of structure and organization of the penial macrosetae was recently put forward for Gonyleptoidea Sundevall, 1833 and demonstrated to occur also in other families of Grassatores Kury, 2002, such as Assamiidae Sørensen, 1884, Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886 and Pyramidopidae Sharma, Prieto & Giribet, 2011. This set of homology hypotheses is herein called AE11 pattern. In this work, the monotypic Sri Lankan genus Eurytromma Roewer, 1949 of the family Podoctidae Roewer, 1912 (which is currently assigned to the Epedanoidea in the Grassatores) is studied. Male genitalia of Eurytromma are described for the first time and the first attempt is made to reconcile the chaetotaxy of ventral plate of podoctid species with the AE11 pattern. The podoctid genera Hoplodino Roewer, 1915, Strandibalonius Roewer, 1912 and Santobius Roewer, 1949 are also exemplified here; their set of macrosetae is described and the AE11 pattern is demonstrated to occur in all of them. Therefore, AE11 is more phylogenetically widespread in the Grassatores than previously thought. Eurytromma pictulum (Pocock, 1903) from Sri Lanka is redescribed. It is characterized by the presence of a meso-frontal stridulatory saw of denticles on the cheliceral hand and extreme reduction of mesotergal sutures. A further refinement is made on the current terminology system of cheliceral dentition of Podoctidae.

English

Masson’s tumour, an uncommon, benign vascular disorder was first described by Pierre Masson in 1923 as an intravascular papillary proliferation that emerged from an inflamed hemorrhoidal vein of a 68-year-old man and termed it as “Hemangioendotheliome vegetant intravasculaire”.1 He interpreted the lesion as a form of neoplasm, however, Henschen portrayed it as a reactive phenomenon. The current terminology intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) was put forward by Clearkin and Enzinger in 1976 considering it as a reactive change occurring secondary to trauma-related vascular stasis.2 The tumour constitutes 2-4 % of all skin and soft tissue tumours. The common locations are head, neck and extremities.3 Masson’s tumour being a benign entity with an excellent prognosis is essential to differentiate from its closer mimic, angiosarcoma which needs aggressive treatment. This case is put up here because of its rarity and its clinical implications.

Hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in ischemic stroke

A number of studies have demonstrated a high incidence of sleep disturbances in patients with stroke. The paper reviews the variants of wakefulness disorders observed in ischemic stroke, taking into account the current terminology, as well as methods for their diagnosis. Currently, the origin of post-stroke hypersomnolence and its pathophysiology remain debatable. Various mechanisms including orexin ligand deficiency, degeneration of orexin neurons, as well as disruption of the links between the histaminergic and orexinergic systems are considered as links in the pathogenesis of hypersomnolence caused by ischemic stroke. The paper discusses the pathophysiology of hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with ischemic stroke, demonstrates various points of view on the relationship of these pathological phenomena with ischemic stroke. A hypothesis on the compensatory nature of hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in acute ischemic stroke and their possible neuroprotective effect on the brain in patients with stroke is presented.

Embracing Neurodiversity by Increasing Learner Agency in Nonmajor Chemistry Classes

In this work we focus on neurodiversity, a recently defined facet of diversity. Chemical education is in its early stages of recognizing the value that neurodiversity brings to the field. After an overview of current terminology, we discuss general challenges that neurodivergent students face in chemistry classes. To create an inclusive class experience for students with diverse neurocognitive functioning, we focus on increasing learner agency. Our premise is that neurodiversity is supported by a well-structured, learner-driven class-experience. On the basis of this, we developed a design that we applied in nonmajor chemistry courses taught remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our premise is supported by data extracted from student-teacher interactions, student surveys, and student course evaluations.

The Epic of the Thalamus in Anatomical Language.

Understanding the origin of Greek and Latin words used as metaphors to label brain structures gives a unique window into how scientific and medical knowledge was produced, preserved, and transmitted through generations. The history of the term thalamus exemplifies the complex historical process that led to the current anatomical terminology. From its first mention by Galen of Pergamon in the 2nd century A.D. to its definitive and current use by Thomas Willis in 1664, the thalamus had an epical journey through 1500 years across Europe, the Middle East, and the North of Africa. The thalamus was confusingly described by Galen, in the Greek language, as a chamber to the brain ventricles. The term thalamus was transferred from Greek to Syriac through the translations of Galen’s books done in Baghdad and also from Syriac to Arabic. Then, it was translated in Europe during the Middle Ages from the Arabic versions of Galen’s books to Latin. Later, during the Early Renaissance, it was translated again to Latin directly from the Greek versions of Galen’s books. Along this epical journey through languages, the term thalamus switched from referring to a hollow structure connected to brain ventricles to naming a solid structure at the rostral end of the brainstem. Finally, the thalamus was translated from Latin to modern languages, where it is used, until today, to name a nuclear complex of subcortical gray matter in the lateral walls of the third ventricle.

Postpancreatectomy Acute Pancreatitis (PPAP): Definition and Grading From the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).

The ISGPS aimed to develop a universally accepted definition for PPAP for standardized reporting and outcome comparison. PPAP is an increasingly recognized complication after partial pancreatic resections, but its incidence and clinical impact, and even its existence are variable because an internationally accepted consensus definition and grading system are lacking. The ISGPS developed a consensus definition and grading of PPAP with its members after an evidence review and after a series of discussions and multiple revisions from April 2020 to May 2021. We defined PPAP as an acute inflammatory condition of the pancreatic remnant beginning within the first 3 postoperative days after a partial pancreatic resection. The diagnosis requires (1) a sustained postoperative serum hyperamylasemia (POH) greater than the institutional upper limit of normal for at least the first 48 hours postoperatively, (2) associated with clinically relevant features, and (3) radiologic alterations consistent with PPAP. Three different PPAP grades were defined based on the clinical impact: (1) grade postoperative hyperamylasemia, biochemical changes only; (2) grade B, mild or moderate complications; and (3) grade C, severe life-threatening complications. The present definition and grading scale of PPAP, based on biochemical, radiologic, and clinical criteria, are instrumental for a better understanding of PPAP and the spectrum of postoperative complications related to this emerging entity. The current terminology will serve as a reference point for standard assessment and lend itself to developing specific treatments and prevention strategies.

Providing ART-DECOR ValueSets via FHIR Terminology Servers - A Technical Report.

To ensure semantic interoperability within healthcare systems, using common, curated terminological systems to identify relevant concepts is of fundamental importance. The HL7 FHIR standard specifies means of modelling terminological systems and appropriate ways of accessing and querying these artefacts within a terminology server. Hence, initiatives towards healthcare interoperability like IHE specify not only software interfaces, but also common codes in the form of value sets and code systems. The way in which these coding tables are provided is not necessarily compatible to the current version of the HL7 FHIR specification and therefore cannot be used with current HL7 FHIR-based terminology servers. This work demonstrates a conversion of terminological resources specified by the Integrating the Healthcare Initiative in the ART-DECOR platform, partly available in HL7 FHIR, to ensure that they can be used within a HL7 FHIR-based terminological server. The approach itself can be used for other terminological resources specified within ART-DECOR but can also be used as the basis for other code-driven conversions of proprietary coding schemes.

Physical activity and exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes: where to start?

Abstract Physical activity is a fundamental therapeutic aid in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Regular engagement elicits a plethora of adaptations which leads to improvements in clinical outcomes, such as HbA1c, lipids and blood pressure as well as whole body health and physical function benefits. Those with T2D are encouraged to engage in a minimum of 150 minutes/week of moderate‐intensity physical activity (or 75 minutes/week of vigorous activity). Current recommendations also suggest that this should be supplemented with two‐to‐three resistance, flexibility and/or balance training sessions/week. The latter is particularly encouraged for older individuals or those with limited mobility/poor physical function. Those with T2D are also encouraged to break up prolonged bouts of sitting.However, a large proportion of the general population do not meet current physical activity guidelines, with the figure even lower in those with T2D. Getting started and sustaining a physically active lifestyle is challenging. Therefore, this article aims to provide health care professionals with the information required to tailor guidance to individuals with T2D by: presenting an overview of current guidelines, terminology and benefits; discussing the risk of adverse events; precautions when exercising with complications; practical options for getting started and how to tailor advice in primary care.Where appropriate, individual preferences and motivations should inform decision making regarding exercise modality in order to maximise compliance. That said, the overarching message is that any physical activity is better that none, but more is better especially when combined with a reduction in sitting. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.

Petrosal Anatomy of the Paleocene Eutherian Mammal Deltatherium fundaminis (Cope, 1881)

We describe the tympanic anatomy of the petrosal of Deltatherium fundaminis, an enigmatic Paleocene mammal based on cranial specimens recovered from New Mexico, U.S.A. Although the ear region of Deltatherium has previously been described, there has not been a comprehensive, well-illustrated contribution using current anatomical terminology. The dental and cranial anatomy of Deltatherium is a chimera, with morphological similarities to both ‘condylarth’ and ‘cimolestan’ taxa. As such, the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon have remained elusive since its discovery, and it has variably been associated with Arctocyonidae, Pantodonta and Tillodontia. The petrosal of Deltatherium is anteriorly bordered by an open space comprising a contiguous carotid opening and pyriform fenestra. The promontorium features both a small rostral tympanic process and small epitympanic wing but lacks well-marked sulci. A large ventral facing external aperture of the canaliculus cochleae is present and bordered posteriorly by a well-developed caudal tympanic process. The hiatus Fallopii opens on the ventral surface of the petrosal. The tegmen tympani is mediolaterally broad and anteriorly expanded, and its anterior margin is perforated by a foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery. The tympanohyal is small but approximates the caudal tympanic process to nearly enclose the stylomastoid notch. The mastoid is widely exposed on the basicranium and bears an enlarged mastoid process, separate from the paraoccipital process. These new observations provide novel anatomical data corroborating previous hypotheses regarding the plesiomorphic eutherian condition but also reveal subtle differences among Paleocene eutherians that have the potential to help inform the phylogeny of Deltatherium.

The anatomy of ‘fake news’: Studying false messages as digital objects

Public concern about ‘fake news’ skyrocketed following the 2016 US presidential election and the Brexit referendum, and has only intensified since then. A burgeoning body of research on the topic is emerging, and conceptual clarity is vital for this research to converge into a cumulative body of knowledge; the purpose of this article is to underline and address some of the conceptual clutter and ambiguities around the concept of fake news and situate it within its social context. To do so, we first discuss the problems with current terminology and conceptualisation, and then draw on recent developments on the ontology of digital objects and their attributes to shift the focus from fake news to false messages, a type of syntactic digital objects comprised of content and structure and characterised by attributes of editability, openness, interactivity, and distributedness. Then we expand this concept further by placing it within a network of actors and digital objects. Our analysis uncovers several areas of research that have been overlooked in the study of fake news.

Review of Health Insurance Policy Inclusivity of Gender Nonconforming and Nonbinary Individuals Seeking Gender-Affirming Health Care.

An increasing number of individuals who present to health care professionals identify as transgender, gender nonconforming (GNC), and gender nonbinary (NB). GNC/NB individuals experience higher rates of discrimination in health care settings compared with their binary (e.g., trans male and trans female) counterparts. Outdated language excludes the nuances of gender identity. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether current terminology found in health insurance policies may be a barrier to gender-affirming health care for GNC/NB individuals. Health insurance policies for a diverse subset of government (n=4) and private (n=6) payers were obtained in May 2020. Policies were reviewed independently by two members of the research team to determine whether each was supportive or unsupportive to GNC/NB individuals. An arbitrary scoring system was designed that allowed the reviewers to assign a specific number of points to each policy based on the aggregation of mention, coverage, and inclusivity. Most policies performed poorly as indicated by a support score less than zero. It was also noted that most policies used binary, gendered language, and terminology that excludes the unique gender identities of many GNC/NB individuals. Most policies currently failed to provide clear, inclusive coverage to GNC/NB individuals for relevant and important aspects of their care. In their current state, these policies are a source of confusion, uncertainty, and discouragement for these individuals, which can present as a barrier to accessing quality, inclusive, gender-affirming health care.

Commentary: Defining self-harm: how inconsistencies in language persist - a commentary/reflection on Ward and Curran (2021).

Self-harm definition is an important focus of academic research and clinical practice. The precise definition of self-harm has been contested for decades, and current terminology varies across, and sometimes within, countries. This commentary has been written to highlight the problematic use of the term 'deliberate' self-harm (i.e. DSH) and to clarify the terminology currently recommended by clinical agencies in the United Kingdom. Comparisons will be made to other definitions in the field, such as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), with the aim of contributing to the worldwide discussion about how we conceptualise, discuss and treat suicidal and non-suicidal behaviours. The commentary concludes by highlighting the findings of Ward and Curran (2021). It is suggested that undiagnosed ADHD may be a potential driver for self-harm, particularly among girls, further highlighting the ongoing challenges in identifying and predicting which youth are at risk for self-harm and suicidal behaviours. Central to this challenge has been the long-standing confusion around the best way to define self-harm.

“Transition” to Schizophrenia or Fluctuations within the Same Disorder?

Background: To prevent or delay the onset of psychotic disorders or ameliorate their course, prodromal research has strived to identify and treat individuals at risk of developing psychosis. While this approach is laudable, it is, however, not entirely unproblematic from clinical and conceptual perspectives. For example, it remains unclear how we are to understand the development from a nonpsychotic, distressing condition such as schizotypal disorder to a psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia? The current terminology on the subject implies either a nonlinear jump (“conversion”) or a more linear progression (“transition”) from one disorder to another. To enrich our understanding of such diagnostic shifts, we examined the psychopathological pictures of patients who “transitioned” from schizotypal disorder to schizophrenia. Methods: From a larger study on psychopathology, we examined 40 patients who were diagnosed with schizotypal disorder at baseline. At 5-year follow-up, 30 patients maintained the diagnosis of schizotypal disorder, while 10 were re-diagnosed with schizophrenia. We examined detailed descriptions of the 10 patients who progressed to schizophrenia, comparing psychopathology and level of functioning. Results: The level of functioning decreased slightly from baseline to follow-up in 9 out of 10 patients. Eight patients had previously had micro-psychotic or psychotic experiences. All patients had self-disorders at baseline, and several patients had perceptual disorders. Nine patients had formal thought disorders at baseline. The progression is illustrated by 2 cases. Conclusion: In this small study, we did not find any striking changes in any of the patients, neither in terms of psychopathological manifestations nor in terms of their level of functioning. Thus, rather than witnessing a genuine “conversion” or “transition” from schizotypal disorder to schizophrenia, we observed dimensional fluctuations within the same condition.

우주과학자에게 필요한 달의 지형과 지질

Upon the human exploration era of the Moon, this paper introduces lunar topography and geologic fundamentals to space scientists. The origin of scientific terminology for the lunar topography was briefly summarized, and the extension of the current Korean terminology is suggested. Specifically, we suggest the most representative lunar topography that are useful to laymen as 1 ocean (Oceanus Procellarum), 10 maria (Mare Imbrium, Mare Serenitatis, Mare Tranuillitatis, Mare Nectaris, Mare Fecundatis, Mare Crisium, Mare Vaporium, Mare Cognitum, Mare Humorum, Mare Nubium), 6 great craters (Tyco, Copernicus, Kepler, Aristachus, Stebinus, Langrenus). We also suggest Korean terms for highland, maria, mountains, crater, rille, rima, graben, dome, lava tube, wrinkle ridge, trench, rupes, and regolith. In addition, we introduce the standard model for the lunar interior and typical rocks. According to the standard model on the basis of historical impact events, the lunar geological eras are classified as Pre-Nectarian, Nectarian, Imbrian, Erathostenesian, and Copernican in chronologic order. Finally, we summarize the latest discovery records on the water on the Moon, and introduce the concept of water extraction from the lunar soil, which is to be developed by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM).

Congenital Aorto-Cardiac Connections (CACC) Revisited: Introduction of a Novel Anatomic-therapeutic Classification.

Abnormal congenital aorto-cardiac communications (CACC) are a heterogeneous constellation of anomalies that provide an abnormal connection between the aorta and other cardiac chambers or structures, including the atria, ventricles, the main pulmonary artery, and the coronary sinus. The current terminology of CACC has significant errors and shortcomings including inconsistent and interchangeable use of terms of fistula and tunnel and lack of an inclusive classification with practical information on therapeutic management. The aims of this study were threefold: firstly, to perform a concise narrative review of congenital pathologic connections between the aortic root and cardiac chambers which include rupture of congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, aorto-left ventricular and less commonly right ventricular tunnels, coronary cameral fistulas, and aorto-atrial communications; secondly, to investigate the differentiating features of the so-called aorta right atrial tunnel (ARAT), with and without coronary artery take-off from the tunnel, and coronary cameral fistula (CCF) by applying a differential diagnostic assistance toolbox to two groups of patients with ARAT and CCF; and lastly, to propose a practical and inclusive anatomic-therapeutic classification for CACCs. The two main cornerstones of the proposed classification are the type of the connector between the aorta and cardiac chamber (hole versus passage) and the nature of the connecting passage ( anatomic versus extra-anatomic). We classified CACCs into three types. Depending on the intramural versus extramural course of the extra-anatomic connecting passage, type 3 is further subdivided into type 3A and type 3B.

Sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression: From current state to solutions for the support of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning patients and colleagues

Many of the systemic practices in medicine that have alienated lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) individuals persist today, undermining the optimal care for these patients and isolating LGBTQ medical providers from their colleagues. The 2020 Task Force on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Report recently published by the Society for Vascular Surgery marked the first publication advocating for the inclusion of sexual orientation and sexual identity in the development of initiatives promoting and protecting diversity across vascular surgery. Vascular providers should be aware that it is crucial to cultivate an environment that is inclusive for LGBTQ patients because a large proportion of these patients have reported not self-disclosing their status to medical providers, either out of concern over potential personal repercussions or failing to recognize the potential relevance of LGBTQ status to their medical care. Safe Zone training has provided a standard resource for providers and staff that can be integrated into onboarding and routine training. Clarifying the current terminology for sexual orientation and identity will ensure that vascular providers will recognize patients who could benefit from screening for additional vascular risk factors relevant to this population related to sexual health, social behavior, physical health, and medical therapies. The adoption of gender neutral language on intake forms and general correspondence with colleagues is key to reducing the unintended exclusion of those with LGBTQ identities in both inpatient and outpatient environments. In many locales across the United States, the professional and personal repercussions for openly reporting LGBTQ status persist, complicating efforts toward quantifying, recognizing, and supporting these patients, practitioners, and trainees. Contributing to an inclusive environment for patients and peers and acting as a professional ally are congruent with the ethos in vascular surgery to treat all patients and colleagues with respect and optimize the healthcare of every vascular patient.

Lost in Transduction: Transductive Transfer Learning in Text Classification

Obtaining high-quality labelled data for training a classifier in a new application domain is often costly. Transfer Learning (a.k.a. “Inductive Transfer”) tries to alleviate these costs by transferring, to the “target” domain of interest, knowledge available from a different “source” domain. In transfer learning the lack of labelled information from the target domain is compensated by the availability at training time of a set of unlabelled examples from the target distribution. Transductive Transfer Learning denotes the transfer learning setting in which the only set of target documents that we are interested in classifying is known and available at training time. Although this definition is indeed in line with Vapnik’s original definition of “transduction”, current terminology in the field is confused. In this article, we discuss how the term “transduction” has been misused in the transfer learning literature, and propose a clarification consistent with the original characterization of this term given by Vapnik. We go on to observe that the above terminology misuse has brought about misleading experimental comparisons, with inductive transfer learning methods that have been incorrectly compared with transductive transfer learning methods. We then, give empirical evidence that the difference in performance between the inductive version and the transductive version of a transfer learning method can indeed be statistically significant (i.e., that knowing at training time the only data one needs to classify indeed gives an advantage). Our clarification allows a reassessment of the field, and of the relative merits of the major, state-of-the-art algorithms for transfer learning in text classification.

Current terminology of chronic pain

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is a common problem that exerts a significant impact on individuals and society as a whole. Pain syndrome is one of the most common explanations for patients need for medical care, and it causes major suffering in humans. Thus far, chronic pain lacks a generally accepted terminology and classification.
 The review aimed to present the current terminology and classification of chronic pain.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two independent researchers searched for publications for the period of January 2010 to October 2020 in the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and the International Association for the Study of Pain. The last search query was performed on October 25, 2020. The search identified 423 studies, and 397 of them were excluded because they described the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic pain syndromes. The remaining 26 publications formed the basis of this review.
 RESULTS: The review presents the current terminology and classification of chronic pain, which is defined as pain that lasts for 3 months or more after the underlying pathology is cured. The work presents the description of terms such as chronic primary pain, chronic secondary pain, cancer-associated chronic pain, chronic postoperative or post-traumatic pain, chronic neuropathic pain, chronic secondary cephalgia or orofacial pain, chronic secondary visceral pain, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain. Additional characteristics of chronic pain, including the intensity of pain, the severity of suffering, and physical dysfunction, are also given.
 CONCLUSION: The presented modern terminology and classification of chronic pain will contribute not only to the correct formulation of diagnosis established in a patient with chronic pain but also to the implementation of multimodal analgesia, epidemiological studies and, ultimately, the choice of proper strategy for addressing chronic pain by healthcare organizers. The result is also expected to lead to adequate funding for resolving this intricate problem.

Clubfoot pathoanatomy-biomechanics of deformity correction: a narrative review.

Clubfoot is a common and complex, multi-segmental, 3-dimensional, congenital foot deformity. The segmental deformities have been recognized for millennia. They are cavus of the forefoot/midfoot, adductus of the midfoot, varus of the hindfoot, and equinus of the ankle, often referred to by the acronym CAVE. However, description of the deformities and their correction have varied over time with changes in consensus terminology for foot deformities and the understanding of foot biomechanics. In this narrative review, the most current terminology for foot deformities and understanding of foot biomechanics are applied to the clubfoot. The concept of the calcaneopedal unit (CPU) is applied to the in-depth discussion and understanding of clubfoot for perhaps the first time in the English language literature. Of the 4 basic clubfoot deformities, cavus and adductus are static structural deformities within the CPU, i.e., all bones of the foot except the talus. Varus is a restricted dynamic deformity between the CPU and the talus. Equinus is a restricted dynamic deformity in the ankle joint between the talus and the tibia. Understanding the CPU concept improves ones understanding of clubfoot deformities and the rationale for treatment techniques. Consensual agreement on the terms used to define interosseous relationships and motions in the foot improves communication. Finally, this narrative review highlights the histologic and biologic changes that occur in collagen and cartilage during clubfoot deformity correction to provide further understanding and rationale for treatment.