Current Intervention Strategies Research Articles

Research Progress on the Current Status and Intervention Strategies of Hypoxaemia in General Anaesthesia Patients during the Postoperative Awakening Period

To introduce the current situation of the occurrence of postoperative hypoxemia during the awakening period of general anesthesia patients, to analyze the influencing factors of the occurrence of hypoxemia during the awakening period of general anesthesia patients, and to summarize the intervention strategies of hypoxemia during the awakening period of general anesthesia patients, with a view to promoting the medical personnel's understanding of the risk factors of hypoxemia during the awakening period of general anesthesia patients, and to provide references for the development of reasonable intervention programs in the future.

Weight Management Package Based on Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, and Barriers of Obese Youth in China

This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and barriers of obese adolescents in Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, China, in terms of weight loss management. The study adopted a cross-sectional design, collected data through a questionnaire survey, and used statistical analysis methods to explore the relationship between these factors and their association with socio-demographic characteristics. The study found that participants generally had misconceptions about health knowledge, had a negative attitude towards weight, rarely adopted weight-loss behaviors, and faced some barriers to health management. The study revealed a negative correlation between health knowledge and attitudes, a finding that challenges traditional ideas and suggests that simply increasing health knowledge may not be sufficient to change attitudes and behaviors. In addition, the study found that economic factors had a small effect on health-related dimensions, while BMI had a significant effect on knowledge and behavior dimensions. These findings highlight the need to consider the interaction of multiple factors when designing interventions for adolescent obesity, and to fully consider the local socio-cultural context. The results of the study provide a new perspective on understanding the problem of adolescent obesity in China, and also raise questions about current health education and intervention strategies. Future research can further explore the underlying reasons behind these findings, providing a scientific basis for the development of more effective strategies for the prevention and management of adolescent obesity.

Assessment of conflicts under human-wildlife interactions: An application of the conservation conflict transformation model in communities adjacent to Nyerere National Park, Tanzania

Conflicts arising from human-wildlife interactions (HWIs) pose a significant challenge in communities neighboring Nyerere National Park. To achieve long-term conservation success, it is critical to understand and resolve complex social conflicts. Currently, most attention is focused on addressing dispute-related conflicts, whereas underlying, and identity-based conflicts are understudied, resulting in inadequate information in literature regarding underlying and identity-based conflicts that drive social conflicts. Through the use of the Conservation Conflict Transformation Model (CCT), this study aimed to identify existing conflicts across three levels of conflict and assess current intervention strategies employed within the study area. Based on data collected from 324 respondents through questionnaire surveys, the study revealed that the dispute level of conflicts was lower than the underlying and identity-based levels of conflicts, emphasizing the limited scope of addressing conflicts solely at the dispute level within the context of conflicts arising from HWIs. To alleviate conflicts at the dispute level, respondents employed both lethal and non-lethal control techniques, with a preference for non-lethal methods. Additionally, socio-demographic factors including age, gender, household size, respondent's attitude towards wildlife, and residence significantly influenced the implementation of intervention strategies (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the findings revealed that respondents faced several challenges, including a lengthy incident reporting process for conflicts arising from HWIs, lack of consolation payment for damages, exclusionary practices, and lack of transparency in seeking assistance from local, wildlife, and government authorities. Overall, the study recommends adopting and implementing a holistic approach aligned with the CCT model to effectively address conflicts under HWIs. Future research should focus on thorough case studies and actual applications of the CCT model to manage conflicts under HWIs.

The school community's role in addressing vaping: Findings from qualitative research to inform pedagogy, practice and policy.

E-cigarettes are a significant concern in schools due to their rising use by adolescents. This research aimed to identify current and preferred intervention strategies to respond to vaping in the Western Australian school setting. Interviews and focus groups were held with 15 school professionals (leaders, teachers and nurses), parents (n = 12) and students aged 13-17 years (n = 32). Discussions were transcribed verbatim, anonymised and thematically analysed using a deductive approach aligned to the Health Promoting Schools Framework. Participants suggested that limited and varied attention has been directed towards policy in response to vaping in the school setting. Teaching and learning opportunities existed for students, parents and school professionals, albeit somewhat ad hoc in their approach. Additional training would benefit the whole-school community (students, parents and staff) to raise awareness of e-cigarette harms, increase knowledge and build skills in responding to student vaping. Clearly articulated policies are needed to guide school strategies and actions towards vaping. There needs to be a dedicated, developmentally appropriate, cross-subject vaping curriculum for students that incorporates mental health outcomes and social skills reinforcement; professional development for school staff; awareness of and access to school-based health services for help and information; visual cues to de-normalise vaping and parent and community involvement to support vape-free school environments. SO WHAT?: Comprehensive prevention activities are required to reduce the uptake of vaping among adolescents. Building students', school professionals' and parents' awareness of vaping and strategies to prevent use will contribute to de-normalising and reducing this practice among adolescents.

Effect of health education provided to couples on maternal knowledge, attitude and use of maternity waiting homes in rural Ethiopia: A cluster-randomized trial

BackgroundMaternity waiting home (MWH) has been advocated as an approach to improve women's access to obstetric services in low-resource settings; however, its use remains low. This study investigated the effectiveness of couple-based health education on maternal knowledge, attitudes, and use of MWHs in rural Ethiopia. MethodsA total of 320 couples from 16 clusters were allocated to the intervention and control groups using restricted randomization. Participants in the intervention group received group health education, home visits, and information flyers along with usual care, whereas those in the control group received usual care. Statistical differences were estimated using the chi-squared test. The impact of the intervention was evaluated using generalized linear regression and difference-in-differences models. ResultsBaseline and endline data were collected from the 320 couples. The intervention increased knowledge by 37.5 % (95 % CI: 32.2 % - 42.8 %), attitude by 33.8 % (95 % CI: 28.8 %–39.2 %), and utilization of MWH by 32.9 % (95 % CI: 27.9 %–38.2 %) among women. In addition, compared to those in the control group, women in the intervention group were almost six times more likely to have increased knowledge of MWH (AOR 5.74, 95 % CI: 3.51–9.38), four times more likely to have improved attitudes of MWH (AOR 4.45, 95 % CI: 2.78 -7.13), and four times more likely to stay at MWH (AOR 4.45, 95 % CI: 2.78 -7.12). ConclusionProviding health education to couples can improve maternal knowledge, attitudes, and the use of MWHs. Policymakers and healthcare cadres can use the current intervention strategy to enhance maternal health services, particularly MWHs, in rural Ethiopia.

Culturally contextualized suicide prevention for international students: new opportunities for research and practice.

The rising incidence of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors among international students presents a significant public health challenge and growing concern among college campuses. Current intervention strategies often rely on Western-centric and colonized approaches developed and tested with primarily Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic (WEIRD) samples. Exclusion and historical underrepresentation of ethnoracially minoritized groups in suicide prevention treatment trials create gaps in advancing our science because they often miss the cultural contextualization crucial for effective prevention and intervention in diverse groups from different countries of origin. To address the limitations of these Western-centric strategies, we explored existing prevention recommendations and approaches through the lens of an expanded version of the newly developed Protective Factors Framework, tailored for non-Western cultural perspectives. We propose significant opportunities for enhancing current practices and point to promising future directions. The primary areas for development include: (1) bolstering community empowerment and ownership, (2) refining mechanisms of change to encompass multicultural viewpoints, and (3) focusing on effective implementation and thorough evaluation for ongoing refinement. This methodology not only shows promise for enhancing international student suicide prevention but also offers insights for broader application in suicide prevention among other culturally diverse populations.

Vascular cognitive impairment: Advances in clinical research and management.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses a wide spectrum of cognitive disorders, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to vascular dementia. Its diagnosis relies on thorough clinical evaluations and neuroimaging. VCI predominately arises from vascular risk factors (VRFs) and cerebrovascular disease, either independently or in conjunction with neurodegeneration. Growing evidence underscores the prevalence of VRFs, highlighting their potential for early prediction of cognitive impairment and dementia in later life. The precise mechanisms linking vascular pathologies to cognitive deficits remain elusive. Chronic cerebrovascular pathology is the most common neuropathological feature of VCI, often interacting synergistically with neurodegenerative processes. Current research efforts are focused on developing and validating reliable biomarkers to unravel the etiology of vascular brain changes in VCI. The collaborative integration of these biomarkers into clinical practice, alongside routine incorporation into neuropathological assessments, presents a promising strategy for predicting and stratifying VCI. The cornerstone of VCI prevention remains the control of VRFs, which includes multi-domain lifestyle modifications. Identifying appropriate pharmacological approaches is also of paramount importance. In this review, we synthesize recent advancements in the field of VCI, including its definition, determinants of vascular risk, pathophysiology, neuroimaging and fluid-correlated biomarkers, predictive methodologies, and current intervention strategies. Increasingly evident is the notion that more rigorous research for VCI, which arises from a complex interplay of physiological events, is still needed to pave the way for better clinical outcomes and enhanced quality of life for affected individuals.

Molecular Perspectives in Radioactive Iodine Theranostics: Current Redifferentiation Protocols for Mis-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Thyroid cancer molecular oncogenesis involves functional dedifferentiation. The initiating genomic alterations primarily affect the MAPK pathway signal transduction and generate an enhanced ERK output, which in turn results in suppression of the expression of transcription of the molecules of iodine metabolomics. The clinical end result of these molecular alterations is an attenuation in theranostic power of radioactive iodine (RAI). The utilization of RAI in systemic therapy of metastatic disease requires restoration of the functional differentiation. This concept has been accomplished by modulation of MAPK signaling. Objective responses have been demonstrated in metastatic disease settings. RAI-refractoriness in "differentiated thyroid cancers" remains a clinical problem despite optimized RAI administration protocols. Functional mis-differentiation and associated RAI-indifference are the underlying primary obstacles. MAPK pathway modulation offers a potential for reversal of RAI-indifference and combat refractoriness. This review presents the latest clinical experience and protocols for the redifferentiation of radioiodine-refractory mis-differentiated thyroid cancer, providing a comprehensive overview of the current protocols and intervention strategies used by leading institutions. Timing and techniques of imaging, thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation methods, and redifferentiation agents are presented. The efficacy and limitations of various approaches are discussed, providing an overview of the advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the protocols.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Crucial Factor in Post-Surgical Abdominal Adhesion Formation.

Post-surgical abdominal adhesions, although poorly understood, are highly prevalent. The molecular processes underlying their formation remain elusive. This review aims to assess the relationship between neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the generation of postoperative peritoneal adhesions and to discuss methods for mitigating peritoneal adhesions. A keyword or medical subject heading (MeSH) search for all original articles and reviews was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar. It included studies assessing peritoneal adhesion reformation after abdominal surgery from 2003 to 2023. After assessing for eligibility, the selected articles were evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative research. The search yielded 127 full-text articles for assessment of eligibility, of which 7 studies met our criteria and were subjected to a detailed quality review using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. The selected studies offer a comprehensive analysis of adhesion pathogenesis with a special focus on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the development of peritoneal adhesions. Current interventional strategies are examined, including the use of mechanical barriers, advances in regenerative medicine, and targeted molecular therapies. In particular, this review emphasizes the potential of NET-targeted interventions as promising strategies to mitigate postoperative adhesion development. Evidence suggests that in addition to their role in innate defense against infections and autoimmune diseases, NETs also play a crucial role in the formation of peritoneal adhesions after surgery. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that target NETs are emerging as significant considerations for researchers. Continued research is vital to fully elucidate the relationship between NETs and post-surgical adhesion formation to develop effective treatments.

Advanced Nanomedicine Approaches for Myocardial Infarction Treatment.

Myocardial infarction, usually caused by the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, leads to irreversible ischemic cardiomyocyte death within hours followed by impaired cardiac performance or even heart failure. Current interventional reperfusion strategies for myocardial infarction still face high mortality with the development of heart failure. Nanomaterial-based therapy has made great progress in reducing infarct size and promoting cardiac repair after MI, although most studies are preclinical trials. This review focuses primarily on recent progress (2016-now) in the development of various nanomedicines in the treatment of myocardial infarction. We summarize these applications with the strategy of mechanism including anti-cardiomyocyte death strategy, activation of neovascularization, antioxidants strategy, immunomodulation, anti-cardiac remodeling, and cardiac repair.

Guiding prevention initiatives by applying network analysis to systems maps of adverse childhood experiences and adolescent suicide

Abstract Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, particularly among adolescents. In recent years, suicidal ideation, attempts, and fatalities have increased. Systems maps can effectively represent complex issues such as suicide, thus providing decision-support tools for policymakers to identify and evaluate interventions. While network science has served to examine systems maps in fields such as obesity, there is limited research at the intersection of suicidology and network science. In this paper, we apply network science to a large causal map of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide to address this gap. The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently created a causal map that encapsulates ACEs and adolescent suicide in 361 concept nodes and 946 directed relationships. In this study, we examine this map and three similar models through three related questions: (Q1) how do existing network-based models of suicide differ in terms of node- and network-level characteristics? (Q2) Using the NCIPC model as a unifying framework, how do current suicide intervention strategies align with prevailing theories of suicide? (Q3) How can the use of network science on the NCIPC model guide suicide interventions?

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Viral Evolution, Immune Evasion, and Alternative Durable Therapeutic Strategies.

Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus has gained dominance worldwide, its continual evolution with unpredictable mutations and patterns has revoked all authorized immunotherapeutics. Rapid viral evolution has also necessitated several rounds of vaccine updates in order to provide adequate immune protection. It remains imperative to understand how Omicron evolves into different subvariants and causes immune escape as this could help reevaluate the current intervention strategies mostly implemented in the clinics as emergency measures to counter the pandemic and, importantly, develop new solutions. Here, we provide a review focusing on the major events of Omicron viral evolution, including the features of spike mutation that lead to immune evasion against monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy and vaccination, and suggest alternative durable options such as the ACE2-based experimental therapies superior to mAbs to address this unprecedented evolution of Omicron virus. In addition, this type of unique ACE2-based virus-trapping molecules can counter all zoonotic SARS coronaviruses, either from unknown animal hosts or from established wild-life reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2, and even seasonal alpha coronavirus NL63 that depends on human ACE2 for infection.

Reframing prediabetes: A call for better risk stratification and intervention.

Prediabetes is an intermediate state of glucose homeostasis whereby plasma glucose concentrations are above normal but below the threshold of diagnosis for diabetes. Over the last several decades, criteria for prediabetes have changed as the cut points for normal glucose concentration and diagnosis of diabetes have shifted. Global consensus does not exist for prediabetes criteria; as a result, the clinical course and risk for type 2 diabetes vary. At present, we can identify individuals with prediabetes based on three glycemic tests (hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and 2-h plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test). The majority of individuals diagnosed with prediabetes meet only one of these criteria. Meeting one, two, or all glycemic criteria changesrisk for type 2 diabetes, but this information is not widely known and does not currently guide intervention strategies for individuals with prediabetes. This review summarizes current epidemiology, prognosis, and intervention strategies for individuals diagnosed with prediabetes and suggests a call for more precise risk stratification of individuals with prediabetes as elevated (one prediabetes criterion), high risk (two prediabetes criteria), and very high risk (three prediabetes criteria). In addition, the roles of oral glucose tolerance testing and continuous glucose monitoring in the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes need reassessment. Finally, we must reframe our goals for prediabetes and prioritize intensive interventions for those at high and very high risk for type 2 diabetes.

Comparison of stochastic and deterministic models for gambiense sleeping sickness at different spatial scales: A health area analysis in the DRC.

The intensification of intervention activities against the fatal vector-borne disease gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT, sleeping sickness) in the last two decades has led to a large decline in the number of annually reported cases. However, while we move closer to achieving the ambitious target of elimination of transmission (EoT) to humans, pockets of infection remain, and it becomes increasingly important to quantitatively assess if different regions are on track for elimination, and where intervention efforts should be focused. We present a previously developed stochastic mathematical model for gHAT in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and show that this same formulation is able to capture the dynamics of gHAT observed at the health area level (approximately 10,000 people). This analysis was the first time any stochastic gHAT model has been fitted directly to case data and allows us to better quantify the uncertainty in our results. The analysis focuses on utilising a particle filter Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology to fit the model to the data from 16 health areas of Mosango health zone in Kwilu province as a case study. The spatial heterogeneity in cases is reflected in modelling results, where we predict that under the current intervention strategies, the health area of Kinzamba II, which has approximately one third of the health zone's cases, will have the latest expected year for EoT. We find that fitting the analogous deterministic version of the gHAT model using MCMC has substantially faster computation times than fitting the stochastic model using pMCMC, but produces virtually indistinguishable posterior parameterisation. This suggests that expanding health area fitting, to cover more of the DRC, should be done with deterministic fits for efficiency, but with stochastic projections used to capture both the parameter and stochastic variation in case reporting and elimination year estimations.

Exploring intervention strategies for cellular senescence under microgravity

This paper explores intervention strategies for mitigating cellular senescence under microgravity, a significant challenge for space exploration and astronaut health. It delves into the mechanisms of accelerated cellular aging in microgravity, including oxidative stress and DNA damage, and proposes interventions ranging from pharmacological inhibitors to lifestyle modifications. The research underscores the potential of understanding aging in space to innovate strategies against aging and age-related diseases on Earth, thereby bridging space science and medical science for mutual advancements. Through a comprehensive review of current knowledge, potential mechanisms, impacts, and intervention strategies, this study aims to enhance astronaut health during prolonged missions and contribute to gerontology.

Cognitive Decline: Current Intervention Strategies and Integrative Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a pressing global health challenge, with an anticipated surge in diagnoses over the next two decades. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder unfolds gradually, with observable symptoms emerging after two decades of imperceptible brain changes. While traditional therapeutic approaches, such as medication and cognitive therapy, remain standard in AD management, their limitations prompt exploration into novel integrative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in AD research focus on entraining gamma waves through innovative methods, such as light flickering and electromagnetic fields (EMF) stimulation. Flickering light stimulation (FLS) at 40 Hz has demonstrated significant reductions in AD pathologies in both mice and humans, providing improved cognitive functioning. Additionally, recent experiments have demonstrated that APOE mutations in mouse models substantially reduce tau pathologies, with microglial modulation playing a crucial role. EMFs have also been demonstrated to modulate microglia. The exploration of EMFs as a therapeutic approach is gaining significance, as many recent studies have showcased their potential to influence microglial responses. Th article concludes by speculating on the future directions of AD research, emphasizing the importance of ongoing efforts in understanding the complexities of AD pathogenesis through a holistic approach and developing interventions that hold promise for improved patient outcomes.

Inflammasomes in neurological disorders - mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Inflammasomes are molecular scaffolds that are activated by damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and form a key element of innate immune responses. Consequently, the involvement of inflammasomes in several diseases that are characterized by inflammatory processes, such as multiple sclerosis, is widely appreciated. However, many other neurological conditions, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy and neurological sequelae of COVID-19, all involve persistent inflammation in the brain, and increasing evidence suggests that inflammasome activation contributes to disease progression in these conditions. Understanding the biology and mechanisms of inflammasome activation is, therefore, crucial for the development of inflammasome-targeted therapies for neurological conditions. In this Review, we present the current evidence for and understanding of inflammasome activation in neurological diseases and discuss current and potential interventional strategies that target inflammasome activation to mitigate its pathological consequences.

Post-Transcriptional Regulator RBM47 Stabilizes FBXO2 mRNA to Advance Osteoarthritis Development: WGCNA Analysis and Experimental Validation.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic joint degenerative disease and a major cause of disability in the elderly. However, the current intervention strategies cannot effectively improve OA, and the pathogenesis of OA remains elusive. The present study identified RNA binding motif protein 47 (RBM47) as an upstream modulator of key dysregulation gene co-expression module based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) modeling. Subsequently, data from real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis revealed that RBM47 was upregulated in OA models in vivo and in vitro compared with normal controls. Functional analysis results from the MTT assay, flow cytometry, evaluation of LDH activities and inflammatory mediators, and western blot analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, showed that RBM47 knockdown significantly alleviated inflammation, apoptosis, and ECM degradation in interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-treated chondrocytes. Mechanistically, RBM47 bound to F box only protein 2 (FBXO2) and stabilized FBXO2 messenger RNA (mRNA) to promote the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in chondrocytes. Results from the recovery assay showed that the re-activation of STAT3 signaling by overexpressing FBXO2 or STAT3 counteracted the alleviating effect of RBM47 downregulation on IL-1β-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and ECM degradation. Altogether, our findings illustrate that RBM47 stabilizes FBXO2 mRNA to advance OA development by activating STAT3 signaling, which enhances our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the development of OA.

A Narrative Review of Cytokine Networks: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong inflammatory immune mediated disorder, encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC); however, the cause and specific pathogenesis of IBD is yet incompletely understood. Multiple cytokines produced by different immune cell types results in complex functional networks that constitute a highly regulated messaging network of signaling pathways. Applying biological mechanisms underlying IBD at the single omic level, technologies and genetic engineering enable the quantification of the pattern of released cytokines and new insights into the cytokine landscape of IBD. We focus on the existing literature dealing with the biology of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and interactions that facilitate cell-based modulation of the immune system for IBD inflammation. We summarize the main roles of substantial cytokines in IBD related to homeostatic tissue functions and the remodeling of cytokine networks in IBD, which may be specifically valuable for successful cytokine-targeted therapies via marketed products. Cytokines and their receptors are validated targets for multiple therapeutic areas, we review the current strategies for therapeutic intervention and developing cytokine-targeted therapies. New biologics have shown efficacy in the last few decades for the management of IBD; unfortunately, many patients are nonresponsive or develop therapy resistance over time, creating a need for novel therapeutics. Thus, the treatment options for IBD beyond the immune-modifying anti-TNF agents or combination therapies are expanding rapidly. Further studies are needed to fully understand the immune response, networks of cytokines, and the direct pathogenetic relevance regarding individually tailored, safe and efficient targeted-biotherapeutics.

Internet-delivered psychological interventions for older adults with depression: A scoping review

BackgroundDepression is prevalent among older adults, and internet-delivered psychological interventions (IDPIs) have emerged as a promising solution. AimTo explore the landscape of IDPIs for late-life depression, examining current characteristics, psychotherapies, intervention strategies, facilitators, and barriers. MethodGuided by a PRISMA-guided scoping review, we systematically searched five electronic databases. Results25 relevant studies were identified. IDPIs were used for treatment, prevention, and assessment. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy was the most common psychotherapy. Seven strategies to provide tailored services include psychotherapy courses, professional involvement, mood and progress tracking, virtual community, timed reminders, additional learning resources, and gamification elements. Barriers contained cognitive impairment, low digital literacy, device inaccessibility, limited depression awareness, adherence issues, and acclimation time, while facilitators included prior treatment experience, real-life character stories, strong client-worker bonds, and integration into daily care routines. ConclusionIDPIs present an accessible and convenient avenue for older adults. Future directions suggest exploring minimalist interventions, diverse strategies, and optimized implementation to amplify IDPIs impact among this vulnerable group.