Current Sentence Research Articles

Sequential adaptation effects reveal proactive control in processing spoken sentences: Evidence from event-related potentials

How domain-general cognitive control is engaged in language processing remains debated. We address how linguistic processes are monitored and regulated by analyzing the effects of previous-trial sentence correctness on the P600 component of the event-related potential (ERP) in the current-trial. In data from a previous experiment about processing spoken sentences, P600 amplitudes to both correct and incorrect words in current sentences were smaller after incorrect as compared to correct previous sentences. Therefore, the detection of speech errors may initiate sustained proactive control over the monitoring demands for upcoming sentences. No sequential adaptation was found in the difference between P600 amplitudes to incorrect and correct current conditions. We propose that the P600 reflects the reactive reanalysis of speech processing and/or the resolution of linguistic conflicts, but is also sensitive to proactive speech monitoring, an important aspect of cognitive control.

Conversational Semantic Role Labeling

Semantic role labeling (SRL) aims to extract the arguments for each predicate in an input sentence. Traditional SRL can fail to analyze dialogues because it only works on every single sentence, while ellipsis and anaphora frequently occur in dialogues. To address this problem, we propose the conversational SRL task, where an argument can be the dialogue participants, a phrase in the dialogue history or the current sentence. As the existing SRL datasets are in the sentence level, we manually annotate semantic roles for 3000 chit-chat dialogues (27198 sentences) to boost the research in this direction. Experiments show that while traditional SRL systems (even with the help of coreference resolution or rewriting) perform poorly for analyzing dialogues, modeling dialogue histories and participants greatly helps the performance, indicating that adapting SRL to conversations is very promising for universal dialogue understanding. Our initial study by applying CSRL to two mainstream conversational tasks, dialogue response generation and dialogue context rewriting, also confirms the usefulness of CSRL.

The Quest for Coherence in Kenya’s Judicial Sentencing Policy: A Review of the Jurisprudence Following the Muruatetu Case

The Supreme Court decision in the now-infamous case Francis Karioko Muruatetu v Republic1 seemed to settle the enduring debate whether sentencing is a judicial or a legislative function. The court’s ruling was that sentencing is a judicial function and that the mandatory nature of the death penalty for murder2 was unconstitutional because it took away the courts’ discretion to determine a just and proportionate punishment to impose on a convicted person. In its judgment, the court ordered that the judiciary sentencing policy3 be revised to reflect the court’s guidelines on the obligation of courts to listen to the accused’s mitigation before sentencing. The court also directed that a framework for sentence rehearing be prepared immediately to allow applicants who had been sentenced in circumstances similar to those of the petitioners to apply for sentence a rehearing from the trial court. This article examines the aftermath of this judgment in terms of whether the Supreme Court’s decision helped to cure the challenge that lies in the current sentencing process; achieving coherence and proportionality in the sentencing process. By using jurisprudential arguments, we intend to demonstrate that, despite the court’s direction to all courts to ensure that no person should be subjected to a disproportionate sentence, the problem of disproportional sentencing is one that goes beyond merely reviewing of the sentencing guidelines but also demands a reform of the entire criminal justice system.

GME-Dialogue-NET: Gated Multi-modal Sentiment Analysis Model Based on Fusion Mechanism

In comparison with the single mode, the utilization of multi-mode information of text, video and audio could lead to more accurate sentiment analysis. GME-Dialogue-NET, a gated multi-modal sentiment analysis model, is raised for the multi-modal emotion prediction and sentiment analysis. The model judges whether the audio or video modal is the noise through GME (Gated Multi-modal Embedding, GME) and then accepts or refuses the modal information based on the judgement. The model uses the Attention Mechanism of context vector to allocate more attention to the context with greater relevance to the current sentence. GME-Dialogue-NET divides participants of the dialogue into speaker and listener to better capture the dependence between emotion and state. It raises that the fusion mechanism CPA (Circulant-Pairwise Attention, CPA) could pay effective attention with different degrees on different modals to attain more helpful emotional and sentimental representation and thus make emotion prediction and sentiment analysis. Compared with the current model, both the weighted accuracy and the F1 score of emotion prediction were improved, especially for the three emotions of sadness, anger and excitement. In the sentiment regression task, the comparison between GME-Dialogue-NET with current advanced model Multilogue-Net shows that MAE (Mean absolute error, MAE) of GME-Dialogue-NET reduces by 0.1 percentage and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R) of GME-Dialogue-NET rises by 0.11 percentage.

Hepatitis C virus infection risk factors and test uptake in an English prison

Background: People in prison are a key demographic in the drive to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV). There is insufficient knowledge about risk factors for HCV among the prison population, which may partially explain low test uptake. Aims: This study aimed to understand the HCV risk factors present and HCV test uptake in an English prison. Methods: Men in prison were surveyed. The questions included whether they had been tested in current sentence, reasons for not being tested and risk factors for HCV. Findings: Of 109 respondents, 71% had not been tested in their current prison, 45% had not tested in their current sentence and 35% reported ever injecting drugs. Additional risk factors for hepatitis C included: sharing prison hair clippers (76%) and fighting in prison (44%). Conclusions: Not all people in prison with risk factors for HCV were tested. The role of intra-prison risks, such as fighting and sharing hair clippers, requires furtherexploration.

The effect of cognitive load on simultaneous interpreting performance: an empirical study at the local level

ABSTRACT Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting (SI) has been a focus of interest for researchers, yet very limited empirical effort has been devoted to local-level analyses that focus on sentences and sequences of neighboring sentences. The present study examines the possible effect of imported load and investigates how cognitive load affects SI performance. Here cognitive load was measured by the amount of information held in working memory, and the unit of information is labeled a ‘chunk’. A quasi-experiment was conducted involving nine professional interpreters performing one English–Chinese SI task. The results indicate that imported load transferred from the unuttered part of the previous sentence is not a powerful predictor of the SI performance of the current sentence, but current load caused by the accumulated information of the current sentence during ear–voice span (EVS) exerts a significant influence. Cognitive load is found to be negatively correlated with interpreting performance during SI, and a significant drop in SI performance occurred when local cognitive load reached four chunks. The results go against Gile’s hypothesis that imported load may affect SI performance, while lending support to the tightrope hypothesis that simultaneous interpreters work close to the limit of their cognitive capacity most of the time.

Incremental Comprehension Examined in Event-related Potentials: Word-to-Text Integration and Structure Building

ABSTRACT The study of word-to-text integration (WTI) provides a window on incremental processes that link the meaning of a word to the preceding text. We review a research program using event-related potential indicators of WTI at sentence beginnings, thus localizing sources of integration to prior text meaning independently of the current sentence. The results led to the following conclusions. First, integration occurs when the word being read cues the retrieval of a text meaning from memory. Second, when the word does not cue retrieval, new structure building rather than integration is the default at sentence beginnings. Third, integration depends on a highly accessible text memory. The immediate preceding sentence provides the primary source for integration; however, instructions that encourage attention to thematic elements enable influences of global text meaning. Finally, contrary to the role that prediction may play in comprehension generally, prediction has a limited role in WTI at sentence beginnings.

Incapacitating Errors: Sentencing and the Science of Change

Despite widespread support for shifting sentencing policy from “tough on crime” to “smart on crime,” reflected in legislation like the federal First Step Act, the scope of criminal justice reform has been limited. We continue to engage in practices that permanently incapacitate people while carving out only limited niches of sentencing reform for special groups like first-time nonviolent offenders and adolescents. We cannot, however, be “smart on crime” without a theory of punishment that supports second chances for the broadest range of people convicted of crimes. This Article posits that the cultural belief that adults do not change poses a major impediment to “smart on crime” policies. Current sentencing policies focus on long-term incapacitation of adults with criminal records because of our folk belief that adult personality traits are immutable. Whereas adolescents are expected to mature over time, and thus can rarely be determined to require permanent incapacitation, adults lack the benefit of the presumption of change. Standing in contrast to our folk belief that adults do not change is a growing body of neuroscientific and psychological literature that this Article refers to as, “the science of adult change,” which demonstrates that adult brains change in response to environmental prompts and experience. The science of adult change has powerful implications for punishment theory and practice. In its broadest sense, the science of adult change supports an empirically grounded, normative claim that sentencing should not attempt to identify the true criminal to permanently exclude. Rather, sentencing policy should engage in only modest predictions about future behavior. The presumption of reintegration as a full member of society should be the norm. Moreover, because adult change occurs in response to environmental stimuli, the science of adult change supports both public accountability for the conditions of confinement and, ultimately, a challenge to incarceration as our primary means of responding to social harm.

No More One Liners

As emojis are increasingly used in everyday online communication such as messaging, email, and social networks, various techniques have attempted to improve the user experience in communicating emotions and information through emojis. Emoji recommendation is one such example in which machine learning is applied to predict which emojis the user is about to select, based on the user’s current input message. Although emoji suggestion helps users identify and select the right emoji among a plethora of emojis, analyzing only a single sentence for this purpose has several limitations. First, various emotions, information, and contexts that emerge in a flow of conversation could be missed by simply looking at the most recent sentence. Second, it cannot suggest emojis for emoji-only messages, where the users use only emojis without any text. To overcome these issues, we present Reeboc (Recommending emojis based on context), which combines machine learning and k -means clustering to analyze the conversation of a chat, extract different emotions or topics of the conversation, and recommend emojis that represent various contexts to the user. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed emoji recommendation system and understand its effects on user experience, we performed a user study with 17 participants in eight groups in a realistic mobile chat environment with three different modes: (i) a default static layout without emoji recommendations, (ii) emoji recommendation based on the current single sentence, and (iii) our emoji recommendation model that considers the conversation. Participants spent the least amount of time in identifying and selecting the emojis of their choice with Reeboc (38% faster than the baseline). They also chose emojis that were more highly ranked with Reeboc than with current-sentence-only recommendations. Moreover, participants appreciated emoji recommendations for emoji-only messages, which contributed to 36.2% of all sentences containing emojis.

Correction to: Testing competing mediators of the association between pre-conception maternal depression and child health-related quality of life: the MatCH study.

The current sentence is in the discussion (sub-section The role of pre-conception maternal depression) and reads: "Pre-conception treatment of mental health issues is also associated with substantial savings in health care costs (Chojenta et al., 2018)."

Anaphora Resolution using ThemeSets

Anaphora resolution is a procedure of replacing pronouns with its referring nouns which may be available in the same sentence or in different sentences within the same document. Even multiple approaches are available for anaphora resolution; there may be some space for semantic approaches which provides solution better than syntactic or corpus based approaches. In syntactic approaches, all noun phrases from the previous or current sentences are checked for getting constrains agreement with the anaphor and score value is calculated for a pair of Noun-Pronoun based on these constrains. The pair getting the highest positive score is treated as the result. In some cases the sentence structure is not changed, hence the score corresponding to the feature values and syntactic structures are same. Here the actual replacement of pronoun with noun depends on the meaning of the sentence especially the meaning of the verb. To resolve such situations, here we are proposing a method which is a combination of syntactic and semantic approaches based on ThemeSets or thematic sets. Using ThemeSets we are exploiting the role of verbal lexemes associated with the noun or pronoun for the resolution of anaphora. Anaphora resolution in semantic way has great importance in the modern era of artificial intelligence which enhance multi-dimensional research in the area of natural language processing in a better way.

أثر الفکر الاعتزالی فی إعراب ِ القُرآن ِ الکَرِیمِ دِراسَةٌ نَحْوَیْةٌ نَقْدِیَّة

الحمد لله رب العالمين، والصلاة والسلام على سيد الخلق أجمعين، سيدنا محمد – صلى الله عليه وسلم -، وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين. وبعد: فإنه من المعلوم لدى کل مسلم أن القرآن الکريم هو أصل العلوم؛ فمنه استنبط العلماء الفقه والأصول واللغة والنحو والبلاغة والعقيدة وسائر العلوم العربية والشرعية. ولما ظهرت الفرق الإسلامية المختلفة في العقائد حاولت کل فرقة تقوية مذهبها عن طريق الاستشهاد بآيات الذکر الحکيم. ومن أهم وأخطر هذه الفرق المعتزلة أتباع واصل بن عطاء وعمرو بن عبيد. حيث ظهرت هذه الفرقة في بداية القرن الثاني الهجري، واختارت منهجا جديدا في العقيدة مخالفا لمنهج أهل السنة والجماعة مستدلين على ذلک بآيات قرآنية وأحاديث نبوية ظاهرها يقوي مذهبهم واعتنق مذهبهم خلق کثير. وکان على رأس هؤلاء المعتنقين لهذا المذهب مجموعة من حذاق اللغة والنحو، کالشيخ أبى على الفارسي ت377هـ، وتلميذه النجيب أبى الفتح عثمان بن جني392هـ، وجار الله محمود بن عمر الزمخشري ت538هـ. وحاول هؤلاء الحذاق إخضاع آيات الذکر الحکيم لتقوية مذهبهم الاعتزالي. واستخدموا حذقهم اللغوي في إعراب القرآن الکريم إعرابا موافقا لمذهبهم الاعتزالي؛ إذ الإعراب والمعنى متلازمان والإعراب فرع المعنى – کما هو مشهور-. ولذلک جاء هذا البحث متناولا أثر الفکر الاعتزالي – خصوصا عند الزمخشري – في إعراب القرآن الکريم، دراسة نحوية نقدية؛ ليبين أن هذه الأعاريب التي ذهبوا إليها وإن کانت صحيحة من جهة اللغة، إلا أنها تتعارض مع السياق القرآني، أو ظاهر الآية الکريمة، أو مرجوحة من جهة الترکيب الکلمات المفتاحية:الاعتزالي- إعراب القرآن- الاستعلاء- المصدر المؤول- الجملة الحالية – الزمخشري - أبو على الفارسي- ابن جني. The effect of retirement thought on the expression of the Holy Qur'an Critical grammatical study By: Dr:lamlom mohammad lamlom mohammad e.mail:Lamlom.m@gmail.com Abstract Praise be to Allah، Lord of the Worlds، and prayers and peace be upon the master of all creatures، our master Muhammad - peace be upon him - And upon his family and companions. After: It is known to every Muslim that the Holy Quran is the origin of science; from it scientists have developed jurisprudence، assets، language، grammar، rhetoric، doctrine and other Arab sciences and legitimacy. As different Islamic sects appeared in the faiths، each sect tried to strengthen its doctrine by citing the verses of the Holy Quran. One of the most dangerous and dangerous of these Mu'tazili groups are the followers of Wasel bin Atta and Amr ibn Obaid. Where the band appeared at the beginning of the second century AH، and chose a new approach in the doctrine contrary to the approach of Ahl al-Sunnah and the community، relying on Quranic verses and prophetic narratives، which clearly strengthens their doctrine and embraces their doctrine of creation. At the head of those adherents of this doctrine is a set of language and grammar، such as Sheikh Abi Ali al-Farsi v 377 AH، and his student Najib Abi Fath Osman bin Jaini 392 AH، and Jarallah Mahmoud bin Omar Zamakhshari 538 AH. These tzafik tried to subjugate the verses of al-Hakim to strengthen their esoteric doctrine. And use their linguistic clues in the expression of the Koran in a manner consistent with their doctrine of isolation; the expression and meaning are linked to the expression and the branch of meaning - as is known -. Therefore، this research deals with the impact of the esoteric thought - especially in the Zamakhshari - in the expression of the Holy Quran، a grammatical study of criticism; to show that these are the niches that they went to، even though they are true in terms of language، but they contradict the Qur'anic context، By installation Keywords: alaetzali- the expression of the Koran - the superiority - authoritative source - the current sentence – Zamakhshari- abu ealaa alfarsy - Ibn Jinnie.

The Prison and Transition Health (PATH) Cohort Study: Study Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of a Cohort of Men with a History of Injecting Drug Use Leaving Prison in Australia

People who inject drugs (PWID) are disproportionately represented among individuals who experience imprisonment and often have more complex physical and mental health needs than people in prison without injecting histories. The trajectories of PWID after prison release are poorly understood, hampering the development of effective strategies to address their distinct health needs. The Prison and Transition Health (PATH) Cohort Study is characterising the post-release trajectories of incarcerated male PWID in Victoria, Australia. We outline study methodology and baseline characteristics of participants prior to their release. Four hundred participants were recruited from three prisons and completed researcher-administered baseline interviews covering socio-demographics, social supports, physical health, mental health, alcohol and other drug use, and pre-release and transitional service utilisation. The median age among participants was 36 years (IQR 30–42), and they reported a median of five (IQR 3–9) previous adult incarcerations. Almost half (49%) were reliant on government payments prior to incarceration. One quarter (25%) of participants reported removal from their parents’ care as children and 64% reported being a parent or primary caregiver to children. Most participants (81%) reported a previous mental health diagnosis and 44% reported three or more diagnoses. The most common drugs injected prior to incarceration were crystal methamphetamine (80%) and heroin (62%), and most (85%) reported being under the influence of drugs at the time of committing offences for which they were currently incarcerated. Injecting drug use during their current sentence was reported by 40% of participants, and 48% reported engaging with some form of drug treatment during their current sentence. Study participants are characterised by significant mental health and substance use morbidities, social disadvantage and criminogenic histories that present challenges for the provision of post-release support services. Data from the PATH Cohort Study will help inform strategies to improve the health and social outcomes of this population.

Correction to: Mercury accumulation, speciation, and temporal trends in Atlantic Stingrays (Hypanus sabinus).

The corrections are: In the 2nd sentence of the Statistical Analyses section, the current sentence lacks important statistical assumption wording.

Problems and Improvements of Current Indeterminate Sentence for Juvenile criminal

Problems and Improvements of Current Indeterminate Sentence for Juvenile criminal

Judicious Imprisonment: Does Current Sentencing for Non-Violent Offenses Promote Political Legitimacy?

Starting August 21, 2018, Americans incarcerated across the United States have been striking back — non-violently. Inmates with jobs are protesting slave-like wages through worker strikes and sit-ins. Inmates also call for an end to racial disparities and an increase in rehabilitation programs. Even more surprisingly, many inmates have begun hunger strikes. Inmates are protesting the numerous ills of prisons: overcrowding, inadequate health care, abysmal mental health care contributing to inmate suicide, violence, disenfranchisement of inmates, and more. While recent reforms have slightly decreased mass incarceration, the current White House administration could likely reverse this trend. President Donald Trump’s and Attorney General Jeff Sessions’s statements and policies that call for increased mandatory sentences, cracking down on illegal immigrants, and aggressively enforcing drug laws might be the iron fist that breaks the back of an already collapsing criminal justice system. Many, including judges currently sitting on the bench, believe that numerous unjust laws and their unjust penalties have brought the United States penal system to this breaking point. To those Americans outside of prison that think they will never be jailed, Tenth Circuit Court Judge Alex Kozinski warns them, “You’re (probably) a federal criminal.” Due to the proliferation of criminal laws, the criminal “justice” system subjects virtually all Americans to the possibility of imprisonment for conduct that does not even come close to meriting imprisonment. Amid this chaos, a deep and fundamental question brews: Can the state justifiably coerce an individual to comply with its unjust laws? Even if the penalties for breaking unjust laws are life in prison or death? If not, then society’s stability is threatened. This article negotiates a middle position. The government is justified in enforcing unjust laws only if these laws are democratically enacted and are almost-just. How much almost-just is depends on the kind of law at issue. Thus, lawmakers, prosecutors, and judges need to carefully distinguish crimes that directly affect only oneself, crimes that are violent, crimes that are primarily monetary-based, regulatory crimes, and others. To implement reforms, this article proposes new affirmative defenses for crimes, enhanced prosecutorial discretion, and more robust judicial review as viable mechanisms to invalidate laws and penalties that are not almost-just.

Lifetime prevalence and correlates of self-harm and suicide attempts among male prisoners with histories of injecting drug use

BackgroundHistories of self-harm and suicide attempts are common among people in prison in Australia, and substance dependence is an established risk factor for these lifetime experiences. We describe the prevalence of self-reported history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts in a cohort of men with recent histories of injecting drug use (IDU) imprisoned in Victoria, Australia. Baseline interviews from the Prison and Transition Health (PATH) prospective cohort study were conducted in the weeks prior to release from prison among 400 incarcerated men who reported regular IDU in the six months prior to incarceration.ResultsParticipants completed a researcher-administered structured questionnaire that collected information on sociodemographics, substance use patterns, and physical and mental health indicators. More than one third (37%) reported a history of NSSI and almost half of participants (47%) reported a history of suicide attempts. In multivariable Poisson regression models, a history of NSSI was associated with: being aged 30–39 years; moving accommodation three or more times in the year prior to current sentence; self-reporting a history of mental illness diagnosis; current poor psychiatric well-being; and self-reporting three or more previous drug overdoses. History of suicide attempts was significantly associated with: self-reporting a history of mental illness diagnosis; current poor psychiatric well-being; and self-reporting a history of 1–2 and > 3 drug overdoses.ConclusionWe observed a disconcertingly high lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts among incarcerated males with a history of recent regular injecting drug use. Significant associations with indicators of mental illness and drug related harms support the need to prioritise in-prison screening and early intervention to reduce the risk of future harms for this population.

Memory encoding of syntactic information involves domain-general attentional resources: Evidence from dual-task studies.

We investigate the type of attention (domain-general or language-specific) used during syntactic processing. We focus on syntactic priming: In this task, participants listen to a sentence that describes a picture (prime sentence), followed by a picture the participants need to describe (target sentence). We measure the proportion of times participants use the syntactic structure they heard in the prime sentence to describe the current target sentence as a measure of syntactic processing. Participants simultaneously conducted a motion-object tracking (MOT) task, a task commonly used to tax domain-general attentional resources. We manipulated the number of objects the participant had to track; we thus measured participants' ability to process syntax while their attention is not taxed, slightly taxed, or overly taxed. Performance in the MOT task was significantly worse when conducted as a dual task compared with as a single task. We observed an inverted U-shaped curve on priming magnitude when conducting the MOT task concurrently with prime sentences (i.e., memory encoding), but no effect when conducted with target sentences (i.e., memory retrieval). Our results illustrate how, during the encoding of syntactic information, domain-general attention differentially affects syntactic processing, whereas during the retrieval of syntactic information, domain-general attention does not influence syntactic processing.

Acceptability of prison-based take-home naloxone programmes among a cohort of incarcerated men with a history of regular injecting drug use

BackgroundTake-home naloxone (THN) programmes are an evidence-based opioid overdose prevention initiative. Elevated opioid overdose risk following prison release means release from custody provides an ideal opportunity for THN initiatives. However, whether Australian prisoners would utilise such programmes is unknown. We examined the acceptability of THN in a cohort of male prisoners with histories of regular injecting drug use (IDU) in Victoria, Australia.MethodsThe sample comprised 380 men from the Prison and Transition Health (PATH) Cohort Study; all of whom reported regular IDU in the 6 months prior to incarceration. We asked four questions regarding THN during the pre-release baseline interview, including whether participants would be willing to participate in prison-based THN. We describe responses to these questions along with relationships between before- and during-incarceration factors and willingness to participate in THN training prior to release from prison.ResultsMost participants (81%) reported willingness to undertake THN training prior to release. Most were willing to resuscitate a friend using THN if they were trained (94%) and to be revived by a trained peer (91%) using THN. More than 10 years since first injection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.22, 95%CI 1.03–4.77), having witnessed an opioid overdose in the last 5 years (AOR 2.53, 95%CI 1.32–4.82), having ever received alcohol or other drug treatment in prison (AOR 2.41, 95%CI 1.14–5.07) and injecting drugs during the current prison sentence (AOR 4.45, 95%CI 1.73–11.43) were significantly associated with increased odds of willingness to participate in a prison THN programme. Not specifying whether they had injected during their prison sentence (AOR 0.37, 95%CI 0.18–0.77) was associated with decreased odds of willingness to participate in a prison THN training.ConclusionOur findings suggest that male prisoners in Victoria with a history of regular IDU are overwhelmingly willing to participate in THN training prior to release. Factors associated with willingness to participate in prison THN programmes offer insights to help support the implementation and uptake of THN programmes to reduce opioid-overdose deaths in the post-release period.

High drug related mortality rates following prison release: Assessing the acceptance likelihood of a naltrexone injection and related concerns

Background and aimsHigh drug related mortality amongst former prisoners in the 4 weeks following release is an internationally recognised problem. Naltrexone injections at release could diminish this by blockading opioid receptors, but naltrexone is not licensed for injection for treating opiate misuse in the United Kingdom and some other countries. This study examined the likelihood of accepting a naltrexone injection at release, and the relationship of this likelihood to other relevant variables. MethodSixty-one male prisoners with a history of heroin use, who were approaching release from two prisons in the north-west of England, provided likelihood ratings for accepting a naltrexone injection if it were to have been available. Additional data was gathered regarding demographic and drug use histories, and also from psychometric instruments relevant to drug misuse and treatment preparedness. ResultsMaximum likelihood ratings for accepting a naltrexone injection were recorded by 55.7% of the sample with only 9.8% indicating no likelihood of accepting an injection. Likelihood ratings were positively related to serving a current sentence for an acquisitive offence compared to drug related or violence offences, and negatively related to peak methadone dosages during the current sentence. ConclusionsAlthough naltrexone injections were not available to participants in this study, the findings suggest that the potential uptake for this intervention is sufficient to warrant a clinical trial with this population of British prisoners, with a view to potential changes to its current licencing status. However, the importance of individual patient readiness for such an abstinence orientated intervention is emphasised by the negative correlation between the likelihood ratings and recent methadone doses.