Current Skills Research Articles

Survey of graduate supply chain courses: content, coverage and gaps

PurposeThis paper aims to provide the results of a survey of courses dedicated to the field of supply chain management in higher education. This research is unique because it represents the first large-scale study of graduate supply chain management courses taught at universities globally.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis was performed on each syllabus to identify the actual course content: requirements, pedagogy and content emphasis. This aggregated information was used to compare historical research findings in this area, with the current skills identified as important for career success. This data provides input for a gap analysis between offerings in higher education and those needs identified by practitioners.FindingsData gathering efforts yielded a sample of 112 graduate courses representing 61 schools across the world. The aggregate number of topics covered in graduate courses totaled 114. The primary evaluation techniques include exams, projects and homework. Details regarding content and assessment techniques are provided along with a gap analysis between the supply chain management course content and the needs identified by APICS Supply Chain Manager Competency Model (2014).Originality/valueThe goal is to use this data as a means of continuous improvement in the quality and value of the educational experience on a longitudinal basis. The findings are designed to foster information sharing and provide data for benchmarking efforts in the development of supply chain management courses and curricula in academia, as well as training, development and recruitment efforts by professionals in the field of supply chain management.

Additive manufacturing technology in dental education

PurposeThis study aims to develop a specialized and economically feasible educational model using a combination of conventional approach and additive technology with a precision that proves to be sufficient for educational use. With the use of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing models in educational stages, the possibility of infectious diseases transmission can be significantly reduced.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed process involves the planning and development of specialized anatomical three-dimensional (3D) models and associated structures using omnipresent additive technologies. A short survey was conducted among dental students about their knowledge of applying additive technologies in dental medicine and their desire to implement such technologies into existing curricula.FindingsThe results revealed how an educational 3D model can be developed by optimizing the mesh parameters to reduce the total number of elements while maintaining the quality of the geometric structure. The survey results demonstrated that the willingness to adapt to new technologies is increasing (p < 0.001) among students with a higher level of education. A series of recent studies have indicated that the lack of knowledge and the current skill gap remain the most significant barriers to the wider adoption of additive manufacturing.Practical implicationsAn economically feasible, realistic anatomical educational model in the field of dental medicine was established. Additive technology is a key pillar of new specialized-knowledge digital skills for the enhancement of dental training.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study is the introduction of a 3D technology for promoting an economically feasible model, without compromising the quality of dental education.

A Bayesian approach to exploring expertise and putting success in adolescent and young adult golfers

ObjectivesPutting behaviour was examined to explore if age influenced performance and the development of motor and perceptual-cognitive expertise during late adolescence and early adulthood. We also examined if motor control and perceptual-cognitive expertise was related to performance on a representative putting task. MethodTwenty elite golfers (15 male; 17–24 years old; mean handicap of 0.5) completed eight straight and eight sloped putts at two distances (8ft/2.44m and 15ft/4.57m), on an indoor golf surface. Participants wore an eye tracker whilst putting and putting performance was assessed via putts holed and eye-movement behaviour, examining Quiet Eye (QE, the duration of the final fixation on the ball). A baseline profile for each participant was created using kinematic stroke data (collected using SAM PuttLab), average putts per round, greens in regulation and current practice hours (subjective self-report measures). ResultsBayesian statistical analysis revealed ‘moderate’ evidence that age and baseline kinematic factors did not influence putting success rates. Eye movement data revealed ‘moderate’ evidence that i) successful performance was associated with less variability in QE duration and ii) extended periods of QE were associated with a decline in performance. Previous experience and current skill level were ruled out as potential confounds. ConclusionOur findings reveal that performance and perceptual-cognitive expertise, did not improve with age. We suggest that post 18 years, age should not be considered a factor in talent development programmes for golf putting. We discuss the benefits of adopting a Bayesian approach and suggest future studies employ longitudinal designs to examine changes in expertise over time.

A study on self-assessment of current language skills: The case of Turkish teachers of English

As a consequence of increasing demand for learning a foreign language, the population of language teachers has increased. As English is the most preferred language all over the world, English language teachers have become a subject for examination. Given the fact the majority of the English language teachers around the world are nonnative speakers, their proficiency has become crucial. This study aimed at providing baseline data on self-assessment of Turkish teachers of English regarding their current proficiency in four language skills. Data for the study were collected through a three-part questionnaire based on CEFR C1 can-do statements. A total of 70 Turkish teachers of English working in state and private schools participated in the study. The findings revealed that teachers find themselves proficient in almost four language skills. The data collected also showed that Turkish teachers of English mostly think that they are competent enough in conveying the meaning of what they read and they are more likely to use advanced vocabulary in written con-texts than in spoken interactions. However, the analysis of the open-ended questions revealed that there is still room for language improvement.

Description of Daily Living Skills and Independence: A Cohort from a Multidisciplinary Down Syndrome Clinic.

Levels of independence vary in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). We began this study to describe the current life skills in our clinic population of children and adults with DS. We collected and reviewed demographics, living situation, and life skills from an electronic intake form used in clinic procedures. Descriptive statistics for this cohort study included mean, standard deviation, and frequencies. From 2014–2020, 350 pediatric and 196 adult patients (range 0–62 years) with a first visit to the Massachusetts General Hospital Down Syndrome Program are described. Pediatric patients were most often enrolled in school, and in an inclusion setting. Adult patients were most often participating in a day program, living with family, and wanted to continue living with family in the future. Most (87%) of adults with DS communicated verbally, though fewer could use written communication (17%). Life skills of greatest importance to adolescents and adults with DS included: learning about healthy foods (35%), preparing meals (34%), providing personal information when needed (35%), and describing symptoms to a doctor (35%). Life skills for patients with DS are varied; those associated with a medical appointment, such as sharing symptoms with the doctor, could improve for greater independence.

Balancing skills in the digital transformation era: The future of jobs and the role of higher education

Developing human resources and matching job profiles are essential tasks to promote economic and social growth. The technology-related job market has undergone significant changes over recent years, mainly due to technological advances that have pushed industry toward new demands for skilled professionals. This change in required skills and competencies has led to a gap between what companies need and the professional profiles that are available in the job market. Technology companies are often unable to find an employee who meets the required profile, resulting in financial loss and extra training expenses. It is therefore essential that higher education in technology is reconsidered to address job market demands. Thus the goal of this work is to evaluate the relationship between the professional profile required by information technology (IT) companies and what students are taught on IT-related programs in higher education institutions (HEIs). The authors adopt a systemic perspective in three different qualitative approaches. They cross-check and link data on educational curricula acquired from interviews with IT human resource managers (HRMs) and student focus groups. The analysis reveals that HEIs must go beyond the transfer of knowledge and technical qualification in IT, promoting a comprehensive education that incorporates personal development goals, with a focus on developing social and emotional skills. The study focuses on the emerging economy of Brazil and presents findings from which other developing countries can learn. The results reveal the critical role of soft skills in the professional development and employability of students and the associated challenge for technical education. In conclusion, the authors also highlight the importance of partnerships between HEIs and HRMs as a fundamental strategy to fulfill the current skills gap.

Influences from working memory, word and sentence reading on passage comprehension and teacher ratings

Reading fluency is a major determinant of reading comprehension but depends on moderating factors such as auditory working memory (AWM), word recognition and sentence reading skills. We investigated how word and sentence reading skills relate to reading comprehension differentially across the first 6 years of schooling and tested which reading variable best predicted teacher judgements. We conducted our research in a rather transparent language, namely, German, drawing on two different data sets. The first was derived from the normative sample of a reading comprehension test (ELFE‐II), including 2056 first to sixth graders with readings tests at the word, sentence and text level. The second sample included 114 students from second to fourth grade. The latter completed a series of tests that measured word and sentence reading fluency, pseudoword reading, AWM, reading comprehension, self‐concept and teacher ratings. We analysed the data via hierarchical regression analyses to predict reading comprehension and teacher judgements. The impact of reading fluency was strongest in second and third grade, afterwards superseded by sentence comprehension. AWM significantly contributed to reading comprehension independently of reading fluency, whereas basic decoding skills disappeared after considering fluency. Students' AWM and reading comprehension predicted teacher judgements on reading fluency. Reading comprehension judgements depended both on the students' self‐concept and reading comprehension. Our results underline that the role of word reading accuracy for reading comprehension quickly diminishes during elementary school and that teachers base their assessments mainly on the current reading comprehension skill.

Effect of Policy and Employee Capacity on the Provision of Quality Service among Private Security Firms for Mitigating Crime in Nairobi County in Kenya

This study assessed effect of policy and employee capacity on the provision of quality service among private security firms for mitigating crime in Nairobi County in Kenya. The specific objectives were to explore how policy and employee capacity affect the provision of quality service among PSFs for mitigating crime in Nairobi County in Kenya. The study was guided by SERVQUAL theory. This study used descriptive survey design with structured questionnaires as the instrument for data collection. The study targeted top managers, assistant managers and the immediate supervisors in 55 Private security firms registered under KISIA in Nairobi County. A census was used to sample the respondents of the study. The study employed drop and pick method to administer the questionnaires to the respondents. The study also conducted a pilot study on 10 respondents’ to check for the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The respondents who partook in the pilot study were no included in the final study. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 to achieve the study results. Descriptive statistics was presented using; pie charts, frequency table, and graphs. Correlation and regression analysis results were presented using tables. Results of the study revealed that policy and employee capacity has a positive and significant influence on the provision of quality service for mitigating crime among the private security firms in in Nairobi County. The study established that the adoption of the right policies such as compliance with the KISIA regulations has a positive influence on the provision of quality security service by PSFS for mitigating crime in Nairobi County. The study also established that employee capacity positively and significantly influences the provision of quality security service for mitigating crime among PSFs in Nairobi County. The study recommends the Public Security Firms to ensure they comply with KISA regulations to allow for effective provision of standard quality of security. The study recommends the PSFs to put in place proper control structures to assess the suitability of their staff. PSFs should also adopt proper training methods with the current technical skills and knowledge, and interactive skills. Key Terms: Policy, Employee Capacity, Quality Service, Crime Mitigation, Private Security Firms DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-6-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

Charting the Skills for the Future: Perspectives from Employers and Higher Education Institutions

Automation is rapidly changing our workforce and the skills requirements of 21st-century workers. As more job tasks are going to be performed by machines, it is the ones that involve human judgment and interaction that are less likely to be replaced. It is critical for higher education institutions to align with employers in developing, signaling, and documenting skills needed for the modern workforce. This article provides a review on the current skills trend in the workforce, presents findings collected from in-depth interviews of representatives from 41 higher education institutions and 28 employers, and discusses the implications for academic to career transitions.

The Significance of Current Techniques and Skills of Learning English as a Second Language

English has been assigned as a wellspring of intercultural correspondence among individuals from different semantic and social foundations. A scope of phonetic and social hypotheses contributes significant experiences on the improvement of ability in intercultural correspondence. The theories recommend the utilization of informative methodologies zeroing in on the advancement of students' productivity in imparting language through social setting. This investigation pointed toward deciding variables which may affect the learning of English as a second language large scale abilities (perusing, composing, tuning in, and talking) by optional students and furthermore the difficulties and advantages of learning ESL. English as a second or unknown dialect is the utilization of English by speakers with various local dialects. Guidance for English-language students might be referred to as English as a subsequent language, English as an unknown dialect, English as an extra language, or English for speakers of different dialects. English as an unfamiliar language is utilized for non-local English speakers learning English in a country where English isn't ordinarily spoken.

Reading and Writing Needs of Senior High School Students: The Case of Filipino Students in the Philippines

The present study sought to determine the current skills, competencies, and needs of the Senior High School (SHS) students in a public school in Metro Manila, Philippines, regarding academic reading and writing through needs analysis (NA). The NA uses two approaches: (1) present situation analysis (PSA), with a purpose of pointing out the English proficiency of students and their level in reading and writing in the second language at the onset of the course (Dudley-Evans &amp; St Johns, 1998; Robinson, 1991 as cited in Ibrahim, 2016), and (2) learning needs analysis (LNA), which is referred to as, “what the learner needs to do to learn” (Hutchinson &amp; Waters, 1987 as cited in Ibrahim, 2016, p.2). The researchers conducted a survey among 100 SHS students and triangulated the results through an item analysis of Reading and Writing diagnostic test administered to the participants and interview sessions with three English teachers, seven diagnostic test high scorers, and seven students with low scores. For reading, researchers identified these skills to be the main struggles of SHS students: (1) recognizing different patterns of development (comparison and contrast, definition, description, narration, etc.) in texts; (2) evaluating the coherence, organization, grammar, and mechanics of a text; (3) having poor vocabulary knowledge; and (4) identifying ways on how to select and organize information. For writing, the main challenges are (1) lack of topic-relevant background knowledge and topic-specific paper on texts, (2) insufficient knowledge and practice on writing with proper citation, (3) incorrect grammar, (4) shallow vocabulary, and (5) use of different patterns of development when writing. The present study recommends explicit instruction, utilization of text-based approach, and inclusion of authentic and collaborative tasks in teaching Reading and Writing in SHS in the Philippines.

ProcDefense — A Game Framework for Procedural Player Skill Training

A challenge of game design is in providing affordances to players so that they can learn and improve their skills. Ad- vances in Procedural Content Generation (PCG) suggest this type of game content is a candidate for automatic creation. Some work in PCG has been successful in customizing game difficulty to achieve desired player experience; however, this often involves bringing the difficulty of the game to a level appropriate for the player’s current skills. Players desiring to improve their performance in a particular game may be will- ing to tolerate relatively higher levels of frustration and anx- iety than are targeted in experience-based approaches. As an initial step in this line of inquiry, we introduce ProcDefense, an action game with a modular difficulty control interface, as a platform for future inquiry into the effectiveness of differing PCG techniques for performance-training, dynamic difficulty adjustment.

Scholarly social media profiles and libraries

This article aims to point out emerging roles and responsibilities for academic librarians with the potential of better integrating the library in the research process. In order to find out how to enhance the online reputation and discoverability of individual faculty members as well as their affiliated institutions, the authors worked side-by-side with researchers in the United States and Europe to explore, create, revise, and disambiguate scholarly profiles in various software applications. In an attempt to understand and organize scholarly social media, including new, alternative metrics, the authors reviewed and classified the major academic profile platforms, highlighting the overlapping elements, benefits, and drawbacks inherent in each. The consensus is that it would be time-consuming to keep one’s profile current and accurate on all of these platforms, given the plethora of underlying problems, also discussed in detail in the article. However, it came as a startling discovery that reluctance to engage with scholarly social media may cause a misrepresentation of a researcher’s academic achievements and may come with unforeseen consequences. The authors claim that current skills and competencies can secure an essential role for academic librarians in the research workflow by means of monitoring and navigating researcher profiles in scholarly social media in order to best represent the scholarship of their host institutions.

Developing a tool to assess technical skills in talented youth table tennis players\u2014a multi-method approach combining professional and scientific literature and coaches\u2019 perspectives

BackgroundThe assessment of technical skills as part of a multidimensional approach for talent identification and development in sports seems promising, especially in a technique-based sport like table tennis. However, current instruments mostly focus on a single element of technical skills, mainly use quantitative outcomes, and/or are not developed for talent purposes. Practice would benefit from a new instrument using a more ecologically valid approach. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the essential elements of technical skills in young table tennis players and to establish a first tool while using a multi-methods study design including an archive search for professional literature, a systematic search for scientific literature, as well as ten in-depth interviews with expert coaches.ResultsThis approach taken ensured empirical findings to be combined with knowledge and experiences from the practical field and detailed explications by high-level expert coaches. Results for the literature searches yielded 23 professional and 21 scientific articles while data saturation was reached through all ten interviews. The triangulation process resulted in two general (i.e., individuality, interconnection between elements) and five specific (i.e., bat grip, ready position, footwork/body positioning, service, stroke) elements of technical skills in young table tennis players. In addition, criteria for both flawed and excellent executions were identified for each of the five specific elements. Finally, these results were used to create an observation sheet usable for an assessment during competition.ConclusionsThis study revealed the crucial elements of technical skills that should be taken into account when assessing sport-specific technical skills of youth table tennis players (8–12 years). Moreover, it provided concise descriptions of what is considered to be flawed or excellent executions of technical skills. Based on these findings, a first observation sheet, the Oldenburg observation sheet for Table Tennis Technique (O3T), was created to be used for the assessment of the current technical skill level within a competitive context at the early stage of a table tennis player’s career. Future research should focus on its measurement properties and its value within a multidimensional assessment for talent purposes.

Employability skills of management students: A study of teacher’s viewpoint

In the present study, an attempt has been made to examine the views of faculty members towards the employability skills of management graduates of state and private universities in the states of Haryana and Punjab. A sample of 90 teachers i.e. forty-five each from state and private university was taken. The key data where obtained by means of a five-point Likert questionnaire and evaluated through different descriptive statistics including frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, etc. Person t-test was used to test and verify the findings of the study hypotheses. The research reveals that teachers in private universities focused on perceptive qualified individuals, negotiating capabilities and reputation elements, while teachers in state Universities focused on theoretical competencies, delegation competences, perceptual abilities and strategic vision under the direction of fundamental employability. In the other hand, instructors at private colleges are strongly focused on transdisciplinary expertise, emotional stress control, new skills and construction mental abilities under current employability skills. whereas teachers of state universities prioritised novelty skills, cognitive load management skills and trans-disciplinarity skills. To improve the employability skills of the students, teachers suggested variety of ways such as university-industry collaboration approach, skill-base education system, project learning techniques, learning with the help of internships and projects, trained faculty, etc. As well as the higher education institutions must develop effective routes of the communication with the employers, provide required training to the staff members so that they can generate required employability skills in the students and develop additional package of skills which are beyond the occupation as per employer’s demands.

Studying and Understanding Characteristics of Post-Syncing Practice and Goal in Social Network Sites

Many popular social network sites (SNSs) provide the post-syncing functionality, which allows users to synchronize posts automatically among different SNSs. Nowadays there exists divergence on this functionality from the view of sink SNS. The key to solving this problem is to understand the characteristics of users’ post-syncing practice and goals and evaluate whether they are consistent with an SNS’s norms, cultures, and goals. However, studying and understanding the characteristics of post-syncing practice and goal are challenging tasks as a result of the difficulty of data sampling and the complexity of post-syncing behavior. In this article, we focus on investigating this question by quantitative analysis in combination with qualitative analysis. In the quantitative study, by utilizing 211,233 synced-posts sampled from Weibo, we aim to investigate characteristics of post-syncing from three perspectives: user, content, and goal. The results suggest that post-syncing plays an important role in exhibiting one’s current activities, creations, and skills as well as advertisements but involves a risk of exhibiting personal sensitive profiles. To understand the results, we present an interview-based qualitative study based on thematic analysis. It indicates that the publicity, urgency, and remarkableness of contents and differences of social affordances and social circles between sink SNS and source SNS as well as the one-time consent of post-syncing authentication jointly account for the major role of post-syncing. Based on these results, we propose insights for post-syncing functionality’s adoption, design, and promotion.

A Review of Psychological Assessment Practice in the Philippines: What Do Some Practitioners Say?

This paper reviews the practice of psychological assessment in the Philippines guided by Bornstein’s (2017) framework of evidencebased psychological assessment (EBPA). One hundred fifty-one (N =151) respondents, majority of whom are registered psychometricians, answered a survey on their current practices, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Part 1 of the study presented practitioners’ training and practice, and their knowledge, skills, and perceptions about psychological assessment. Part 2 considered current assessment practices, from test selection to delivering test results. Thematic analysis was conducted on respondents’ answers to open-ended questions in the survey to explore the challenges, best practices, and needs of practitioners. Despite the limitations of the sample, the initial findings of this survey provide baseline data on how some assessment practitioners perceive the state of the practice in the country. Given limited experiences in assessment, majority of the respondents acknowledged the need for a supervisor, continuous training and development, standardization of the assessment process, and development of local tools. Both the quantitative and qualitative data show that some of the current practices in assessment are aligned with EBPA components although there is still a need for practitioners to adhere more consistently to an evidence based practice in assessment.

Advocating for The Sustainability of Semai Indigenous Music Through The Collaborative Creation of New Traditional Music: A Participatory Action Research (PAR) Methodology

This article provides a critical reflection on the participatory approach methodology and the collaborative creation approach used in an advocacy project to sustain the musical heritage of the indigenous Semai community in Malaysia. These approaches were examined through the medium of an advocacy project that aimed to stimulate the interest of Semai youth in traditional music through relevance, engagement, and connection with their current musical interest and skills. The intention of the project was to also co-create new traditional music with the Semai youth through live musical interaction, improvisation and jam sessions with the research team. This article explored the research team’s use of the “Participatory Action Research” (PAR) method, which involved planning, action, observation, reflection, and revision during the initial stages of our advocacy project. Our findings suggest a narrative style in discussing advocacy processes because they occur in a lateral than the linear or cyclical format used in current action research models. Findings also reveal that any attempts to advocate change in the community would firstly require an established relationship of trust, respect, and belief in the research team. The research team would have to have had prior involvement, commitment, and dedication to the community before members of the team could influence change among the community. A self-review of the research team’s effort to co-create new traditional music with Semai youth led to the conclusion that co-creation between musicians of different musical training would require a “new” compositional method that negotiates Western musical composition techniques with the oral tradition of creating music.

NCI Awardee Skills Development Consortium (NASDC): Applicant profiles.

11030 Background: In 2020, the NCI funded a new educational consortium, NASDC (NCI Awardee Skills Development Consortium, RFA-CA-19-010 and -011), through four institutionally granted UE5 awards to deliver a specific course each and a U24 award as a Coordinating Center. The goal is to teach current early-career faculty NCI grantees skills in areas critical for successful independent academic cancer research careers. Courses focus on leadership and socioemotional skills, health disparities, immuno-oncology, and cell and gene therapy. Teaching will initially be virtual, given the COVID pandemic. Methods: A steering committee and four working groups were established to build the consortium infrastructure, including the NASDC (osu.edu) website. Clientele are early-career faculty PD/PI of a current NCI-funded grant (K01, K07, K08, K22, K23, K25, R00, R21, DP1, DP2, DP5, R01, R23, R29, R37, R56, RF1, RL1, U01), of whom 454 were directly contacted. Blast emails and social media were also used. We are reporting the characteristics of 154 applicants, who completed the RedCap application online. Results: 85% of the applicants are within the first 5 years of a faculty appointment, 87% at the assistant professor rank, and 65% on tenure track. 40% hold an M.D. degree and 72% a Ph.D. 81% are US citizens, 52% females, and 45/33/16/2/4%-11% are White/Asian/Black/Native Americans/Other–Hispanics/Latino. 76% work at NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers. Mean protected research time is 80%. Non-mutually exclusive fields of research interest are therapeutics (46%), basic science (37%), disparities (34%) prevention (32%), public health (28%), and pediatrics (10%). 66% have received a K-award grant, 13% each an R21 or R00, and 3% an R01. Additionally, 35% had a second NCI grant as PI, 10% a third grant, and 60% had non-NCI grants. Reasons for applying included (1) not quite ready to lead a research team (42%), (2) need for stronger career mentoring (37%), and (3) not being fully confident in research skills (21%). Conclusions: Applicants to the new NCI educational consortium (NASDC) have a successful start to their academic career with a third having obtained more than one NCI award. Most applicants work at NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers. As cancer research continues to evolve and has the potential to address critical health care needs of the nation, NASDC will strive to equip scientists to be leaders, teach advances in technology, and impart confidence in research skills.

English Language Proficiency in the Hospitality Industry of Western Ukraine: Pedagogical Challenges and Promises

This study measures the English proficiency levels of hospitality workers in the Ivano-Frankivsk region of Western Ukraine. It also compares English proficiency levels among hospitality workers in resort areas, urban cities, and rural communities. The authors believe the hospitality industry in the region falls short of its potential due to the rudimentary English language skills of its workers. As sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1991) has argued, linguistic capital is a form of cultural capital, and this is certainly true in the hospitality industry. Although some language skills improvements have been made in the past decade, many hospitality workers in Western Ukraine, particularly in non-resort areas, do not exhibit even a basic mastery of English. After summarizing the main research findings, recommendations are made regarding possible pedagogical solutions to the current language skills problem. For English proficiency levels to sufficiency improve, curriculum changes will be necessary at the primary, high school, and university levels. University students enrolled in tourism and hospitality programs would also directly benefit from immersion learning opportunities, including on-the-job training abroad. These findings and recommendations have international significance, as hospitality programs everywhere could benefit from the adoption of more proactive and rigorous English language instruction programs.