Current Growth Rate Research Articles

कोविड १९ चा भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेवर परिणाम (COVID-19 Effects on Indian Economy)

Marathi Abstract: भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था आपल्या उर्जितावस्थेत असताना, तसेच सण 2014 पासून निरंतर कमी होता चाललेला विकास दर यात ताळमेळ घालत असताना त्यात 2020 वर्षाच्या सुरवातीलाच Covid 19 ची झड अर्थव्यवस्थेला पोहचली असल्याचे चित्र आज आपल्या समोर दिसते आहे. चीन या देशातून सुरु झालेला कोरोना हा संसर्ग जन्य आजार आज संपूर्ण जगभर आणि भारत भर पसरत चालला आहे. या आजाराने आजवर जगभर 41,94,728 च्या वर मनुष्यबडी घेतलेला आहे. आणि त्यात निरंतर वाढ होत असल्याचे आपणास दिसते आहे. विकसित तसेच विकसनशीलन देश याच्या प्रभावातून सुटलेले नाहीत. या Covid 19 चा परिणाम हा मानवाच्या अस्तित्वावर प्रश्न चिन्ह निर्माण करणारा ठरत आहे. प्रश्न निर्माण होतो आहे तो जगण्याचा आणि जिवंत राहण्यासाठीची साधने टिकविण्याचा. आजपर्यंतच्या विकासाला Covid 19 मुळे खिड लागत चालली आहे. केलेला विकास कसा टिकवायचा याची नव्याने उपाययोजना यातून निर्माण केल्या जाईल पण तोवर पोहचलेली झड भरून काढणे कठीण आणि श्रमाचे काम ठरणार आहे. भारताने स्वीकारलेल्या लॉक डाउन चा परिणाम हा पूर्ण अर्थव्यवस्थेवर पडलेला आहे. यातच जागतिक पातडीवरील अनेक संस्थांनी भारताचा विकास दर 0% राहण्याचे संकेत दिलेले आहेत.English Abstract: While the Indian economy is in its infancy, the festival has been steadily declining since 2014 COVID-19 at the beginning of 2020 while the current growth rate is adjusting. Today we see the picture that Chi Zad has reached the stage of Athavadayavastha. From this country of China Coronavirus is a contagious disease that has spread all over the world and all over India Is. The disease has killed over 41,94,728 people worldwide to date. And so on You can see the growth. Of developing as well as developing countries Not escaped the influence. The result of this COVID-19 is a question mark over human incompetence Is becoming a builder. The question is how to survive and live Tooling. To date, growth has been hampered by COVID-19. Done The river will be the solution to how to stop the development, but until then It will be difficult and laborious to fill in the gaps. Locks accepted by India The downfall has had a devastating effect on the economy. This includes many areas on the world stage Institutions have shown that India's growth rate is expected to remain at 0%. Some of them have not been studied due to the impact on the Indian economy The emphasis will be on suggesting solutions.

Relationship between Labor and Economic Growth in Vietnam: Practice and Forecast

This paper analyzes the effects of the fluctuation in labor force and labor productivity on Vietnam's economic growth. Using the neoclassical growth model with data from the General Statistics Office, the study shows that when the number of laborers increases by 1%, the economic growth rate will raise by 2.78%. Combined with predicted figures on changes in Vietnam's labor force in the period of 2009-2049, the results of the study reveal in order to maintain the current economic growth rate, labor productivity needs to increase to 106.2% in the period of 2029-2039 and 111.6% in the period of 2039-2049. Vietnam is losing the advantage of labor force so its long-term economic growth will depend mainly on labor productivity. Improving the quality of labor is the driving force for economic growth. This depends on the combination of specific national policies and strategies, in which education and training policies are highlighted.

Artificial intelligence in radiography: Where are we now and what does the future hold?

ObjectivesThis paper will outline the status and basic principles of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiography along with some thoughts and suggestions on what the future might hold. While the authors are not always able to separate the current status from future developments in this field, given the speed of innovation in AI, every effort has been made to give a view to the present with projections to the future. Key findingsAI is increasingly being integrated within radiography and radiographers will increasingly be working with AI based tools in the future. As new AI tools are developed it is essential that robust validation is undertaken in unseen data, supported by more prospective interdisciplinary research. A framework of stronger, more comprehensive approvals are recommended and the involvement of service users, including practitioners, patients and their carers in the design and implementation of AI tools is essential. Clearer accountability and medicolegal frameworks are required in cases of erroneous results from the use of AI-powered software and hardware. Clearer career pathways and role extension provision for healthcare practitioners, including radiographers, are required along with education in this field where AI will be central. ConclusionWith the current growth rate of AI tools it is expected that many of the applications in medical imaging will continue to develop to more accurate, less expensive and more readily available versions moving from the bench to the bedside. The hope is that, alongside efficiency and increased patient throughput, patient centred care and precision medicine will find their way in, so we will not only deliver a faster, safer, seamless clinical service but also one that will have the patients at its heart. Impact for practiceAI is already reaching clinical practice in many forms and its presence will continue to increase over the short and long-term future. Radiographers must learn to work with AI, embracing it and maximising the positive outcomes from this new technology.

Prospects for the development of electronic commerce in Russia in the conditions of digital economy

E-commerce is a form of running business using information and communication technologies. E-commerce objects include not only traditional types of services and goods, but also informational ones. In general, the trends in e-commerce development in Russia can be regarded as positive. The ongoing coronavirus pandemic affects everything, including spending money and interaction of firms in the marketplace. Current trends indicate an acceleration in digitalization, both in the private and public sectors. Therefore, in the future, only the online seller will have success whose business will be digitized and optimized as much as possible. At the same time, the transition of firms and consumers to the electronic segment is associated with certain costs and risks. This aspect requires serious attention from both academic economists and authorities; competent, but not excessive, intervention is required. In this article, the authors reveal both the positive and negative aspects of running e-business from the point of view of sellers and buyers, and also offer their own views on the e-commerce market development in the context of mass digitalization accelerated due to the coronavirus crisis. Provided that the rate of Internet penetration in the regions remains at the same level, e-commerce in Russia will be able to maintain the current growth rate and realize its potential as an important trading platform for both domestic and foreign economic agents.

Endophytic fungi as direct plant growth promoters for sustainable agricultural production

Current rates of population growth require the development of new agricultural strategies to feed the world human and livestock. The massive use of agricultural chemicals causes serious damage to the environment, and to human and animal health. For this reason, the use of endophytic fungi represents a biological alternative in increasing agricultural productivity in a sustainable way. This group of microorganisms, which inhabit plant tissues and organs without causing symptoms of damage, includes a great diversity of filamentous fungi and yeasts that are capable of increasing agricultural productivity. Some of the mechanisms involved in promoting plant growth by means of endophytic fungi include the increasing access to nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, etc.), production of plant hormones, the ethylene amount reduction, or increase in water acquisition rate. This review tries to compile all the works carried out in the last decades on endophytic fungi use as plant growth promoters with great potential in agriculture.

Optical studies of metal ceramic cathode

Optical studies of metal ceramic cathode demonstrated that the intensity of plasma light emission of the surface of the MC plate before the current maximum was below the sensitivity threshold of the 18ELU photoelectric intensifier, despite the presence of plasma sufficient for the significant magnitude of the amplitude (up to 500 A) and growth rate of the beam current (up to 20 A/ns).This confirms that the feature of the plasma occurring on the surface of the MC plate is a large emission surface at low density, the light emission of which cannot be recorded by the photoelectric intensifier, except in cases of significant current growth and current density at small anode–cathode distances and with a trimmed MC plate.Measurements of the plasma light emission spectrum of the MC cathode showed that emission plasma is generated during discharge, both from stainless steel particles and from the ceramic base material, with traces of strongly ionized ions presumably visible. This confirms the significant impact of processes occurring precisely in the gap around the metal particles on the MC cathode operation.Studies using an electron-optical converter showed that the separation of plasma from the surface of the MC plate occurs at a rate of more than 2.5 cm/μs. It is shown that the amplitude of the pre-pulse for various high voltage pulse shaping circuits of accelerators was impact on kinetics of plasma formation and light emission on the MC cathode.

Socio-Hydrological Approach to Explore Groundwater–Human Wellbeing Nexus: Case Study from Sundarbans, India

Coastal regions are the residence of an enormously growing population. In spite of rich biodiversity, coastal ecosystems are extremely vulnerable due to hydroclimatic factors with probable impact on socio-economy. Since the last few decades, researchers and policymakers were attracted towards the existing water demand–resource relationship to predict its future trends and prioritize better water resource management options. Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) serves the wholesome purpose of modeling diverse aspects of decision analysis using water algorithm equations for proper planning of water resource management. In this study, future groundwater demand (domestic, agricultural, and livestock sector) in the fragile Sundarbans ecosystem was estimated considering different human population growth rates (high, low, and current) for 2011–2050. The results showed that the sustainability of coastal aquifer-dependent rural livelihood is expected to face great danger in the near future. The total groundwater demand is expected to rise by approximately 17% at the current growth rate in the study area to fulfill the domestic and agricultural requirement, while this value goes up to around 35% for a higher growth rate and around 4% for a lower growth rate. The impact of increasing groundwater demand was analyzed further to identify any socio-economic shifts in this region.

Regional Population-Based Workforce Shortages in General Surgery by Practicing Surgeon and Resident Trainee.

The physician shortage in the United States (US) continues to become more apparent. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the US physician distribution from 2012-2019 by specialty at the state/regional level relative to the corresponding population growth. US matched residents and practicing physicians from 2012-2019 were extracted from the National Resident Matching Program and Association of American Medical College databases, respectively. Residents and practicing physicians were divided by geographic regions (West, Midwest, South, Northeast), states, and specialties (anesthesiology, emergency medicine, family medicine, general surgery (GS), internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology and pediatrics). Entering residents and physicians increased across 7 specialties from 2012-2019 with the exception of GS, which showed .2% decrease in practicing physicians. GS experienced decreases in entering residents in all US regions except the South. All specialties showed a decrease in the people-per-physician (PPP) except GS and pediatrics, which had a 4.1% and 71.3% increase, respectively. EM showed the largest growth overall, both in entering residents and overall workforce. GS experienced slow growth of residents, decreases in practicing physicians and workforce overall, and an increase in PPP from 2012-2019. Our findings suggest that current population growth rate is exceeding the rate of physicians entering the field of GS and highlights the need for interventions to promote the recruitment of GS residents and retainment of attending physicians, particularly for rural areas. Future research to measure surgeon distribution in relation to patient outcomes and the efficacy of recent policy to address shortages can help define additional interventions to address physician shortages moving forward.

The effects of air flow on the nanosecond pulsed pin-to-pin discharge dynamics in atmosphere-pressure air

Investigation of the breakdown phase of a nanosecond pulsed pin-to-pin discharge in air at atmosphere pressure with different gas flow rates is carried out. The experimental results show that the air flow leads to increase in the breakdown delay time. The effect of air flow rate on the current growth rates and streamer channel appearance at the beginning of breakdown is observed, which indicates that the redistribution and decrease in the densities of reactive species produced by previous discharges are playing the main role in the discharge delay time. When 15 standard liters per minute (slm) air flow is used and pulse frequency is 1 kHz, the discharge current reaches a peak of about 0.5 A, then it decreases to 0.4 A and lasts for about 70 ns, and then the discharge current starts to increase rapidly at a rate of >0.1 A/ns. For pulse frequency of 8 kHz or nitrogen as working gas, the discharge current increases monotonically. Besides, the difference of the gas temperature for the cases of 0 and 15 slm is measured, and the result indicates that the difference of the gas temperature should not be the main contributor to the difference of the breakdown delay time. Detailed analysis shows that the appearance of the first current peak is due to the fast detachment of O2−. Finally, simulation results show that the ionization rate for the case of 15 slm is also more significantly delayed than the case of 0 slm, which is consistent with the measured discharge current waveform.

Kidnapping in Nigeria: A Social Threat to Educational Institutions, Human Existence and Unity

This paper examined the problem of kidnapping and its consequences in Nigeria. Kidnapping has the potential of creating social tension, psychological trauma (mental and emotional problems), insecurity, untimely death and others in the society. It has been observed and identified that kidnapping is not a new crime in Nigeria and other countries of the world. But the apparent problem of kidnapping is the current growth rate in all parts of the country and the benefits the perpetrators are deriving from this criminal activity. In this study, some challenges were identified. They include: poverty, unemployment, politics and religion. The mode of kidnappers' operations have been identified and its prevalence, apart from the causes attributed to the laxity in the implementation process to prosecute the offenders. As a result of these findings, it is suggested that the issue of ransom payment by the families/relatives of the victims to kidnappers should be seriously condemned. Government on their part, should endeavour to create employment for the teeming population of youths as this will help to reduce the proliferation of kidnappers. Security agents should be well equipped with sophisticated guns to wage war against kidnappers. This will no doubt help to restore peace and security in the country.

Labour productivity in the sustainable development of wood-based industry: A case for the European Union countries

Labour productivity is one of the key factors determining the wood-based industry development and competitiveness. This study assessed the importance of human resources and labour productivity in the furniture sector in the European Union (EU) countries. A cluster analysis and multivariate linear ordering analysis were conducted. The EU15, especially Germany, Denmark, and United Kingdom, demonstrate a higher labour productivity and offer even four-fold higher wages to the employees than some EU13 countries. It results in a relatively high share of labour costs in the production. However, in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the importance of furniture production for the national economy and the job market was high. To maintain the sustainable development of the EU market, decreasing the regional differences is essential. Additionally, the existing competitive advantage of selected EU13 countries resulting from relatively low labour costs can be insufficient to maintain the current rate of production growth and furniture exports. The results of the study provide a precious source of information for entrepreneurs, managers, and government. They will help the production enterprises identify the areas to be made more efficient by taking important decisions to enhance competitiveness and design the future path of sustainable furniture sector development.

Large-Scale CCS Constructability and Operational Challenges Assessment: A Decision Tool for New Users

The worldwide CO2 capture capacity in 2018 is estimated at around 40 MtCO2 per annum. A number of global energy models indicate that achieving a 2°C climate scenario requires the capture and sequestration of approximately 1,000-2,000 MtCO2 per annum by 2030. This is the equivalent of fitting approximately 30GW of power capacity with CCS each year, comparable to the peak annual coal or nuclear construction rate following the 1970s oil crisis. However, the current growth rate in CCS languishes far below the required level, having only doubled from a miniscule base in 15 years. The sector suffers from a high rate of attrition in moving from project initiatives to deployment. The sector is highly exposed to policy and regulatory risks, challenges in defining liabilities and while a number of operational large scale CCS projects have been realised successfully, it is unfortunate that some first-of-a-kind coal and gas power CCS projects have been cancelled or experienced significant cost and/or time over-runs. This has impacted stakeholder’s confidence on projects delivery on time, budget and to specifications. Successful and cancelled CCS projects can bring invaluable learnings for the planning of future projects and define a clear route for the construction and operation of the future CCS generation. On the one hand, constructability is considered as the anticipation of construction constraints and the identification of opportunities in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a project, since they may influence the decisions taken during the project life cycle. On the other hand, the analysis of operational challenges focuses on the main areas of attention related to the execution phase of already implemented CCS projects (new construction and retrofitting). In the past, IEAGHG commissioned several technical studies linked to large CCS projects. Moreover, an analysis of the equipment supply and capacity constraint which will impact on the CCS implementation was included in the study “Barriers to implementation of CCS-Capacity and constraints”. Although constructability and operational challenges have been identified in those reports, some aspects were unique for those locations and status of the initial facilities. IEAGHG identified the need to provide a guide on constructability and operation for new users, and commissioned Element Energy to undertake this study. The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the constructability and operational factors for execution of large-scale CCS projects in power and industry. It develops a decision framework to inform planning, construction, commissioning and operation of future CCS projects, based on lessons learned from previous CCS projects. This constructability and operability decision framework identifies key decision areas and success factors – combining project characteristics, constraints and possible choices – that govern a large-scale CCS project. The study builds on up-to-date knowledge, information collected through a thorough literature review process, detailed project analysis, and the engagement of expert stakeholders involved in major CCS projects worldwide in different phases: development, construction, and operation. The study also explores the reasons for the cancellation of non-completed CCS projects and potential solutions for the underpinning problems identified. The main output of this study is a comprehensive guide for new entrants in the CCS business, providing guidance for the transition from planning to execution and from construction to operation, and on how to maintain stable operation along the plant life. Other public activities such as standardization can also benefit from this guide.

Increasing temperature threatens an already endangered coastal dune plant

AbstractClimate change has the potential to reduce the abundance and distribution of species and threaten global biodiversity, but it is typically not listed as a threat in classifying species conservation status. This likely occurs because demonstrating climate change as a threat requires data‐intensive demographic information. Moreover, the threat from climate change is often studied in specific biomes, such as polar or arid ones. Other biomes, such as coastal ones, have received little attention, despite being currently exposed to substantial climate change effects. We forecast the effect of climate change on the demography and population size of a federally endangered coastal dune plant (Lupinus tidestromii). We use data from a 14‐yr demographic study across seven extant populations of this endangered plant. Using model selection, we found that survival and fertility measures responded negatively to temperature anomalies. We then produced forecasts based on stochastic individual‐based population models that account for uncertainty in demographic outcomes. Despite large uncertainties, we predict that all populations will decline if temperatures increase by 1°C. Considering the total number of individuals across all seven populations, the most likely outcome is a population decline of 90%. Moreover, we predict extinction is certain for one of our seven populations. These results demonstrate that climate change will profoundly decrease the current and future population growth rates of this plant, and its chance of persistence. Thus, our study provides the first evidence that climate change is an extinction threat for a plant species classified as endangered under the USA Endangered Species Act.

MatthewYglesiasOne Billion Americans: The Case for Thinking Bigger. Portfolio, 2020. 288 p. $28.00

MatthewYglesiasOne Billion Americans: The Case for Thinking Bigger. Portfolio, 2020. 288 p. $28.00

Towards a 100% renewable energy electricity generation system in Sweden

Swedish government’s target is to have 100% renewable electricity production by 2040. Currently, hydropower contributes the majority of renewable electricity generation of the country. The wind power capacity has increased significantly in the past decade. In this paper, practical data is used to study the possibility of reaching the 100% renewable electricity generation goal by replacing existing thermal generations with wind power generations. It is found that the Swedish electricity generation system can reach 100% renewable by tripling the existing wind power capacity combined with the existing hydropower in the country. Based on current growth rate of wind power installation, the goal could be reached within 20 years. Hourly simulation shows that 100% renewable energy generation system composed by wind power and hydropower satisfy hourly operation requirements.

Analysis Working Environment Among of Malaysian Seafarer s

Malaysian shipping industry is facing a crewing crisis the seriousness of which does not seem to have registered as a priority by the industry given the fact that the current deficit of about 10,000 could leap-fold to unprecedented levels in the next couple of years. The global shipping industry must come to grips quickly with the realities and the concerns on the emerging shortages and the demand for well-trained and experienced seafarers as the biggest challenge facing the shipping industry itself. The worldwide population of seafarers serving on internationally trading merchant ships today is estimated to be in the order of 400,000 officers and 825,000 ratings. As far as ratings are concerned they are, in the majority recruited from developing countries especially Malaysia. A staggering 20,000 new crew at an average of 15 crews per ship will be needed to meet the demand annually and the number needed could be potentially more if attrition from those currently employees are also taken into account. The issue is not only the concern over the projected shortage of seafarers. There is need also to ensure that the seafarers are not burdened by the spate of new rules and regulations that are impacting on ship operations and management and how the human factor is accounted for and dealt with in these regulations. The seriousness could be clearly reflected when the number of ships currently on order worldwide totalling about 8,000 vessels with deliveries averaging 2,000 annually over the next three years and relate it to the demand for crew for each of these ships. Given the current rate of growth of the shipping industry, there is no easy solution or a quick-fix to the crewing crisis that could overwhelm the industry.

Education as a Strategy for Active Aging Learning Center in Taiwan

The population of individuals who are over 65 years-old in Taiwan has grown from less than 10% in 2008 to 14% in 2018. Since 2008, Taiwan has officially been an aging nation as defined by the World Health Organization. With the current rate of growth, we expect the country to become a super-aged society with 20% of the population being older than 65 years of age in 2025. The challenge Taiwan currently faces in bracing for a rapidly aging society is more difficult than ever. In response to a rapidly aging population, universities have been cooperating with the government since 2008 in promoting a community-based lifelong learning-oriented "active aging" education policy, of which we collectively call "Senior Learning" (“Le-Ling Learning” in Mandarin, meaning “Active Aging Learning”). 12 years into implementing the program, 369 senior learning centers have been established in Taiwan by 2020. These established centers with their extensions can be found throughout Taiwan, including 360 towns and cities as well as 3,175 villages. These centers, supported by local resources (e.g. schools, and non-governmental organizations), provide senior learning courses and activities. There are thousands of community volunteers participating every year, as well as over 200,000 hours of Active Aging Learning course duration prepared by the government; moreover, there are currently 200 instructors trained for teaching these programs. Active Aging Learning program has truly become a “zeitgeist” in Taiwan in response to the elderly society. In caring for the elderly, meaningful educational learning has become the best strategy as reflected by the public.
 The purpose of this article is to report on the developmental background, promotion model, effectiveness of, and the prospects of Active Aging Learning in Taiwan. The contents of this article include: (1) the conceptual basis of Active Aging Learning, (2) the practice mode and strategy of Active Aging Learning, (3) the implementation effect of Active Aging Learning, and (4) the future progress of Active Aging Learning. The research data in this article originate from policy documents, both qualitative and quantitative data for the implementation of the Active Aging Learning program, as well as my 12 years of practical observations and experience as the overall project principal investigator. Through reading this article, the readers can quickly understand the implementation process, effectiveness, and problems of senior learning in Taiwan, as well as the key findings of our 12 years of experience. We found that the best strategy for an aging society is not to emphasize "care" in the context of traditional pathology, but to learn in order to "prevent". Educational strategies and talent cultivation are the broad directions of our active efforts.

Challenges in Indian Agriculture

Agriculture plays a central role in the economic development of a country. The population of India is expected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050 with a current decadal growth rate of ~ 18%. The review paper is written to highlight the current and future challenges facing the agriculture sector in India. There are various challenges that affect the Indian economy such as food security, soil quality deterioration, water scarcity, lack of proper food storage structures, land degradation etc. Recent pandemic situation has affected the agricultural sectors, will lends to the major changes in the future, which needs to be discussed and planned to meet the future requirements.

The Relationship between Yield Curve and Economic Activity: An Analysis of G7 Countries

The yield curve is an important tool to assess the economic progress of a country. In this study, we examine the strength of the relationship between term spread and economic activity, and between the components of the yield curve and economic activity in the G7 countries using monthly data on yield rates and seasonally adjusted data on the industrial production index (IPI). After matching the start and end date of the IPI with the yield rates, the data used and respective time period are as follows: Canada: March-1994 to December-2018, France: January-1999 to December-2018, Germany: October-2005 to December-2018, Italy: July-2009 to December-2018, Japan: July-1994 to January-2019, the UK: January-1994 to December-2018, and the US: February-1990 to January-2019. The results show positive associations between term spread and economic activity for Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the US. For Italy, a negative association is noted. All three empirical factors could predict economic activity for France and Germany at the 12-month horizon only. For all other horizons, the factors’ ability to predict economic activity varies. We observe that by including additional macro-finance variables such as the current economic growth rate and the 3-month yield rate to capture the term structure level effects, the relationship between term spread and economic activity becomes stronger. This implies that the usefulness of yield curve and its decomposed components for the purpose of predicting economic activity should be cautiously modelled and employed for policy.

Insect frass in the development of sustainable agriculture. A review

Given the current rate of human population growth, the mass breeding of insects for feed and food is in full industrial development, as a more efficient and effective alternative to conventional livestock for the production of animal protein. In these industries, the production of insect excreta (frass) represents one of the main outputs of the process, being up to 40 times greater than the production of animal biomass, which is why its use as organic fertilizer to replace the use of agrochemicals is considered a viable alternative in the development of sustainable agriculture and a circular economy. Through a review of all the existing literature, this article highlights the following benefits of the use of insect frass as organic fertilizer in sustainable agriculture: (1) contribution of nutrients to the soil, mainly nitrogen, easily assimilated by plant tissues; (2) addition of biomolecules and microorganisms that promote plant growth; and (3) increased tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to pathogens and pests due to the presence of different compounds and microorganisms. Therefore, insect frass from the mass breeding of insects for feed and food represents an important source of effective organic fertilizer for use in sustainable agriculture.