Current Terminology Research Articles

A Critical Look and Evaluation of Augustine’s De haeresibus

Today’s scholarship has paid little attention to the work of St. Augustine titled De Haeresibus ad Quodvultdeum. The following article will discuss the work itself in a couple of ways, first, by deciphering the sources used by Augustine and his definition of heresy; secondly, by categorizing the heresies in a way that is both understandable to the modern mind and consistent with current Catholic terminology, so that the language of the current century can be employed to describe and categorize heresies from the fifth century.

Assessment of MRI Issues at 3 Tesla for a New Metallic Tissue Marker.

Purpose. To assess the MRI issues at 3 Tesla for a metallic tissue marker used to localize removal areas of tissue abnormalities. Materials and Methods. A newly designed, metallic tissue marker (Achieve Marker, CareFusion, Vernon Hills, IL) used to mark biopsy sites, particularly in breasts, was assessed for MRI issues which included standardized tests to determine magnetic field interactions (i.e., translational attraction and torque), MRI-related heating, and artifacts at 3 Tesla. Temperature changes were determined for the marker using a gelled-saline-filled phantom. MRI was performed at a relatively high specific absorption rate (whole body averaged SAR, 2.9-W/kg). MRI artifacts were evaluated using T1-weighted, spin echo and gradient echo pulse sequences. Results. The marker displayed minimal magnetic field interactions (2-degree deflection angle and no torque). MRI-related heating was only 0.1°C above background heating (i.e., the heating without the tissue marker present). Artifacts seen as localized signal loss were relatively small in relation to the size and shape of the marker. Conclusions. Based on the findings, the new metallic tissue marker is acceptable or “MR Conditional” (using current labeling terminology) for a patient undergoing an MRI procedure at 3 Tesla or less.

The Referral and Consultation Entrustable Professional Activity: Defining the Components in Order to Develop a Curriculum for Pediatric Residents

The Referral and Consultation Entrustable Professional Activity: Defining the Components in Order to Develop a Curriculum for Pediatric Residents

Pulmonary hypertension 2015: current definitions, terminology, and novel treatment options.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common phenomenon that may occur as a consequence of various diseases (e.g., heart failure, chronic lung diseases, and pulmonary embolism), as a distinct disease of the small pulmonary arterioles, or a combination of both. Independently from the origin, PH has important impact on patient´s symptoms and life expectancy. The establishment of an exact diagnosis and classification, as well as the understanding of the hemodynamic interrelations, provides the basis for often challenging treatment decisions. Recently, the 5th World Symposium on PH took place in Nice, France, where important standards and definitions were specified. Furthermore, the results of recent phase III trials have led to the approval of new targeted therapies. The most relevant developments including the rating of novel treatment options are summarized in this article.

A reference model based interface terminology for generic observations in Anatomic Pathology Structured Reports.

BackgroundCurrent terminology systems for structured reporting in pathology are more or less focused on tumor pathology. They have not been compiled in a systematic approach, therefore they gather terms of very different granularity. Generic models for terminology development could help in establishing reference terminologies for all fields of anatomic pathology.The core principle of those models is the ontological structure of native speaking terminology. By analyzing the PathLex interface a generic terminology model will be derived.MethodsFor each element template of PathLex its possible generic nature and its value set was analyzed, looking for the uniqueness or multiplicity of the values in the value sets.The generic terms were mapped to SNOMED-CT terms using "ArtDecor".ResultsThe 488 PathLex element templates for Anatomic Pathology (AP) observations can be reduced to 53 generic templates, leaving out only 17 templates very specific for organ and/or disease. Among those 53 templates 28 are describing UICC-TNM staging, ICD-O-classification, and grading. Further 15 templates describe the results from marker investigations. Almost all of the terms, used in those templates could be mapped to SNOMED CT.All of the generic elements have their "organ specific" counterparts by assigning them to one of 20 organs and invasive or noninvasive cancer, respectively. Studying the structure of generic and specific terms it becomes obvious that any AP observation- occurs always in a context- consists of three basic elements (target of observation, property of observation, additional qualifiers, added by value sets for coded data).ConclusionsIf a machine-readable terminology is aimed to preserve all the information of native speaking, then two principal solutions exist:- ystematic consideration of all the aspects mentioned above in each single term- ocusing on the generic elements of terms and combining this with the structure of communication, reflecting the non-obvious elements of the terminology.The fastest way for establishing an interface terminology is the first approach, which lists all of the terms needed for e.g. a checklist in a comprehensive manner (precoordination).However, if the list of terms and problems increases, or new requirements have to be met, considerable difficulties may arise in keeping the terminology consistent and complete.The second, postcoordination approach offers some advantages. It does not have limitations in the organ- or disease specificity, and it keeps the number of terms limited, making them more easily to survey.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society.

The terminology for the genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause was vulvovaginal atrophy, which does not accurately describe the symptoms nor is a term that resonates well with patients. In 2012, the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) and the Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) acknowledged the need to review current terminology associated with genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause. The two societies cosponsored a terminology consensus conference, which was held in May 2013. The development of a new terminology that more accurately described the genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause. Members of the consensus conference agreed that the term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a medically more accurate, all-encompassing, and publicly acceptable term than vulvovaginal atrophy. GSM is defined as a collection of symptoms and signs associated with a decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes to the labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra, and bladder. The syndrome may include but is not limited to genital symptoms of dryness, burning, and irritation; sexual symptoms of lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function; and urinary symptoms of urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Women may present with some or all of the signs and symptoms, which must be bothersome and should not be better accounted for by another diagnosis. The term GSM was presented and discussed at the annual meeting of each society. The respective Boards of NAMS and ISSWSH formally endorsed the new terminology--genitourinary syndrome of menopause--in 2014.

Research of TCM clinical terms and the suggestions for system improvement

This study analyzed the current clinical terminology standardization, systematization research status of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. The previous version of the TCM clinical term system had some problems including imperfect classification structure, unclear relationship between concepts and so on, which made the TCM clinical terminology system（TCMCTS） difficult to support the clinical practice of TCM. The suggestions for system improvement were using ontology method to build TCMCTS concept model bases on the previous researches and data extracted from TCM clinical electronic medical record, and top-level-ontology accordance with ISO standards. The study also tried to summarize the ‘semantic network between classes’ through semantic relationships. Key words: Clinical term; TCM clinical terminological system; Classification framework; Semantic relation

Gyration of the feline brain: localization, terminology and variability.

The terminology of feline brain gyration is not consistent and individual variability has not been systematically examined. The aim of the study was to identify the gyri and sulci of cat brains and describe them using the current terminology. The brains of 15 cats including 10 European shorthairs, 2 Siamese, 2 Maine coons and one Norvegian forest cat without clinical evidence of brain disease were examined post-mortem and photographed for documentation. For description, the terms of the most recent Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV, 2012) were used, and comparisons with previous anatomical texts were also performed. In addition to the lack of comparative morphology in the NAV, veterinary and human nomenclature are used interchangeably and inconsistently in the literature. This presents a challenge for neurologists and anatomists in localizing gyri and sulci. A comparative analysis of brain gyration showed only minor individual variability among the cats. High-quality labelled figures are provided to facilitate the identification of cat brain gyration. Our work consolidates the current and more consistent gyration terminology for reporting the localization of a cortical lesion based on magnetic resonance imaging or histopathology. This will facilitate not only morphological but also functional research using accurate anatomical reporting.

Activated Sludge and other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes

This is a literature review for the year 2013 and contains information specifically related to suspended growth processes including activated sludge and sequencing batch reactors. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual literature review. The review encompasses modeling, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer, and solids separation. A number of topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to recent past reviews. These include energy efficiency, new strains and methods for determining biodegradation kinetic parameters, fate and occurrence of hormones, endocrine disrupters and pharmaceuticals, which are referred to as microconstituents following current WEF terminology. Microconstituents as they relate to suspended growth reactors are covered in this review, while membrane bioreactors are reviewed in another section in this journal. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections could also have some overlap with this section.

Acoustical terminology in the Sonar Modelling Handbook

The UK Sonar Modelling Handbook (SMH) defines the passive and active Sonar Equations, and their individual terms and units, which are extensively used for sonar performance modelling. The new Underwater Acoustical Terminology ISO standard, which is currently being developed by the ISO working group TC43/SC3/WG2 to standardize terminology will have an impact on the SMH definitions. Work will be presented comparing the current SMH terminology with both the future ISO standard and other well-known definitions to highlight the similarities and differences between each of these.

Aperiodic Copolymers.

Current polymer terminology only describes very simple copolymer structures such as block, graft, alternating periodic, or statistical copolymers. This restricted vocabulary implies that copolymers exhibit either segregated (i.e., block and graft), regular (i.e., alternating and periodic), or uncontrolled (i.e., statistical or random) comonomer sequence distributions. This standard classification does not include many new types of sequence-controlled copolymers that have been reported in recent years. In this context, the present viewpoint describes a new category of copolymers: aperiodic copolymers. Such structures can be defined as copolymers in which monomer sequence distribution is not regular but follows the same arrangement in all chains. The term aperiodic can be used to describe encoded comonomer sequences in monodisperse sequence-defined copolymers but also the block sequence of some multiblock copolymers. These new types of copolymers open up very interesting perspectives for the design of complex materials. Some recent relevant literature on the topic is discussed herein.

Patient delay in cancer diagnosis: what do we really mean and can we be more specific?

BackgroundEarly diagnosis is a key focus of cancer control because of its association with survival. Delays in diagnosis can occur throughout the diagnostic pathway, within any one of its three component intervals: the patient interval, the primary care interval and the secondary care interval.DiscussionA key focus for help-seeking research in patients with symptoms of cancer has been the concept of ‘delay’. The literature is plagued by definitional and semantic problems, which serve to hinder comparison between studies. Use of the word ‘delay’ has been criticised as judgemental and potentially stigmatising, because of its implications of intent. However, the suggested alternatives (time to presentation, appraisal interval, help-seeking interval and postponement of help-seeking) still fail to accurately define the concept in hand, and often conflate three quite separate ideas; that of an interval, that of an unacceptably long interval, and that of a specific event which caused delay in the diagnostic process. We discuss the need to disentangle current terminology and suggest the term ‘prolonged interval’ as a more appropriate alternative. Most studies treat the patient interval as a dichotomous variable, with cases beyond a specified time point classified as ‘delay’. However, there are inconsistencies in both where this line is drawn, ranging from one week to three months, and how, with some studies imposing seemingly arbitrary time points, others utilising the median as a divisive tool or exploring quartiles within their data. This not only makes comparison problematic, but, as many studies do not differentiate between cancer site, also imposes boundaries which are not necessarily site-relevant. We argue that analysis of the patient interval should be based on presenting symptom, as opposed to pathology, to better reflect the context of the help-seeking interval, and suggest how new definitional boundaries could be developed.SummaryThe word ‘delay’ is currently (conf)used to describe diverse conceptualisations of ‘delay’ and more mindful, and discerning language needs to be developed to enable a more sophisticated discussion. By stratifying help-seeking by presenting symptom(s), more accurate and informative analyses could be produced which, in turn, would result in more accurately targeted early diagnosis interventions.

Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology

Introduction and objectivesHeadaches (including migraines) and epilepsy have a high level of comorbidity and may be confused during diagnosis. Although physicians have known for centuries that these two conditions are somehow linked, their relationship remains poorly understood. Herein we describe the known associations between them, their underlying physiopathologic and genetic mechanisms, and the treatments recommended for them. MethodWe have reviewed the most relevant publication of headache/migraine and epilepsy by using the PubMed data base. DescriptionAn individual can suffer both from headaches (either migraine and/or other type of headache) and epilepsy, either by chance or because of a common underlying pathology. In these cases, the headache usually occurs at a different moment than the seizure (“interictal headache”). However, headaches sometimes occur simultaneously with, or very close in time to, the seizure: one that occurs at the same time as an epileptic seizure is known as an “ictal epileptic headache” or as “hemicrania epileptica”; one that precedes a seizure is known as a “pre-ictal headache”; and one that follows a seizure is known as a “post-ictal headache”. There is a particular type of pre-ictal headache, known as “migralepsy”, which occurs during or just after a migraine aura. ConclusionsThe terminology and concepts employed to describe possible associations between headaches (mainly migraines) and epilepsy have evolved over time with increasing clinical and physiopathogenic knowledge. Some researchers have suggested eliminating the term migralepsy and using the terms ictal epileptic headache and hemicrania epileptica exclusively and uniformly in all classification systems.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: New terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society

BackgroundIn 2012, the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) and the Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) acknowledged the need to review current terminology associated with genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause. MethodsThe 2 societies cosponsored a terminology consensus conference, which was held in May 2013. Results and conclusionMembers of the consensus conference agreed that the term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a medically more accurate, all-encompassing, and publicly acceptable term than vulvovaginal atrophy. GSM is defined as a collection of symptoms and signs associated with a decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes to the labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra and bladder. The syndrome may include but is not limited to genital symptoms of dryness, burning, and irritation; sexual symptoms of lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function; and urinary symptoms of urgency, dysuria and recurrent urinary tract infections. Women may present with some or all of the signs and symptoms, which must be bothersome and should not be better accounted for by another diagnosis. The term was presented and discussed at the annual meeting of each society. The respective Boards of NAMS and ISSWSH formally endorsed the new terminology—genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)—in 2014.

Ontological reconstruction of the clinical terminology of traditional Chinese medicine.

This study proposes the ontological reconstruction of the current clinical terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It also provides an overview of preliminary work related to the said reconstruction, including the ontology-based analysis of TCM clinical terminology. We conclude that the ontological reconstruction of TCM clinical terminology provides a proper translation from the idealized organizational model to real-world implementation and to a formalized, shared, and knowledge-based framework.

Jessica Burstein Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, ArtCold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art. Jessica Burstein. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012. Pp. ix+321.

<i>Jessica Burstein</i> Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art<i>Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art</i>. Jessica Burstein. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012. Pp. ix+321.

Remarks by the Board of the Study Group for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy on the "Comments on the Publication of Munich Nomenclature III by the Cytology Coordination Conference" by A. Schneider and P. Hillemanns (Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2014; 74: 242-243).

Remarks by the Board of the Study Group for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy on the "Comments on the Publication of Munich Nomenclature III by the Cytology Coordination Conference" by A. Schneider and P. Hillemanns (Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2014; 74: 242-243).

Elucidating challenges and opportunities in the transition to ICD-10-CM.

* Abbreviations: EHR — : electronic health record ICD-9-CM — : International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision Clinical Modification ICD-10 — : International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision International Classification of Disease — : Tenth Revision ICD-10-CM — : International Classification of Disease Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification QI — : quality improvement Throughout the history of medicine, clinicians have worked to classify disease. As early as 1662, John Graunt studied the London Bills of Mortality to report death rates by condition.1 Originally created for epidemiologic purposes, systems of disease terminology became useful for other purposes, including billing. Since 1979, the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision with Clinical Modifications (ICD-9-CM) has been used for third-party payment in the United States. Worldwide, the 10th revision of the ICD (ICD-10) has been used with local modifications in numerous countries for a decade or more. Now, all US entities covered by the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act will be required to use ICD-10-CM on or after October 1, 2015. ICD-10-CM has about 5 times as many codes as ICD-9-CM. It is hoped the new codes will be better aligned with current medical terminology, characterize health information that could not be described with ICD-9-CM (eg, Glasgow coma score, blood type), and provide greater detail about health conditions (eg, severity of disease, laterality of anatomic location). The transition to ICD-10-CM should also facilitate comparisons of health outcomes between the United States and other nations.2 The … Address correspondence to Alexander G. Fiks, MD, MSCE, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Suite, Room 1546, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: fiks{at}email.chop.edu

Confusion Surrounds Pediatric Audiology Billing

You have accessThe ASHA LeaderBottom Line1 Jul 2014Confusion Surrounds Pediatric Audiology BillingIf there’s no code for new technology, how do you bill it? Three audiology organizations develop answers to frequently asked questions. Neela Swanson Neela Swanson Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.BML.19072014.26 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Billing for pediatric audiology services can cause confusion for various reasons: Codes don’t reflect current technology or a certain test has no specific billing code associated with it, for example. A new resource helps with these issues. Audiology reimbursement experts from ASHA, the Academy of Doctors of Audiology and the American Academy of Audiology developed an online set of questions and answers for clinicians who provide pediatric services. Here are excerpts from some of the questions and answers you will find (billing codes refer to Current Produral Terminology codes, © American Medical Association). Is speech audiometry included in the codes for conditioning play audiometry (92582) and visual reinforcement audiometry (9279)? Two characteristics differentiate CPT codes 92579 (VRA) and 92582 (CPA): the method of response reinforcement and the types of stimuli. These codes are historical and do not have detailed code descriptions. As such, payers have relied on traditional practice standards that were available at the time the codes were last reviewed. Historically, descriptions of VRA test procedures included both speech and tonal stimuli as part of the test protocol. In contrast, CPA test protocols included tonal stimuli but did not include speech stimuli. If a clinician completes CPA testing and performs speech measures as part of the evaluation, then the clinician can also report a code that best describes the speech measure—such as speech threshold audiometry (92555), select picture audiometry (92583) or speech audiometry threshold with speech recognition (92556). Can I use CPT code 92550 (Tympanometry and reflex threshold measurements) if I perform a 1000 Hz ipsilateral acoustic reflex screening along with tympanometry? CPT has defined acoustic reflex threshold testing (92568 and 92550) as including both ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic reflex threshold measurements. There is no CPT code for acoustic reflex screening. Only the tympanometry code (92567) would be allowed in this instance. If I perform threshold-search auditory brainstem response testing and auditory steady-state response testing on the same day, what procedures should I bill? ASSR is considered to be a type of auditory evoked potential test and does not have a specific CPT code. The comprehensive auditory evoked potential code (92585) is the most appropriate code for billing ASSR at this time. 92585 is a session-based code; it can be billed only once per day, even if both ABR and ASSR testing are completed on that day. An extended service modifier (-22) could be considered when both ABR and ASSR are completed on the same day. Detailed documentation of the justification for the extended service should be included in the patient’s medical record. Author Notes Neela Swanson is ASHA director of health care coding policy. [email protected] Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Additional Resources FiguresSourcesRelatedDetails Volume 19Issue 7July 2014 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in print: Jul 1, 2014 Metrics Downloaded 120 times Topicsasha-topicsleader_do_tagleader-topicsasha-article-typesCopyright & Permissions© 2014 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ...

A lexicon for wear of metal-on-metal hip prostheses.

Research on metal-on-metal (MoM) hip bearings has generated an extensive vocabulary to describe the wear processes and resultant surface damage. However, a lack of consistency and some redundancy exist in the current terminology. To facilitate the understanding of MoM tribology and to enhance communication of results among researchers and clinicians, we propose four categories of wear terminology: wear modes refer to the in vivo conditions under which the wear occurred; wear mechanisms refer to fundamental wear processes (adhesion, abrasion, fatigue, and tribochemical reactions); wear damage refers to the resultant changes in the morphology and/or composition of the surfaces; and wear features refer to the specific wear phenomena that are described in terms of the relevant modes, mechanisms, and damage. Clarifying examples are presented, but it is expected that terms will be added to the lexicon as new mechanisms and types of damage are identified. Corrosion refers to electrochemical processes that can remove or add material and thus also generate damage. Corrosion can act alone or may interact with mechanical wear. Examples of corrosion damage are also presented. However, an in-depth discussion of the many types of corrosion and their effects is beyond the scope of the present wear lexicon.