Current State Of Legal Regulation Research Articles

Foreign experience of legal regulation for separate offenses administrative liability and the possibility of its application in Ukraine

The scientific novelty of the study is that the research is one of the first works that analyzes foreign experience in legal liability for the involvement of a minor in the use of tobacco products, e-cigarettes, liquids used in e-cigarettes, devices for the consumption of tobacco products without their combustion, and uses the developed results to further improve the national legislation governing administrative liability in Ukraine. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, the article uses a set of general theoretical and special scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. Their use is due to a systematic approach, which makes it possible to explore problems in the unity of their social content and legal form. During the work on the article the methods of modeling, forecasting and others were used. The article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of administrative liability for involving a minor in antisocial behavior of such republics as Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Latvia. Based on the study, the ways of implementation of foreign experience in Ukraine are outlined, proposals for amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On state regulation of production and circulation of ethyl alcohol, cognac and fruit, alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, liquids used in electronic cigarettes and fuel" and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, aimed at regulating the involvement of a minor in the use of tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, liquids used in electronic cigarettes, devices for consumption of tobacco products without their combustion, the implementation of which improves administrative legislation are formulated.
 It is emphasized that these illegal actions against minors should entail legal liability. Addressing gaps in the legislation is one of the priority tasks facing administrative scientists.

On the issue of countering the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by means of administrative and criminal law

The study highlights the dynamics of legislative changes and the current state of legal regulation of administrative and criminal liability for violations of quarantine rules. The shortcomings of the relevant legislative provisions were revealed, in particular, a conclusion was made about the violation of the principle of system-legal coherence of administrative and criminal legislation. Thus, there are issues about the delimitation of the provisions of the administrative provided in the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and criminal offenses provided in the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code (in terms of such consequences as the threat of harm, specified in the part 1 of the Article 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). In addition, there is an excessive severity of sanctions in the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and their incompatibility with the sanctions of the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In the context of the settled case law of the European Court of Human Rights the fine under the part 1 of the Art. 443 of the Code of Administrative Offenses based on its size and subject to appointment may be recognized as corresponding to a criminal offense within the meaning of the Art. 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Another drawback of the legislation is the lack of enshrining a criminal offense for violating quarantine regulations.
 On the basis of the conducted research it is offered to make changes to norms of the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in order to optimally regulate legal responsibility for violation of sanitary rules and regulations for the prevention of infectious diseases and mass poisoning (Article 325 of the Criminal Code), as well as quarantine rules (the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). The main task of such changes is to construct a consistent chain of normatively established offenses in the field of compliance with quarantine rules (administrative offense - criminal offense – non-grave offense – grave offense) with adequate and proportionate responsibility for their commission.

Some Issues of Normative and Legal Regulation of Weapons in Ukraine

The author of the article studies the current state of legal regulation of civilian firearms turnover in Ukraine. The content of the bills that had been submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine at the end of 2020 was analyzed: «On the circulation of civil firearms and ammunition for them» (No. 4335), «On civilian weapons and ammunition» (No. 4335-1), «On the introduction amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of Ukraine to implement the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On the circulation of civil firearms and ammunition for them"» (No. 4336), «On Amending the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of Ukraine to implement the provisions Of the Law of Ukraine "On civilian weapons and ammunition"» (No. 4336-1). The author has formulated his own scientific position in regard to granting citizens the right to carry and use short-barreled firearms.
 The publication defines the directions for improving the draft laws under consideration in terms of: definitions of the terms of «sporting weapon», «thermal imaging sight», «signal weapon», «night vision sight», «training-split weapon - neutralized weapon», «right to carrying weapon», «right to own weapon»; introduction of the terms of «law enforcement agency», «intelligence agency», «law enforcement agency of special purpose», «state agency of special purpose with law enforcement functions» into the conceptual apparatus of the law, since some authors use them to define the regime of special circulation of civil firearms; establishment of restrictions on the number of civilian firearms and ammunition for them, which can be acquired by an individual; creating legislative prerequisites for the approval of a by-law, which will clearly provide the procedure for transferring seized weapons to the National Police for further storage; securing the obligation of security personnel to provide emergency medical care to persons to whom they use weapons; introduction of norms that will establish the obligation of applicants for the acquisition, possession and use of weapons to take the appropriate courses within first aid; preservation of the wording of the Articles 190-195 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses until the relevant law on the legal regime of sidearm is adopted.

Family Law Trends in Ukraine

Abstract The paper provides the results of the analysis of the current state of legal regulation of family relations in Ukraine, and summarises the main problems of the legislation that establishes general principles of regulation of family relations. Particular attention is devoted to the research into the basic principles of family law, and how they are reflected in the Constitution of Ukraine and the Family Code of Ukraine. To assess the compliance of the Family Code of Ukraine with current societal developments, a careful comparison of its provisions with the principles developed by the Commission on European Family Law (cefl) is needed. The family legislation of Ukraine requires detailed monitoring, factoring in the provisions of a questionnaire developed by the Commission. There is a need to introduce a system of national planning, development and adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the concept of national legal policy.

Legal Regulation of Federal Budget Expenditures on National Projects

The article analyzes features of the legal regulation of national and federal projects. More than three years have passed since their approval, which forms the basis of this analysis. The purpose of the study was to determine the current state of legal regulation of national projects, including expert assessments from the scientific community. Within this framework, a hypothesis was proposed about legal gaps that affect the implementation of national goals and projects. The objectives of the study are to identify the advantages and disadvantages of regulating national projects and to compare them with the May decrees of the President of Russia and state programs.
 The results revealed positive and negative trends in the current legal status of national projects. On the one hand, the author draws attention to the repetition of mistakes in the implementation of the May decrees of the President of Russia and state programs. In particular, the regulatory legal acts do not define the procedure for calculating the financial security of the projects. As a result, they risk failure to achieve their national goals. Systematic problems with the implementation of strategic planning documents indicate a lack of analysis of their shortcomings. At the same time, the methodology for developing new documents could be adjusted within the frameworks. On the other hand, the advantages of legal regulation are also revealed. Among them are the allocation of regulations outside the BC of the Russian Federation, the acceleration of bureaucratic procedures, a minimum list of regulatory legal acts, and expanded powers of the curators. The main drawback was the failure to consolidate the process of preparing a financial justification for the expenditure of national projects (federal projects). At the same time, this disadvantage leads to the risk of leveling all the positive elements of the legal regulation model.

Legal basis and directions of improving the corporate responsibility

The paper examines the current state of legal regulation of corporate responsibility, identifies prospects for reforming the institution of corporate responsibility to ensure compliance with corporate rights. In particular, it was found that a corporate agreement creates a different nature of the relationship (both mandatory and corporate), it has a binding nature, so in case of violation may be applied civil liability for failure or improper performance of obligations. At the same time, corporate responsibility differs from civil law (classical) liability in the circle of responsible persons, the procedure for bringing to justice, corporate responsibility measures, etc. The case law illustrates that it is possible that a party to a corporate agreement does not systematically comply with the terms of the agreement, for example, does not participate in the general meeting of the corporation or votes against it with other parties to the agreement, which actually calls into question the successful achievement of corporate goals. agreement and its effectiveness as a regulator of relations for the joint management of corporate rights. In this case, an effective way to protect the rights of the parties to the contract is the obligation of the infringer to alienate its share in the authorized (composed) capital (shareholding) in favor of other participants in the corporate agreement at market or pre-agreed price. However, it is noted that the possibility of establishing an obligation to sell shares as a sanction for breach of corporate agreement raises some doubts. In fact, such an obligation is a restriction on property rights. It is proposed to solve this dilemma by reforming the institution of corporate responsibility for non-performance or improper performance of corporate obligations that correspond to the corporate rights of participants in the direction of separating it into a separate type of legal liability. In particular, it is proposed to supplement the Law of Ukraine “On Limited and Additional Liability Companies” Art. 7 “Corporate liability” reads as follows: “in case of non-performance (improper performance) of corporate obligations established by law, contract and constituent documents of the company, corresponding to the corporate rights of participants, sanctions in the form of compensation and exclusion of the participant may be applied”.

THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN UKRAINE: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS

When the climate change is one of the most urgent, complex and challenging global problems of the present, threatening global economy and international security, it has to be primarily regulated domestically, at the level of a State. The present article aims to examine the current state of legal regulation of the climate change issues in Ukraine. Accordingly, the critical analyses of the national legislation on climate change regulation and whether it corresponds with the State policy’s strategic aims are conducted; the provisions of strategic documents on climate change adaptation and mitigation in Ukraine are examined and the evaluation of such regulatory mechanism’s efficiency and effectiveness is performed. As a result, the author points out the drawbacks of national policy and law encompassing the climate change and offers a set of suggestions for its improvement.

Digital Law and Digital Rights in Russia: Polemical Notes

Digitalization has become omnipresent today. No longer limited to the security sphere, digital technologies are actively transforming society as a whole. However, the conservative institution of law does not always respond promptly to changes, and many lawyers believe that the traditional legislation in force is sufficient to handle this new object of regulation. Yet the fact is that this object cannot be called traditional from the regulatory standpoint. Technology has a powerful impact on both law and the state and so requires new solutions. Under such circumstances, it is important to gain a legal understanding of digitalization without delay. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state of legal regulation of digital technologies in Russia. By employing classical legal methods for analyzing doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, the author comes to the conclusion that digital law is a new branch of law. At the same time, its most significant aspect is the regulation of digital rights — subjective rights associated with the use of digital technologies. Despite the neutral and universal character of technologies, a comparative legal approach allows us to identify the specific features of Russian digital law, as well as the nuances of the regulation and protection of digital rights in Russia. The present article reflects the author’s position and strives to inspire further discussion about these issues.

International Experience of Legal Regulation of Liability for Insult of Police Officers and Possibilities of Its Use in Ukraine

The article highlights the problem of the need to strengthen the legal protection of employees of the National Police of Ukraine, who are subjected to illegal encroachments on their honor and dignity while performing their official duties.
 It is proved that there are acts concerning insults of police officers and insults or slanders committed against ordinary people in the normative legal acts of the countries of Europe and the former CIS. As a rule, insulting or slandering a law enforcement officer is a crime, while other actions are administrative offenses. Such actions have a qualified composition, which is manifested in the public dissemination of such insults or slander. It is argued that punishment for insulting a police officer is applied only in cases related to the performance of their official duties. Otherwise, the case will be considered in the usual way; the corpus delicti of such a crime may be recognized as qualified if such slander or insult is disseminated through the media or through the Internet.
 The current state of legal regulation of legal liability for insult and defamation of police officers in the Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Poland, Germany, France and Spain is analyzed. Based on the study, the propositions to the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» are formulated that are aimed at regulating the professional guarantees of police activities. It is emphasized that interfering in the activities of a police officer, failure to comply with his legal requirements, obstruction of the exercise of his respective powers, insult or slander against a police officer related to his official activities, insult to the police, as well as any other illegal actions they must be held legally liable for the police officer. The position that the profile law should enshrine in law the state protection of life, health, honor, dignity of a police officer, his professional reputation, members of his family, as well as property belonging to him and his family members from illegal encroachments in connection with the performance of official duties.

Public and Private Interests in the Sphere of Administration of Vaccination in a Pandemic

COVID-19 has posed challenges to the global community at large and to jurisprudence in particular. In the current context, it is of paramount importance to find the best possible solutions in the field of legal regulation that help minimize the harmful effects of the global multisectoral crisis, save lives and restore the well-being of society. The work aims to clarify the theoretical problems in the legal status of medical innovations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The subject of research is anticoronavirus innovations in the medical field. The research methods used were the dialectical method, the system method, the formal-legal method, the historical-legal method, and the structural method. As a result of this work, the current state of legal regulation of anti-ronavirus medical innovations was analysed, in particular the international legal framework, as well as national legislation in this area; contradictions in the observance of the balance of public and private interests under the conditions of a pandemic are revealed and, consequently, some ways of resolving them are suggested.

On the legal nature of strategic planning of socioeconomic development in foreign countries

The subject of this research is the legal nature and legal mechanisms of strategic planning of socioeconomic development in foreign countries. The goal is to examine the peculiarities of legal nature of the strategy of socioeconomic development in foreign countries. The author sets the following tasks: analyze the current state of legal regulation of the strategy of socioeconomic development in the Russian Federation; examine the peculiarities of legal nature of the strategy of socioeconomic development in certain foreign countries; use the data acquired in comparative legal aspect for outlining the prospects of using positive foreign experience in domestic practice. Analysis is conducted on the experience of strategic planning in the United States, Germany, and Japan as the representatives of different groups of countries with their own specificities. The author describes the peculiarities of various approaches towards legal regulation of strategic planning , which are substantiated by the following factors: the historical path of development of the strategic planning system; affiliation to different legal families and establishment of legislative system; degree of economic and social development; approaches towards settlement of the questions of correlation of public and private interests, and a range of other factors. The strengthening of the role of federal center as the organizing core of the mechanism of strategic planning is substantiated. The conclusion is made on the prospects for the development of legal regulation of the strategy of socioeconomic development in the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the legislation in the sphere of strategic planning.

Features Of The Organization And Holding Of The General Meeting Of Participants Of Limited And Additional Liability Companies

The article establishes the current state of legal regulation of corporate relations in the context of the organization and holding of the general meeting of participants of limited and additional liability companies. The legal nature and content of the right to participate in the management of a limited/additional liability company through the prism of comparative legal analysis of the works of modern scientists are studied. Based on the above, it is installed the relationship of a broad understanding of the concept of company management and its components, including those related to the functioning of the general meeting of participants.
 It is established that the general meeting of participants of a limited/additional liability company plays the most important role in the management of the company. The essence of the right to participate in the general meeting of participants of a limited/additional liability company is clarified and its content is determined. Emphasis is placed on the direct dependence of the right of actual participation of a participant of a limited/additional liability company in the general meeting on the latter’s awareness of the time and place of their holding.
 The peculiarities of the organization and holding of the general meeting of the participants of the limited/additional liability company are analyzed. The procedure for forming the agenda of the general meeting of participants of a limited/additional liability company is determined. The procedure for notifying the convening and venue of the general meeting is described.
 The peculiarities of holding a general meeting of participants by a company with one participant are determined.
 Based on the study, conclusions were made about the overall effectiveness of the mechanisms provided by current legislation, which establish the procedure for organizing and conducting the general meeting of participants of a limited/additional liability company. At the same time, attention is paid to the need to finalize certain provisions of the special Law, taking into account the needs and problems that arise in practice, and in order to consolidate the relevant developments at the legislative and local levels (in the company’s charter).

Legal regulation of “green” agriculture in Russia: current state and prospects of development

According to the Millennium Development Goals, approved by the UN in 2000, it is necessary to eradicate hunger in the 21st century, while solving the environmental problems that have accumulated over the past hundred years. The international community sees a way out in the development of a “green” economy, an integral part of which is agriculture. The current state of technology development enables the use of innovative methods of agricultural activities, including biotechnology. However, the consequences of their use for humans and the environment are completely unknown. Biotechnologies make it possible to obtain agricultural products with pre-defined characteristics, adapt their cultivation and production to unfavorable natural conditions, and increase labor productivity. But at the same time, the UN and FAO strategic planning documents note that produced agricultural products shall be safe for human health, and agricultural activities shall have a minimal impact on the environment. Therefore, the need for the formation and development of a model of “green” agriculture is justified at the international level. In Russia, attention is also paid to the production of products that are as safe as possible for both humans and the environment. At the same time, the current state of legal regulation of “green” agriculture does not allow us to speak about the formed effective model of legal regulation of the production of environmentally safe agricultural products. Legal problems and conflicts of the current legislation do not allow our country to take a competitive position in the international market of agricultural products. The purpose of this article is to provide a legal analysis of the current legislation and identify possible solutions to the legal problems of “green” agriculture, as well as to form a conceptual model of its legal regulation. Using the methods of comparative analysis, legal hermeneutics, and legal modeling, a legal analysis of the modern legal regulation of “green” agriculture is carried out and a conceptual model of its legal regulation is determined, based on which proposals for improving legislation in the considered sphere of public relations are formulated.

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ЦИФРОВОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ ТА УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ РЕСУРСІВ

The meaning of the concept of "digital state" is investigated. Indicators of formation of the system of public relations characteristic of the digital state in Ukraine are determined. The main directions of state policy formation due to the implementation of the needs of the information society, digital production and e-government in Ukraine are highlighted. The current state of legal regulation of the processes of formation of digital infrastructure of Ukraine and prospects for its improvement in accordance with international norms are determined. It is proved that the main purpose of state electronic information resources is to meet the information needs of public administration bodies. The general principles of legal regulation of formation, operation, modernization, liquidation of state electronic information resources are determined. The main range of state electronic information resources and public administration bodies that are their holders and users has been clarified. The aim of the article is to analyze the specifics of legal regulation of public relations in the field of electronic information resources in terms of the formation of the digital state in Ukraine. Realization of the set purpose provides the decision of a number of tasks: 1) disclosure of essence of concept "digital state"; 2) illustration of its manifestations in Ukraine; 3) research of state electronic information resources as an object of public relations. Scientific novelty. The article considers such elements of the digital state in Ukraine as: e-government, e-justice, e-health system, e-commerce, digital jobs, state e-information resources and more. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that the lack of full-fledged electronic interaction between state information resources and related problems of e-government; problems of legal regulation of functioning and use of state electronic information resources by public administration bodies; the terminological inconsistency of various normative legal acts that determine the order of functioning and use of state electronic information resources has been proved. The necessity of development and normative consolidation of general principles and principles of organization, functioning, use, storage of state electronic information resources is substantiated.

Electronic Cases as An Element of the Administrative Procedure in The Provision of Administrative Services

The article is devoted to the study of the current state of legal regulation of the institute of electronic case as an element of administrative procedure in Ukraine and the practice of its implementation on the example of the procedure for providing administrative services through the Centers of administrative services. The main problems of the institute and possible ways to solve them are considered, as well as prospects for the development of administrative procedure, based on international experience and regulatory framework of states, including - members of the European Union in the study area.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE CUSTODY RECORDS SYSTEM IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BODIES OF THE NATIONAL POLICE OF UKRAINE

Development of Ukraine as an independent democratic state governed by the rule of law and as a full member of the European community is impossible without the approval of international standards of respect for human rights and freedoms. Given the recent trends of the European Court of Human Rights and the recommendations provided by the Council of Europe, one of the priorities for Ukraine is to reform the law enforcement system in terms of respect for human rights and freedoms in the exercise of police powers. Today, the National Police of Ukraine together with non-governmental organizations are carrying out a set of measures aimed at reforming the law enforcement system, the key of which is the introduction of a system of accounting and recording actions against the detainee – Custody Records. Despite the fact that the pilot projects of the system are already actively operating on the basis of temporary detention facilities in several regions of Ukraine, and in the near future it is planned to launch the system in all police units (institutions), numerous issues of administrative and legal regulation of the system remain open. Thus, the relevance of the research topic is due to the urgent need to eliminate gaps in the administrative and legal regulation of the implementation and operation of the Custody Records system in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to highlight the nature and importance of the appropriate level of administrative and legal regulation of the Custody Records system for the observance of human rights and freedoms in the activities of the National Police of Ukraine. In view of this, the results of the study formed a definition of administrative and legal regulation of the implementation and operation of Custody Records in Ukraine as one of the types of state and legal regulation, and which is proposed to be defined as regulated by regulations, targeted state influence on social relations that arise between state and civil institutions during the implementation and further functioning. The current state of legal regulation of the introduction and further functioning of the Custody Records system as a component of its administrative and legal regulation is highlighted. It was stated that the adoption of departmental regulations aimed at regulating the functioning of the system indicates positive changes, but is insufficient, in this regard, proposals were made to improve the studied area of public relations.

О критериях определения понятия и состоянии правового регулирования государственной службы Российской Федерации иных видов

This article analyzes the relevant legislation, identifies the basic criteria for defining the concept of the civil service of other types in the Russian Federation, and describes the current state of its legal regulation. The service of other types is carried out in the federal-state bodies and organizations subordinate to them; such organizations perform special functions to ensure security, law and order, combat crime and protect citizens’ rights and freedoms. The author identifies the reasons for the abolition of such a concept as “law enforcement service” in the civil service systems and considers the process of its transformation into a new segment within this system. Based on the conducted comparative analysis of legislative and subordinate legal acts containing relevant regulatory provisions, the analysis shows that today the civil service of other types is carried out in state bodies defined as law enforcement agencies. To reflect the current state of legal regulation for the civil service of other types, the author notes an increase in the corresponding legislative framework in recent years. The issues of legal regulation of work in the field of civil service of other types are worked out in special laws regarding employees of customs authorities, internal affairs bodies, the federal fire service, the criminal justice system, and enforcement bodies. In addition, the article outlines the key priorities for further improvement of legal regulation.

LEGAL REGULATION OF EXPENDITURES ON PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS IN UKRAINE: FORMATION AND CURRENT STATE

The article examines the formation and current state of legal regulation of expenditures on physical culture and sports. In particular, analyzing scientific approaches to understanding the concept of "legal regulation" clarified its essence. To determine the role of expenditures in financial law, the periods of development of financial law of Ukraine in the Soviet period are characterized. The study found that at this time, the science of financial law was based on the study of public finance in the functioning of centralized financial structures. Also important for the formation of modern financial law are the then development of problems of budgetary competence, budgetary powers, budgetary and legal status of administrative-territorial units. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the functioning of the sphere of physical culture and sports in Ukraine, as a sphere of social activity, is regulated by regulations. In addition, the implementation of state policy in the field of sports movement is ensured by the legislative bodies (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine) and the executive branch (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, central and local executive bodies). The President of Ukraine issues decrees and orders concerning the development of physical culture and sports, which are binding on the territory of Ukraine. A special role is assigned to the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine as the main body in the system of central executive bodies, which ensures the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports. After analyzing the legal acts related to expenditures on physical culture and sports, four stages of legal regulation of this area since the independence of Ukraine have been identified: I stage - the formation of legal support for financing physical culture and sports (1991 - 1996); Phase II - building the implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports (1997 - 2007); Stage III - nationwide targeted support for physical culture and sports (2008 - 2014); Stage IV - the social orientation of the legal regulation of expenditures in the field of physical culture and sports (since 2015).

Judicial assistant: current state of legal regulation and review of court practice

Patronage service(executive support service)is a type of service and employment relations that arise, change and terminate to ensure effective, proper and quality performance of their duties by officials who are legally entitled to have a patronage servant. The term “patronage” comes from “patronatus” in Latin- the state or rights of the patron. In the national legislation, the patronage service is a quite new category and was first introduced in 1993 with the adoption of the Law on Civil Service, and therefore has no old traditions. The change in the status of the patronage service in Ukraine indirectly indicates its formation. There is no single approach to the principles of patronage service in foreign countries, for example, in Italy and Germany patronage service does not stand out as a separate concept, but such kind relationships are included in the public service, while in Australia, Britain, Georgia, Canada, Lithuania and Poland patronage service conceptually stands out as a category of public service with a number of special rules. The establishment of a patronage service in Ukraine was an objective necessity and today it operates in the system of legislative, executive and judicial branches. The labor functions of patronage service employees are directly correlated with the labor functions of public law official to whom they are assigned (subordinated). The patronage service includes advisers, assistants, commissioners, press-secretaries of the President of Ukraine, employees of the secretariats of the Chairman, First Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, employees of patronage services of the Prime Minister of Ukraine and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, advising assistants of People's Deputies of Ukraine, judicial assistants and scientific advisers to judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, judicial assistants, advisers to the Chairman of the Supreme Court and chairmen of cassation courts, as well as positions of patronage servants in other state bodies. At the same time as for judiciary, part 4 of Article 92 of the Civil Service Law (2015) states that the specifics of patronage service in courts, bodies and institutions of the judicial system are determined by the legislation on the judiciary and the status of judges. Judicial assistants are an integral part of the judiciary. Despite their legal status, whether civil or patronage servants, the lion's share of work is performed by judicial assistants. It can be concluded, directly or indirectly, that effective work of a court or a judge is not possible without the effective work of judicial assistants (judges' offices) and this interdependency is obvious. It should also be noted that a significant number of assistants later become judges, or if we take a look at the biographies of judges of all levels we can find out that many of them took their first steps in the legal profession as judicial assistants. This might lead to the conclusion that “judicial assistants environment” is a kind of a personnel reserve of the judiciary.

Деякі питання удосконалення цифрової інфраструктури

The article raises questions concerning additional aspects of digitalization and simplification of the procedure for legal grounds for driving vehicles. The current state of legal regulation of this sphere of relations in the society is considered. The proposals on the legal fixing of the norms that would additionally regulate and further enable the introduction of an electronic system for the identification of the driver's identity, without presenting a driver's license; elimination of such measures to ensure the production of cases of administrative violations as the withdrawal of a driver's license. In order to achieve the ambitious goals and achieve the current goals set in the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 and finally build a high level of passenger comfort, it is necessary to go, among other things, a deep and important way to improve the legal regulation of road transport services in Ukraine. and the economy in passenger and cargo transportation, transportation safety, efficient consumption of resources and reduction of man-caused impact of motor vehicles through the so-called instrument of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU acts under the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement. In particular, the legislation regulating relations between carriers and citizens in terms of digitalization of transport infrastructure and simplification of vehicle management is really subject to further improvement. Improving the efficiency of state regulation in the field of transport is associated with the introduction of an electronic system of driver identification, the legal basis for driving a vehicle, the presence of an insurance policy, etc. Under such conditions, changes and additions to: Law of Ukraine «On Road Traffic»; Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, Traffic rules approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 10, 2001 №1306, which in the light of the above agreements of Ukraine with the European Union needs a radical transformation. It is reasonable to make some adjustments to these basic laws and regulations. Further resolution of existing problems in the transport sector, including through the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation in the field of transport, is gradually becoming a priority for Ukraine and to this end it is necessary to adjust existing legislation at the local level, including immediate changes and additions to the Law of Ukraine "On Road Traffic", the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 10, 2001 №1306 "Rules of the Road". Given the above, it is seen that the proposals presented in the article will finally lead to further improvement and simplification of vehicle management, as well as to the approximation and development of electronic transport infrastructure systems to European standards, safety and management, etc.