Current Protection Research Articles

Design and Analysis of Reliable Current Differential Protection Through Improved Power-Line Communication

Design and Analysis of Reliable Current Differential Protection Through Improved Power-Line Communication

Novel self-adjusted full-line current protection strategy for small resistance grounding distribution network

Novel self-adjusted full-line current protection strategy for small resistance grounding distribution network

Image Rights of Sportspersons: Increasing the Ambit of Privacy

Image rights represent the ability of an individual to control the use or portrayal of their identity in public, something which should ideally be within the sole control of that individual. However, the presence of miniscule legislative backing along with the views of large corporations have shown otherwise. Image rights, especially of players, present an attractive commercial opportunity, often forming a huge source of earnings for clubs, national teams and even video game franchises. However, the protection and treatment of image rights of athletes has started a controversy where players are now recognizing the value of these rights and the lack of control they possess over their use. Large corporations such as EA Sports have shown an utter disregard for the right of a player to control or even cash in on the use of their image, bringing forth the question whether the current protection of image rights is sufficient. This study has uncovered the sheer lack of protection available to these rights in most countries, with some jurisdictions failing to recognize the right of a player to control their identity. This study has analyzed and brought forth the flaws in the system, whilst highlighting the immense economic potential for both athletes and clubs.

Don’t Forget to Like, Follow, and Regulate: An Argument for the Expansion of Protections for Child Social Media Influencers

Child social media influencers, colloquially known as “kidfluencers,” have skyrocketed to fame alongside the growth of social media. However, traditional child labor laws do not consider online influencing “work” or these kids to be “child performers.” Thus, these children do not receive any form of legal protection for their presence online, leaving them open to exploitation and severe harms. This Note explores the lack of protection provided to kidfluencers, ultimately proposing a new federal labor law to expand child actor protections to kidfluencers. Part I of this Note provides a brief history of the landscape by reviewing landmark Supreme Court cases on the rights of the child, detailing the introduction of child labor laws and child actor protections, and surveying the meteoric rise of social media and “family vlogging” in the field of child labor. Part II explores the potential harms that kidfluencers could face due to the lack of regulation in the “family vlogging” field. Part III proposes a reform for the current legal schema to protect child influencers, ultimately culminating in a new federal labor law expanding current protections to protect child actors and introducing a privacy aspect to preserve children’s right to consent.

Distribution network adaptive protection system based on artificial intelligence

Abstract With the continuous development of society, the requirements of enterprises and the public for the reliability of the power system are also improving, and the fault identification and protection action of the distribution network is conducive to the comprehensive analysis and overhaul of the line, which is of great significance. In this paper, a short-circuit fault identification method for distribution networks based on artificial intelligence technology is proposed to categorize and predict power system faults using an association rule algorithm. Then, a distribution network adaptive protection strategy based on the equivalent impedance of the distributed energy system is proposed, which real-time adjusts the setting value and criterion of the protection through the distribution network containing distributed energy devices connected to the grid and adjusts the working status in normal operation, realizing that the current protection of the distribution network adapts itself to the change of the working conditions of the distribution network system of IIDG. Simulation results show that when two-phase grounding and three-phase short-circuit faults occur in the distribution network under the protection of the adaptive system. The protection circuits start instantaneously in 0.005s, which realizes the functions of the fast startup, self-sustained operation, and controllable shutdown when faults occur in the distribution network. Meanwhile, the feasibility of the scheme is verified by utilizing the system to output short-circuit faults in the case of IIDG grid-connected or off-grid when the respective integrating values are greater than the positive sequence short-circuit current values.

Is Data the New Gold? Considering Intellectual Property Protection and Regulation of Data

Abstract This article reviews the economics literature on the optimal design of intellectual property, the current framework for protecting data, focussing on the European Union, and the main features of data. It combines these to ask how current intellectual property protection instruments and surrounding regulation could be adapted to more usefully protect (non-personal) data that require investment to create and encourage its diffusion. The main changes from current protections include an expansion of registration and cataloguing systems, more definition of quality certification, and increased attention to portfolios of protection mechanisms.

Wymagania stawiane zabezpieczeniom różnicowoprądowym przeznaczonym do systemów ładowania pojazdów elektrycznych

The properties of residual current devices have been presented from the point of view of their ability to detect a specific shape of the residual current waveform. Moreover, the standard requirements relating to residual current protection used in electric vehicle charging installations have been pointed out. The operating characteristics of the IC-CPD and RDC-DD protections, which are intended for charging electric vehicles in mode 2 and mode 3, respectively, have been also discussed.

<i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> as an umbrella species for the protection of epiphytic lichen diversity in Polish Carpathians

<i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> has been subject to strict and zonal protection in Poland for almost 20 years, assuming the function of an umbrella species for the protection of natural biodiversity. Knowledge about this function, however, is limited, mainly due to a lack of relevant research. The current protection zone with a radius (R) of up to 50 m was significantly reduced in 2014 compared to the previous one from 2004 (R=100 m), mainly due to the needs of forest management. This legislative change became why it was worth making a scientific balance of potential gains and losses. Corticolous lichens growing at circular sites with a radius of 150 m around lungwort host-trees, divided into three zones R=50 m, R=51-100 m, R=101-150 m, were selected as the biological group for verification. Beech (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>) and sycamore (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i>) trees with DBH ≥40 cm, randomly located along the target azimuths of 0°, 120°, and 240°, were selected for the study at 15 sites located in the Polish Carpathians (Gorce and Bieszczady Mts). The research hypothesis was that the size of the <i>L. pulmonaria</i> protection zone in the Polish Carpathians is important for the conservation of a greater diversity of corticolous lichens. Based on the list of species, we assessed the statistical significance of differences in diversity indices between the zones and between the Gorce and Bieszczady sites, which was justified by the result of the DCA analysis. Both the total number of species and old-growth forest, legally protected and endangered species in Poland (categories EN, CR) were analyzed. Generally, the current protection zone with a radius of 50 m protects approx. 70% of all epiphytic lichen diversity and the same share of other investigated groups, while increasing the protection zone to R=100 m saves almost 90% of species representing these groups of lichens.

Natural law and the rights of nature – in search of more effective environmental protection

The paper discusses innovative legal regulations that may contribute to increasing standards ofenvironmental protection. In the face of increasing nature degradation and climate change, current protection measures are insufficient. The dysfunction of the political system, international institutionalisation, and existing legal regulations, result in the strengthening of the global economy instead of increasing the extent of activities aimedattheprotection of nature. It is argued that the concept of natural law, which focuses on the protection of human rights, is not the same as the rights of nature. However, the analysis of the origins and axiological and legal assumptions of boththese concepts allows us to formulate the conclusion that both can form a common ethical perspective needed in order to protect the community of life on Earth. The aim of the considerations is to discuss the concept of the rights of nature, which are the basis for shaping the new environmental ethics. Appealing to common axioms, the idea of the rights of nature favours overcoming the limitations resulting from property law and the currently dominant economic and utilitarian factors. The paper arguesthat the environmentally-profiled rights of nature can become an ally in environmental protection.

Individual dosimetry as an element of health prevention for employees exposed to ionizing radiation

The paper presents the current radiation protection standards, in line with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and their evolution over the years based on new knowledge about the biological effects of ionizing radiation and the changing attitude of people to the accepted risk. The work takes into account in particular the role of the dose limit principle and individual dose measurements in activities aimed at health prevention of individual people occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(6):527-39.

Моделирование ЭДС магнитных трансформаторов тока для токовой защиты трехфазного силового трансформатора

One of the most common damage to the windings of three-phase transformers are loop closures. Traditional current protections have low sensitivity to them, and gas protections are not able to protect «dry» transformers. Unconventional protections on magnetic current transformers are devoid of these disadvantages. However, the implementation of such protections is impossible without calculating the MTT EMF in an arbitrary transformer operation mode, the magnitude of which is determined by the magnitude of the axial component of the magnetic field scattering of the transformer coils. Their mathematical modeling is a difficult task and does not allow taking into account the nonlinearity of this transformer. This can be avoided if the ELCUT software package is used to simulate this axial component of the magnetic scattering field of the transformer windings. Based on its use, a method is proposed for modeling the effective value of the EMF induced in the MTT windings located in the places proposed in the considered protection device of a linear three-phase transformer using the ELCUT software package. The adequacy of the results of modeling the magnetic fields of scattering of transformer windings is assessed by comparing the measured and calculated MTT EMF. Recommendations for taking into account the nonlinearity of this transformer are given.

Radon activity concentration RnCA and workers lung cancer risks in SENA coal mines, Colombia

The risk of lung cancer or pneumoconiosis mortality, increases with radioactive radon gas exposures. This article report health risk for underground workers exposed to radioactive gas and radon daughters carried by airborne dust at the coal mining in the Central Mountainous Region of Colombia. A set of 33 measurement points located in that mine galleries were selected to monitor radon gas concentration activity, by passive LR-115 detectors, during two months. Resulting values provided radon concentrations, absorbed dose, environmental equivalent dose and the effective dose; miners increased risk of contracting lung cancer is included. It is concluded that the mine ventilation system satisfies the conditions required by the current radiological protection of the miners. Our study point out that Colombia can effectively address the potential risks associated with radon exposure and ensure a safer living environment for its citizens.

Voltage Impact on Oil Pipelines from High Voltage Underground Cables: Relocation of Overhead Lines at Kelanitissa

When a large-scale urban construction project requires the relocation of an electrical overhead transmission line, going underground becomes the only feasible solution. However, due consideration must be given to the interaction with underground steel pipelines already laid as the life of metallic pipelines is highly susceptible to corrosion when buried underground. Corrosion occurs because of an electrochemical reaction, with Impressed Current Cathodic protection, with an impressed negative dc voltage of the order of 850 mV, usually employed in many metal pipelines to mitigate the deterioration of the surface. This paper scrutinizes the impact of high voltage underground cables on the cathodic protection of buried metal pipelines. The induced voltage due to the addition of high voltage underground cables crossing the pipelines perpendicularly has been analysed using Ansys Maxwell’s electromagnetic software using actual dimensions and parameters. The introduction of two 220 kV underground cables from Biyagama - Kelanitissa line and two 132 kV underground cable circuits from Kelanitissa - Kolonnawa running perpendicular to six underground petroleum carrying steel pipelines has been investigated to study its influence on existing impressed current cathodic protection. The study has shown that the maximum induced voltage is less than 1.5 mV which has no adverse effect on any existing impressed current cathodic protection. The high voltage cables have been in fact installed and no adverse effects have been detected.

Setting Optimization of Distribution Network Current Protection Based on Constrained Multi‐Objectives Backbone Particle Swarm Optimization

With the increase in residential electricity consumption, the number of branch lines connected to the 10 kV main line and the load all increase. When the main line is segmented into several shorter lines, the current protections of these lines are difficult to coordinate with each other. This condition may cause the number of protection mal‐operation increases, the power outage scope expands, and the reliability of the power supply decreases. Therefore, this paper studies the setting optimization method of distribution network current protections. First, a mathematical model of protection setting optimization is established with three objective functions keeping the fault clearing time minimal, the protection sensitivity highest, and the outage load minimal. Some constraints are considered, such as the cooperation between the protections of the adjacent lines. Second, the multi‐objective backbone particle swarm optimization algorithm is used. The problems of the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm that lacks population diversity and easily falls into local optimization are solved by adopting the time‐varying variation and linear decreasing dynamic allocation strategy. Finally, the K‐means clustering algorithm is used to get the most representative optimal solution providing a variety of feasible solutions for the practical application. This paper takes a 10 kV line as an example to test the setting optimization method and compares the optimized settings with the traditional ones. The results show that the setting optimization method based on the constrained multi‐objective backbone particle swarm can effectively reduce the protection mal‐operations and improve the overall performance of distribution network protections. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Formation of the institute of personal data protection and experience of its implementation in the countries of the EU

The development of digital technologies in the modern world led to an increase in interference in the private life of a person and the number of human rights violations related to private life. Ukrainian legislation on personal data protection does not meet the latest trends and standards of the European Union (EU) in this area and needs to be updated. The article is intended to analyse the development of the institute of personal data protection in the world to identify ways to adapt the national legislation of Ukraine to the current personal data protection standards of the EU. To carry out the research, the following scientific methods were used: inductive, deductive, dialectical, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal, historical legal. According to the results of the research, the personal data protection institute has gone through a significant path of development from individual notions and concepts to a structured set of standards and tools legally established at the EU level. A characteristic feature of this development is the adoption of new legal acts on personal data protection, as well as increasingly strict and comprehensive regulation of issues related to personal data processing. Ukrainian personal data protection legislation, although historically improved in line with European standards, as of 2023 is based on the outdated Directive 95/46/EC, which has already been rejected by the EU. Compared to the legal systems of neighbouring countries such as Poland, Bulgaria and Romania, Ukrainian personal data protection legislation is not only inferior, but also significantly lags behind in terms of detail, definition of key terms and principles. The results of the research can be used in law-making work, in particular, when drafting a new bill of the basic data protection law and for further research on ways to improve Ukrainian laws and laws of other candidates for membership in the European Union on personal data protection

Security Protection of 3D Models of Oblique Photography by Digital Watermarking and Data Encryption

To clarify the copyrights of 3D models of oblique photography (3DMOP) and guarantee their security, a novel security protection scheme of 3DMOP was proposed in this study by synergistically applying digital watermarking and data encryption. In the proposed scheme, point clouds were clustered first, and then the centroid and feature points of each cluster were calculated and extracted, respectively. Afterward, the watermarks were embedded into the point clouds cluster-by-cluster, taking distances between feature points and centroids as the embedding positions. In addition, the watermarks were also embedded using texture coordinates of 3DMOP to further enhance the robustness of the watermarking algorithm. Furthermore, Arnold transformation was performed on texture images of 3DMOP for security protection of classified or sensitive information. Experimental results have verified the strong imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed watermarking algorithm, as well as the high security of the designed data encryption algorithm. The outcomes of this work can refine the current security protection methods of 3DMOP and thus further expand their application scope.

The potential of industrial green stormwater infrastructure to provide long-term supplementary flood mitigation for low-lying coastal cities under climate change

Coastal city flooding is projected to worsen in low-lying cities with climate change. Planners are concerned about the inadequacy of their current flood mitigation strategies, and the expense and risk of investing in expensive grey infrastructures, such as levees, under climate uncertainty. Implementing green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) on large privately-owned industrial land may be an attractive alternative; however, little is known about its potential for providing supplementary flood mitigation with climate change. Using Christchurch, New Zealand, as a case study, we applied hydrological modelling and spatial analysis to assess its potential to keep the impact of the increased rainfall intensities within the current flood protection capacity. Increasing groundwater levels due to rising sea levels were also considered to determine land capability for in-ground retention of stormwater. Findings demonstrate significant capability in four out of six catchments to reduce the impact of climate change–induced increased runoff volume to within the current flood protection level in the medium term (2030–2050). Two of the catchments also reduced runoff to this level in the long term (2080–2100), and under much larger storm events than the design storm, though not under all climate scenarios. Long-term flood mitigation capability can be provided where industrial land occupies a large proportion of a catchment’s area, is able to capture runoff from upstream, and where the high water table is deeper than 2 m. Industrial GSI has the potential to provide supplementary surface runoff containment through an adaptive flood mitigation planning strategy in response to unfolding climate change conditions.

Direct Current Fault Protection: Basic Concepts and Technology Advances [Book Review

Direct Current Fault Protection: Basic Concepts and Technology Advances [Book Review

A Sympathetic Inrush Identification Method Based on the Time-Frequency Energy

Sympathetic inrush is a phenomenon caused by the energization of the neighboring unloaded transformer. It may cause current differential protection to operate in the wrong way. Due to the lack of a special and continuous identification method, this paper studies the inherent feature of the two transformers during sympathetic inrush. Then a substation-area current signal based on the feature is constructed and its characteristics are analyzed. The time-frequency energy of the current signal is extracted based on the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform (SWT) since the SWT can process the transient signals accurately. The extracted energy is taken as the basis of the identification criterion. The simulation results conducted by PSCAD/EMTDC software prove the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WTP) FOR OLD-AGE SECURITY IN BANDA ACEH

Old-Age Security (JHT) is one of the social security programs for workers as a protection in the retirement age. However, the current affordability of old-age security is still limited. This study aims to estimate the value of Willingness to Pay (WTP) for old-age security and analyze factors that affect the WTP of old-age security in Banda Aceh. The research method used to determine the community's WTP value is the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the use of the chi-square test (α=0.05) to analyze the data. This research examined primary data with a total sample of 100 respondents. The results showed that respondents' average Willingness to Pay (EWTP) for old-age security was Rp634,074 per person per month. The variables that influenced the WTP of respondents' old-age security were age, occupation, and the number of family members. The variables that affect the WTP of old-age security are age, occupation, and the number of family members. It recommends that the government and the Social Security Agency for Employment (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan) work together to provide counseling and socialization related to the current social protection program so that the public will be more aware and able to understand the benefits of this program.