Current Situation In Spain Research Articles

Invasive group A Streptococcus infection (Streptococcus pyogenes): Current situation in Spain.

Group A ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pyogenes), also known as GAS, is a Gram-positive bacterium. It can be easily identified in the microbiology laboratory by its ability to hemolyse blood in culture media. This bacterium is highly virulent due to its production of enzymes and toxins, and its ability to cause immunologically mediated diseases such as rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. GAS is the primary cause of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis, although it is typically a benign and non-invasive disease. However, it also has the potential to cause severe skin and soft tissue infections, necrotising fasciitis, bacteraemia and endocarditis, pneumonia and empyema, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, without any age or predisposition limits. The term invasive GAS disease (iGAS) is used to refer to this group of conditions. In more developed countries, iGAS disease has declined thanks to improved hygiene and the availability of antibiotics. For example, rheumatic fever has practically disappeared in countries such as Spain. However, recent data suggests a potential increase in some iGAS diseases, although the accuracy of this data is not consistent. Because of this, the COVID and Emerging Pathogens Committee of the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) has posed several questions about invasive GAS infection, especially its current situation in Spain. The committee has enlisted the help of several experts in the field to answer these questions. The following lines contain the answers that we have collaboratively produced, aiming to assist not only the members of ICOMEM but also anyone interested in this topic.

Cultura de la seguridad pública en Europa

Culture can be understood as a system of human adaptation to the environment. When the latter changes, the former also tends to evolve. However, there are cultural inertias that allow us to understand some patterns in the behavior of the population, even in contexts of rapid change such as the current one. Identifying the cultural traits of European countries in the field of public security is the purpose of this article. For this, firstly, a system of indicators is proposed that departs from a theoretical review. They collect aspects of thought and behavior. Secondly, these indicators are applied looking for the best comparative data available according to a series of quality criteria. Broad time series are used to identify trends that are maintained over time and that may result from cultural inertia. The main contribution of this study, compared to previous ones, is to use a wider range of geographical, temporal, and cultural dimensions. With this, a more refined drawing of the different representations and behaviors of the Europe of security is achieved. The text begins by reviewing how the concept of "security culture" has been defined and addressed in the international literature. Next, its key dimensions are identified, a system of indicators is proposed for each of them, and a set of European sources of data on public safety are selected. The work is more descriptive than explanatory of cultural differences. By drawing, in a comparative way, the culture of public safety in Europe, this article also contributes to a better understanding of the current situation in Spain, and to anticipate possible scenarios in a context of strong changes in risks, such as those analyzed in the various contributions to this issue of the magazine.

Women in urology: what is their current situation in Spain?

ObjectiveTo analyze the current state of women in urology in Spain. Material and methodsDescriptive study based on the results of an online survey sent between February and April 2020 through the database of the Residents and Young Urologists group (RAEU) of the Spanish Association of Urology (AEU). Characteristics of the survey and its results were analyzed. ResultsIn total, 257 responses were obtained from 210 women (81.71%) and 47 men (18.29%) belonging to 111 hospitals. Statistically significant differences were observed (p < 0.001) with a higher proportion of men in all categories except for the group of young female and male attendings (29−39 years, p = 0.789), and the group of female residents against male residents (p = 0.814). The number of men was higher in hospitals with subspecialty units except for the Pelvic Floor Unit, where no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.06). Regarding positions of responsibility, only 7 out of 111 hospitals had female Department Chiefs. ConclusionsWomen's representation in urology is increasing, mainly due to the younger generations. However, the access of these women to relevant positions is anecdotal.

"How do We Manage an Insufficient Graft Diameter During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Current Situation in Spain"

"How do We Manage an Insufficient Graft Diameter During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Current Situation in Spain"

EHS guidelines for inguinal hernia repair. The reality of the current situation in Spain. A proposal to standardize its implementation during surgical training

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs are underused in our country and do not fulfil to the recommendations of the European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines. Thus, it is essential to establish measures that increase its use. We propose that the Spanish Association of Surgeons (AEC) promote these actions and that they should be incorporated into the specialty program.The proposed measures include Standardization of learning; reinforce anatomical knowledge; regulated practices with simulators; promote the use of the open posterior approach; rotations through centers of excellence; accreditation of specialized units and use a registry of activity as quality control.

Litigability and defensibility in neurology and neurosurgery. A “therapeutic” model for handling claims for malpractice care

Despite its indisputable importance, there are not many official data on claims for malpractice at the national level in Spain, mainly due to transfers from Health to the Autonomous Communities. This lack of unified information, together with other variables related to modern Healthcare Medicine (type of healthcare system, ethical aspects, consent, patients' rights, new technologies, etc.), complicates the healthcare professional's response to claims, and could not guarantee adequate protection of this against possible liability.This article analyzes the current situation in Spain and emphasizes aspects such as defensibility and liability in malpractice claims, taking as a model the Neurosurgery Specialty, one of the most prone to this type of situation.Prevention and action guidelines are offered, through a model aimed at reinforcing defensibility and reducing liability. This approach, which we call a “therapeutic model”, considers the problem analogously to a disease, providing the basis for its prevention and management.We believe that this approach can be useful both to the Neurosurgeon and to any healthcare provider at a time, such as today, when there is some confusion on these issues and some reluctance of insurance companies to provide coverage in some cases.

Importance of specialized paediatric and neonatal transport. Current situation in Spain: Towards a more equitable and universal future

Specialized paediatric and neonatal transport is a useful and essential resource in the interhospital transfer of these patients. It allows bringing the material and personal resources of an intensive care unit closer to the regional hospitals where the patient can be found. The benefits of these teams are very well demonstrated in the literature. These units should be part of the emergency systems, while it would be recommended that they be staff integrated in the tertiary hospitals, in order to maintain the necessary skills and competencies. The team, made up of physicians, nurses and emergency medical technicians, must master both the pathophysiology of transport and that of the critical patient in this age range. A high quality of both human and care is important, so continuous training and periodic recycling will be essential to be compliant with the quality indicators in transport. Likewise, it is essential to have specific vehicles adapted to this function, which allow carrying the wide variety of necessary material, as well as the electromedicine that is required. However, in Spain this paediatric and neonatal transport model is not standardized and therefore is not homogeneous: there are different models that do not always provide adequate quality, making it necessary to implement specialized units throughout the country to guarantee sanitary transport quality to any critical child or neonate.

Comedores preescolares y escolares. Guías, recomendaciones y normativa en España

An appropriate diet in childhood is essential for suitable growth and development, but it is also essential for preventing the development of non-communicable diseases in later stages. The School stage is fundamental. A significant proportion of students in Spain make use of the school lunch. We review the current situation in Spain, as well as public policy on school lunch and a nationwide review of specific legislation on each Autonomous Community. National public policy and specific considerations in every Autonomous Community were reviewed. Only considerations on the composition of the school menu were considered. There are relatively recent state regulations but on school lunch menus also specific to each Autonomous Community. In general, and within a certain heterogeneity, they refer to the distribution of the diet and foods to be restricted. They usually provide guidelines, examples of daily menus, and graphic representations. Regarding school menus, there is a trend towards improvement in nutritional adequacy, but there is still room to improve. There are certain aspects related to the best solutions yet to be elucidated: management model, type of supervision, sustainability and local consumption, as well as school lunch schedules. The nutritional contributions made in the school canteens are qualitatively and quantitatively important. In addition, it must fulfill educational and social equity functions. Although these concerns address specific recommendation in every Autonomous Community, there is huge heterogeneity on practical implementations.

School lunch menus in Spain. A review on recommendations and policy

IntroductionAn appropriate diet in childhood is essential for suitable growth and development, but it is also essential for preventing the development of non-communicable diseases in later stages. The School stage is fundamental. A significant proportion of students in Spain make use of the school lunch. We review the current situation in Spain, as well as public policy on school lunch and a nationwide review of specific legislation on each Autonomous Community. Material and methodsNational public policy and specific considerations in every Autonomous Community were reviewed. Only considerations on the composition of the school menu were considered. ResultsThere are relatively recent state regulations but on school lunch menus also specific to each Autonomous Community. In general, and within a certain heterogeneity, they refer to the distribution of the diet and foods to be restricted. They usually provide guidelines, examples of daily menus, and graphic representations. Regarding school menus, there is a trend towards improvement in nutritional adequacy, but there is still room to improve. There are certain aspects related to the best solutions yet to be elucidated: management model, type of supervision, sustainability and local consumption, as well as school lunch schedules. ConclusionsThe nutritional contributions made in the school canteens are qualitatively and quantitatively important. In addition, it must fulfill educational and social equity functions. Although these concerns address specific recommendation in every Autonomous Community, there is huge heterogeneity on practical implementations.

Caso de estudio sobre igualdad de género en el contexto de la Formación Profesional

This study aims to evaluate the reality over gender equality within a Vocational Education Training (VET) context, by analyzing the current situation in Spain, by means of interpreting a case of study carried out in a local Spanish high school.The obtained data will be assessed taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), within the 2030 horizon, held by UNESCO. The current study has been focused towards both 4 and 5 SDG, named as quality education and gender equality, respectively. Above this, the real concern relies on the elimination of gender disparities in this educational framework, that will certainly preserve into lifework. This research has been theoretically based on gender imbalance proof and empirically supported by a poll asked by VET teachers from a high school in Catalonia (Spain). The items of the survey are focused on the disparity issues which lead to this current situation. The findings of the survey embrace the fact that gender clichés notably exist in our present society, and as a result, in our schools. VET lecturers and high schools are essential to amend this handicap. The hereafter lines mean to be based on merge gender competences as much as promote a more likely gender-sensitive atmosphere.

Management of chronic liver disease-associated severe thrombocytopenia in Spain: a view from the experts.

chronic liver disease (CLD) patients often present thrombocytopenia (TCP) and when severe, it may prevent them from undergoing necessary invasive procedures due to an increased bleeding risk. The lack of scientific evidence makes it impossible to determine key aspects of the current management and associated healthcare burden of these patients in Spain. to gain insight into the current situation of patients with CLD-associated severe TCP undergoing invasive procedures in Spain, based on the experience of clinical experts. national Delphi study involving 32 medical experts. the estimated prevalence of CLD-associated severe TCP is approximately 5,967, with an annual incidence of 1,148 new patients. Patients undergo a median of 1 (0-3) invasive procedures/year. Platelet transfusions (PTs) are the standard option to raise platelet counts and are associated with significant burden. The achievement of target platelet levels (≥ 50 x 109/l) after a transfusion is not routinely measured. The lack of effectiveness and short life span of transfused platelets can lead to procedure cancellations and bleeding events, which potentially affect patient outcomes. Adverse events occur in 1-25 % of patients, including mild (febrile and allergic reactions) and severe events (e.g., transfusion-related acute lung injury). Between 5-15 % of patients are unfit to receive PTs and approximately 3 % are treated off-label with thrombopoietin receptor agonists. this study provides a snapshot of the current situation in Spain, highlighting that the current management is poorly standardized and suboptimal in some cases. The results suggest the benefit of developing a consensus document to address some of these shortcomings and to advance in the search for alternatives to PTs.

Educational Needs of Spanish Youths at Risk of Social Exclusion: Future Challenges before School Failure

This paper addresses the strengths, needs and future challenges posed by the current training and education of youths at risk of social exclusion, focusing on those youths who are at risk of dropping out of school and have problems accessing the labour market. Its objectives are: to characterize, from a professional perspective, the education and training needs of young people who find themselves in situations of exclusion; identify strengths in current education and training activities available to young people, and; establish a resource bank for possible future challenges raised by professionals in this field to improve >the current situation. For this, we conducted an exploratory pilot research study that involved 34 experienced professional experts that was focused on describing the current situation in Spain in the field of education and training of youths at risk of droppingout of school or exclusion. This study concludes that the creation and consolidation of coordinated networks between the public administration, the private sector and social entities is a challenge that must be addressed within this field. Likewise, developing sustainable and inclusive training activities for young people involves creating more flexible, individualized and personalized training itineraries that address not only basic training but also transversal competences.

Basque separatism vs Catalan independence movement: socio-cultural aspects

The current situation in Spain is characterized by the confrontation of two movements known as «independence movement» and «separatism». Both the Basque region and Catalonia have their own language, culture and a long history of the development of isolation tendencies. However, the objectives and the ways to achieve them have been different for a long time. In order to preserve the sociocultural unity of Spain it is necessary to eliminate the factors that that prevent people from finding the solution to the conflict, and the most important thing is to initiate dialogue, reach a compromise and be ready to stand by the words. It is difficult to imagine that any part will be separated from Spain from the economic point of view and, above all, socio-cultural, because the majority of Spanish population considers Spain as a strong and united State.

The significance of gratitude for palliative care professionals: a mixed method protocol

BackgroundIn palliative care (PC) patients and relatives (P/R) often show their gratitude to the healthcare professionals (HP) who care for them. HP appreciate these displays of gratitude, although the impact of the same has not been examined in detail. Publications analysed tell personal experiences in which HP say that displays of gratitude create sensations of well-being, pride and increased motivation to carry on caring. No systematic examination in PC was found. These aspects related to gratitude may be important in the field of PC, where there is constant exposure to suffering and the preoccupation which arises from wanting to help HP to go on with their work, but it needs closer study and systemisation. The purpose of this study is to understand the significance and the role of the gratitude received from P/R for palliative care health professionals (PCHP).MethodsA suitable mixed method will be used. The first phase will be quantitative and will consist of a survey, piloted by experts, whose goal is to explore the current situation in Spain as regards displays of gratitude received by HP at PC services. It will be sent by e-mail. The results from this part will be incorporated into the second part which will be qualitative and whose goal is to understand the significance of the experience of receiving displays of gratitude from the perspective of PCHP, using a phenomenological approach. Interviews will be undertaken amongst PCHP. The interview guide will be designed after taking the survey results into account. The project has been granted ethical approval.DiscussionThese results are set to provide a key contribution within the context of the growing preoccupation on how to care for HP, how to ensure retention and keep them from resigning, as well as preventing burnout, emotional fatigue and boosting their resilience. In order to do this, it is both interesting and ground breaking, to analyse the repercussion of spontaneous gratitude shown by P/R towards PCHP, to see if this is a useful resource to reduce these problems and to encourage the greater presence of dignity and humanisation, for both those receiving care and for those providing it. This gratitude may be one of these strategies.

Organ transplantation: current situation in spain and in the world

Organ transplantation: current situation in spain and in the world

Commodification and Digital Political Participation: The “15-M Movement” and the Collectivization of the Internet

La mercantilizacion y la participacion politica digital: el “Movimiento 15-M” y la colectivizacion del Internet A mercantilizacao e a participacao politica digital: o Movimento 15-M e a coletivizacao da internet DOI: 10.5294/pacla.2018.21.4.3 The objective of this article is to analyze an emerging process in the network society: the commodification of the Internet and political communication. This strategy of technological capitalism is becoming increasingly present in the lives of citizens around the world, and it represents a new challenge for critical thinking. In this article we will show the debate around this process and we will point out a few examples. However, despite the existence of this process of commodification, society is not taking a passive attitude. On the contrary, we have cases of social movements, such as the Spanish 15-M, which identified this process and designed a strategy to try to reverse it. However, and despite the efforts of this movement, many of the achievements of the 15-M against commodification have lost their validity. In this paper we review the current state of the debate on the commercialization of politics and, through a qualitative study, we show how the 15-M defined this process and established instruments to fight it. In the conclusions we discuss this process and show its current situation in Spain.

Current use of Social Media in Neurosurgery in Spain

ObjectiveTo analyse the current situation in Spain of the use of Social Media in Neurosurgery. Materials and methodsWe made an observational transversal study between February and March 2017, with a systematic search of the Facebook, Twitter and Youtube accounts from public and private neurosurgical units, scientific societies, peer-reviewed publications and patients groups in relation with Neurosurgical pathologies. We rank them according their popularity. ResultsAccording of our search only 5 public neurosurgical services have Social Media accounts, being their popularity inferior to the private units accounts. In relation with the scientific societies and neurosurgical publications their presence in Social Media is marginal, even more in comparison to the accounts of other medical specialities. The popularity of associations of patients and supporting groups is high, especially among patients, finding there more information about their disease. ConclusionsThe use in Spain of Social Media about Neurosurgery is low in comparison to other medical specialities. There is a huge field to improve the popularity of the accounts, making in them promotion of health and extend the diffusion of the scientific society and the peer-reviewed publication Neurocirugía.

&lt;em&gt;Anacamptis&lt;/em&gt; × &lt;em&gt;dafnii&lt;/em&gt; nothosubsp. &lt;em&gt;solanoi&lt;/em&gt; Serra &amp; López Esp., nothosubsp. nov. (&lt;em&gt;Orchidaceae&lt;/em&gt;), a new hybrid

Anacamptis × dafnii nothosubsp. solanoi Serra &amp; López Esp., nothosubsp. nov. is described and illustrated. It is a hybrid of A. collina and A. papilionacea subsp. grandiflora. Its known distribution and current situation in Spain are here presented, as well as its relationships with other hybrids of the A. papilionacea group.

Results of the National Survey on the Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure in Spanish Hospitals

IntroductionThe treatment of chronic anal fissure (FAC) differs depending on the professional. To come to a consensus, the current situation in Spain should be studied.The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation of the management of FAC in Spanish hospitals. MethodsDescriptive study, with data from a survey of surgeons of the Spanish Association of Coloproctology. Data was collected according to the doctor's autonomous community, type of hospital and professional category; FAC management data and 3 clinical cases. ResultsResponse was obtained from 152 surgeons. Pharmacological measures stand out as the first therapeutic step (93.38%). In patients with hypertonia and with no risk factors for fecal incontinence (FI), 55.9% use hygienic-dietary measures associated with nitroglycerin ointment (MHG+NTG). The second step is internal lateral sphincterotomy (ELI) (43.4%). MHG+NTG (75.7%) is used in patients with FI risk factors and in case of failure, ELI is used with a prior ultrasound and/or manometry. In young patients with unexplained hypertonia and incapacitating proctalgia with no risk factors for FI, MHG+NTG (55.9%) is used and, if it is not successful, they are treated with ELI (46.1%). ConclusionsThe management of FAC in Spain shows similarities with the international guideline suggestions. Nevertheless, some differences can be seen from the first stages of treatment.

Resultados de la encuesta nacional sobre el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica en los hospitales españoles

IntroductionThe treatment of chronic anal fissure (FAC) differs depending on the professional. To come to a consensus, the current situation in Spain should be studied.The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation of the management of FAC in Spanish hospitals. MethodsDescriptive study, with data from a survey of surgeons of the Spanish Association of Coloproctology. Data was collected according to the doctor's autonomous community, type of hospital and professional category; FAC management data and 3 clinical cases. ResultsResponse was obtained from 152 surgeons. Pharmacological measures stand out as the first therapeutic step (93.38%). In patients with hypertonia and with no risk factors for fecal incontinence (FI), 55.9% use hygienic-dietary measures associated with nitroglycerin ointment (MHG+NTG). The second step is internal lateral sphincterotomy (ELI) (43.4%). MHG+NTG (75.7%) is used in patients with FI risk factors and in case of failure, ELI is used with a prior ultrasound and/or manometry. In young patients with unexplained hypertonia and incapacitating proctalgia with no risk factors for FI, MHG+NTG (55.9%) is used and, if it is not successful, they are treated with ELI (46.1%). ConclusionsThe management of FAC in Spain shows similarities with the international guideline suggestions. Nevertheless, some differences can be seen from the first stages of treatment.