Current Prohibition Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BAN ON THE SIMULTANEOUS INTRODUCTION OF POSITIVE REACTIVITY IN TWO OR MORE WAYS

The main reason for the prohibition of simultaneous injection of positive reactivity in two or more ways is the requirements of the nuclear safety rules for reactor installations. The introduction of positive reactivity by the means of influence on reactivity, provided for by the technical design of the reactor installation, should be excluded, if the emergency protection working bodies are not brought to the working position. Technical measures should exclude the possibility of introducing positive reactivity simultaneously by two or more provided means of influencing reactivity, as well as introducing positive reactivity by means of influencing reactivity during fuel loading and unloading. The rate of increase in reactivity by means of influencing the reactivity should not exceed 0.07 βef/s. For the working bodies of the control and protection system with an efficiency of more than 0.7 βef, the introduction of positive reactivity should be stepwise, with a step weight of no more than 0.3 βef (provided by technical measures). In the technical design of the RU, the size of the step, the pause between steps and the rate of increase in reactivity should be indicated. The consequence of introducing positive reactivity in two or more ways is a possible violation of the conditions for normal operation of nuclear power plants due to an uncontrolled increase in the neutron flux in operating and emergency modes of the reactor. The installed second-type warning protection, which is supposed to solve this problem, has shortcomings in its operation that lead to a clear violation of the current prohibition on the simultaneous introduction of positive reactivity in two or more ways. On the basis of the conducted research, the existing error in the operation of the PP-2 was identified and analyzed. To avoid the problem with the simultaneous introduction of positive reactivity in two or more ways, it is proposed to modernize the system of PP-2 with its further operation on reactivity indicators.

International Regulatory Experience and Enlightenment on Non-Legal Tender Digital Currency from the Perspective of the Kame Framework

Based on the current imperfect regulatory system for non-legal digital currencies in China, this article focuses on the regulation of non-legal digital currencies, exploring regulatory paths and models suitable for Chinas national conditions based on the regulatory experiences of typical foreign countries. The renowned law and economics theory frameworkthe Coase-Meade frameworkis adopted to analyze the overall regulatory model of non-legal digital currency regulation abroad. Firstly, based on the applicability value of the Coase-Meade framework to the subject of this study, typical countries such as Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and South Korea are analyzed under the Coase-Meade frameworks prohibition and transaction rules, property rules, and liability rules to clarify their legal characterization of non-legal digital currencies and explore regulatory paths in terms of legal, financial, and technological regulation. Next, the characteristics of foreign regulatory models are reviewed, including scenario-based regulation, centralized regulation, and categorized regulation. Finally, drawing on Chinas current prohibition stance and overseas practical experience, the article preliminarily clarifies the legal attributes of non-legal digital currencies. Then, it constructs a regulatory framework suitable for the country from the perspectives of principles, priorities, and methods based on the chosen paths of typical countries. Additionally, it emphasizes the clarity of regulatory responsibilities for regulatory agencies and the establishment of other self-regulatory bodies to enhance the coordination of domestic regulatory entities. Furthermore, it actively explores international cooperation to strengthen international coordination in regulation, enhancing Chinas international influence and discourse power.

Двойное и множественное гражданство в Российской Федерации: перспективы развития правового регулирования

Introduction. After the legislative distinction between the concepts of “dual citizenship” and “multiple citizenship”, predicting the prospects for the development of legal regulation of social relations emerging in the field of dual and multiple citizenship, as well as development of practical proposals to consolidate the legal status of persons with multiple citizenship in the Russian Federation, becomes relevant. Theoretical analysis. The author examined the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the legal status of persons with dual and multiple citizenship, in particular, analyzed the current legislative restrictions and prohibitions established for this category of persons. Empirical analysis. The author studied the problem of exercising electoral rights by citizens of the Russian Federation with multiple citizenship, including the problem of renouncing the citizenship of a foreign state, and analyzed judicial practice on challenging decisions of election commissions of municipalities on the annulment of registration/refusal to register candidates for deputies. Results. The author proposes the concept of the Federal Law “On the legal status of persons with multiple citizenship in the Russian Federation”: legislative consolidation of the concept of “person with multiple citizenship”, formulation of the goals of establishing prohibitions for persons with multiple citizenship, establishment of additional prohibitions for persons with multiple citizenship in the sphere of the use of electoral rights, in particular, the ban on passive suffrage (the right to be elected) in municipal elections, the ban on active suffrage (the right to vote) for persons with multiple citizenship permanently residing outside the Russian Federation.

Choosing Life in All Its Fullness: The Nature of the Abundant Life and Its Relationship to Abortion Politics

In John 10:7-10, Jesus promises that he has come so that we may have life in all its fullness. This article examines life in its fullness from an Anglican perspective, articulating a Christian ethic that asserts freedom, voice, identity, and an opportunity to flourish are essential components to such a life. Life experiences illuminate ways in which the choice about whether or not to terminate a pregnancy helped define full life for both mothers and children. These insights grow out of experiences working in a teenage parent program in Florida and as the director of a family planning clinic in the rural west. The premise of the article is that both scripture and our Anglican tradition imagine life to mean more than just subsistence, and that current prohibitions on abortion, even before fetus viability, thwart Christ’s vision for life, most poignantly for women and children in poor and rural settings.

US economic sanctions targeting Latin America: Recent changes, developments and compliance challenges

The United States — specifically through the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the Department of State — has maintained economic sanctions against certain Latin American countries since the 1950s. Starting with broad-based sanctions against Cuba, where OFAC prohibited virtually all transactions, the Department of the Treasury has instituted more-targeted sanctions regimes against Venezuela and Nicaragua, where non-government dealings are, for the most part, authorised. Together, the Departments of State and the Treasury also administer sanctions against various narcotics and terrorist organisations operating in Latin America. Most notable is the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, which has targeted trafficking organisations, foreign officials and their money laundering empires. To that end, sanctions, while initially imposed to fight certain political regimes, have developed into sanctions targeting all kinds of wrongdoing such as sponsoring terrorism, aiding and abetting drug trafficking, corruption and the commission of human rights violations. US sanctions violations are assessed under a strict liability standard (ie, no knowledge of the violation is required to trigger liability) and impact not only those directly subject to the jurisdiction of the US but also may carry implications for non-US persons undertaking certain ‘significant transactions' with sanctioned persons and jurisdictions. Further, while sanctions apply to US persons, OFAC can institute penalties on non-US persons for causing a US person to violate their compliance obligations. In addition, OFAC (or the Department of State) may sanction persons (individuals or entities) by adding them to the Specially Designated and Blocked Nationals (SDN) List. US persons must block the property and interests in property of SDNs, and are prohibited from virtually all, direct and indirect, transactions involving an SDN. SDN restrictions also apply to ‘Shadow SDNs' which are entities owned 50 per cent or more, directly or indirectly, by one or more SDNs in the aggregate. A Shadow SDN receives the same treatment as SDNs, regardless of whether such entity is itself on the SDN List. The challenge with Shadow SDNs is that they can only be discovered through rigorous due diligence into beneficial ownership structures of sometimes opaque corporate entities. This is where the world of sanctions compliance and enforcement crosses with that of anti-money laundering. The evolving customer due diligence, ongoing customer monitoring, suspicious activity investigations and reporting, and know your customer (KYC) (and know your customer's customer [KYCC]) evidenced are reflected through the evolving Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering in South America (GAFISUD) and domestic regulations. As a result of the increasingly unpredictable political changes in Latin America, and the concurrent changes in sanctions regimes, financial institutions (FIs) should maintain a proper understanding of the current sanctions prohibitions, the trends and updates in the area, but equally important, they should also maintain a good understanding of the complex legal provisions authorising certain behaviours — including the general licences and exemptions — that may apply. FIs must balance mitigating the risks of sanctions violations, and the associated hefty penalties, with the risks of a cumbersome and overly restrictive compliance regimen. An appropriately risk-based compliance programme that achieves both of these objectives is very much an art and not a ‘one size fits all’ model.

Legal features of the joint regulation of pollutants discharge

The environmental and legal sub-institute for the regulation of pollutants discharge (RPD) from man- made point sources into the surface waters of Ukraine and its main tool - the Basin Principle for Calculating the Maximum Permissible Discharges (BPCMPD) is studied. The purpose of the article is to identify the legislative possibilities of the current Ukrainian RPD, the features of its possible use in river basin management plans (RBMP), and to assess of the legal consequences of such use. The relevance of the research is determined by documents of the state environmental policy, strategies of environmental security and of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. BPCMPD is investigated by the method of environmental and legal analysis. It was determined that the main legal feature of the BPCMPD, which has remained unchanged for almost half a century, is the joint special water use (SWU) in the part of P discharges from economic entities within the estimated area of the water body. In modern water legislation, the category of SWU is not defined. A conceptual conflict between the object and the regulation method has been identified, which is eliminated by changing the scientifically erroneous definition of “basin” in the name BPCMPD to “cascade” name, i.e. KPCMPD. The use of the term BPCMPD is based on the division of the assimilation capacity (AC) of the cascade between the community of water users. Founded that in fact, the feature AC has an indivisible nature, which gives an ecological obstacle for the application of the BPRGDS. In addition, the current legal prohibition for the cascade use of AC is the requirement of territorial unity of regulatory limits of concentrations of AC in the receiving cascade water. Determined that the so-called “the right to AC quota”, on which the BPCMPD is based, is absent in the current legislation. Therefore, the SWU category is a legislative rudiment, and its use for the implementation of BPCMPD leaves for water users opportunities for deterioration of water quality. Concluded that the BPCMPD cannot be used as a legal instrument in the composition of Ukrainian RBMP under the conditions of SWU harmonization with EU legislation.

Review of World Rugby’s Test Method 01 head injury criteria: Procedure analysis and optimisation

Rugby is a close-contact sport in which players occasionally fall headfirst to the ground during scrums and tackles. Because head impacts represent an obvious threat to players’ integrity and safety, World Rugby, Rugby’s International Governing Body, developed a test method named Test Method 01 to evaluate the capacity of the playing surface to mitigate head impacts by determining the critical fall height (CFH). The aim of this study is to analyse World Rugby’s current Test Method 01 head injury criteria (HIC), which consider a field as unsafe if the CFH is below 1.3 m. To make this analysis, a pilot study was performed on seven artificial turf rugby fields. At each field, a three-drop procedure was performed to estimate the initial CFH (CFH0). Subsequently, the procedure was repeated on each surface at 50-mm intervals, from 0.6 m below to 0.6 m above CFH0. All possible combinations of four height–HIC data pairs with two height values below and above 1000 HIC were obtained. A comparison was performed between the linear adjustment, currently prescribed in Test Method 01 to calculate the CFH0, and the quadratic adjustment. In particular, the percentage of outliers obtained when applying both the linear and quadratic adjustment and the robustness of the regressions were investigated. The results show that the current Test Method 01 can be improved by applying two main modifications: first, replacing the linear adjustment with a quadratic adjustment, and second, adapting the current test restrictions by maintaining the maximum difference between the highest and the lowest drop heights in 1.00 m, increasing the minimum difference between consecutive drop heights from 0.15 to 0.20 m and removing the current prohibition on obtaining HIC values close to 1000.

Legalize It, Criticize It, or Something Else? Americans’ Attitudes Toward Federal Recreational Marijuana Legislation (RML)

Recreational marijuana legislation (RML) has been enacted at the state-level but not federally. Given the link between public opinion and RML, we examine 2021 national poll ( N = 995) data that assessed views about different types of proposed federal actions concerning cannabis. Less than half of Americans preferred full legalization, 21% approved of medical legalization only, 23% believed in states’ rights, and 11% supported the current prohibition. Using multinomial logistic regression modeling, respondents who associated legalized recreational marijuana with adverse/negative effects were less likely to favor full legalization. In contrast, respondents who associated legalized recreational marijuana with beneficial effects were most supportive of full legalization. Uncertainty surrounding cannabis shaped preferences but not as dramatically as having a clear opinion.

Assessing options for cannabis law reform: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) with stakeholders in New Zealand.

A number of jurisdictions are considering or implementing different options for cannabis law reform, including New Zealand. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) helps facilitate the resolution of complex policy decisions by breaking them down into key criteria and drawing on the combined knowledge of experts from various backgrounds. To rank cannabis law reform options by facilitating expert stakeholders to express preferences for projected reform outcomes using MCDA. A group of cannabis policy experts projected the outcomes of eight cannabis policy options (i.e., prohibition, decriminalization, social clubs, government monopoly, not-for-profit trusts, strict regulation, light regulation, and unrestricted market) based on five criteria (i.e., health and social harm, illegal market size, arrests, tax income, treatment services). A facilitated workshop of 42 key national stakeholders expressed preferences for different reform outcomes and doing so generated relative weights for each criterion and level. The resulting weights were then used to rank the eight policy options. The relative weighting of the criteria were: "reducing health and social harm" (46%), "reducing arrests" (31%), "reducing the illegal market" (13%), "expanding treatment" (8%) and "earning tax" (2%). The top ranked reform options were: "government monopoly" (81%), "not-for-profit" (73%) and "strict market regulation" (65%). These three received higher scores due to their projected lower impact on health and social harm, medium reduction in arrests, and medium reduction in the illegal market. The "lightly regulated market" option scored lower largely due its projected greater increase in health and social harm. "Prohibition" ranked lowest due to its lack of impact on reducing the number of arrests or size of the illegal market. Strictly regulated legal market options were ranked higher than both the current prohibition, and alternatively, more lightly regulated legal market options, as they were projected to minimize health and social harms while substantially reducing arrests and the illegal market.

Projecting the Economic Impact of Compensating Living Kidney Donors in the United States: Cost-Benefit Analysis Demonstrates Substantial Patient and Societal Gains

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to show how the US government could save approximately 47 000 patients with chronic kidney failure each year from suffering on dialysis and premature death by compensating living kidney donors enough to completely end the kidney shortage. MethodsSupply and demand analysis was used to estimate the number of donated kidneys needed to end the kidney shortage and the level of compensation required to encourage this number of donations. These results were then input into a detailed cost-benefit analysis to estimate the economic value of kidney transplantation to (1) the average kidney recipient and their caregiver, (2) taxpayers, and (3) society in general. ResultsWe estimate half of patients diagnosed with kidney failure each year—approximately 62 000 patients—could be saved from suffering on dialysis and premature death if they could receive an average of 1½ kidney transplants. However, currently there are only enough donated kidneys to save approximately 15 000 patients. To encourage sufficient donations to save the other 47 000 patients, the government would have to compensate living kidney donors approximately $77 000 (±50%) per donor. The value of transplantation to an average kidney recipient (and caregiver) would be approximately $1.5 million, and the savings from the recipient not needing expensive dialysis treatments would be approximately $1.2 million. ConclusionsThis analysis reveals the huge benefit that compensating living kidney donors would provide to patients with kidney failure and their caregivers and, conversely, the huge cost that is being imposed on these patients and their families by the current legal prohibition against such compensation.

Beyond Unconscionability Exploring the Case for a New Prohibition on Unfair Conduct

Consumer Affairs Australia and New Zealand conducted a wholesale review of the Australian Consumer Law in 2017. Despite calls for the introduction of an ‘unfair conduct’ prohibition, the review found that a change to the current prohibition on ‘unconscionable conduct’ was unnecessary in light of the statutory prohibition evolving from its equitable origins. The recent High Court decision in Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Kobelt (2019) 267 CLR 1 has stifled this development and realigned statutory unconscionability with the restrictive equitable doctrine. In light of curial and extra- curial comments from senior members of the judiciary, regulators and commentators, it is appropriate to reconsider the merits of a prohibition on unfair conduct. This article argues that this reform will better promote community understanding, lead to greater certainty in commerce and fulfil the role of a ‘safety net’ provision in the Australian Consumer Law.

Shock–Plume Interaction Near-Field Summary for the Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop

The Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop was held during January 2020, on the weekend before the AIAA SciTech conference. The workshop consisted of two days: the first day focused on near-field computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the second day on propagation techniques. The near-field CFD study included two configurations: one simplified shock–plume interaction case and one more complex configuration based on a design for the NASA low-boom flight demonstrator. The motivation for the workshop stems from the goal of obtaining supersonic commercial overland flight. In order to replace the current prohibition with a certification standard, an international effort is required to quantify the accuracy and reliability of prediction methods. The workshops also identify deficiencies in existing methods where further research should be focused such as issues with extrema, shock position, and grid coarseness. This paper provided a summary and comparison of the results for the shock–plume interaction case, also known as the biconvex case. Overall agreement between the participants was very good, with the largest local standard deviations due to a slight shift of the shock location, not the predicted strength of the shocks. Variation in the submission ensemble sample deviation was comparable to the experimental ensemble sample deviation, and they overlapped for most of the forward portion of the signature.

Effect of Grazing Exclusion and Rotational Grazing on Soil Aggregate Stability in Typical Grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil aggregate is extremely important for soil health and sustainable land management. Overgrazing has caused serious degeneration of grassland in the past decades and how to restore the degraded soil through grazing management is urgently needed. In this research, we investigated effects of long-term grazing exclusion and short-term rotational grazing with different grazing intensities on aggregate stability in the upper 10 cm of soil at two grazing sites in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. Treatments included long-term (34 years) exclusion, moderate-term (21 years) exclusion, and continuous grazing at adjacent reference plots. In addition, effects of rotational grazing under different grazing intensity [i.e., no grazing (0 days/month), light grazing (3 days/month), moderate grazing (6 days/month) and high grazing (12 days/month)] were investigated after 5 years. Stability of aggregate fractions were determined using wet sieving. Our results showed that the stable aggregates fraction were significantly increased under grazing exclusion for both fine (0.25–1 mm) and coarse (1–2 mm) size fractions. At the rotational grazing site, stability of fine aggregates was significantly enhanced under grazing compared with no grazing, while there was little influence on stability of coarse aggregates. Our results showed that grazing exclusion significantly increased soil aggregate stability and the peak appeared in moderate-term exclusion, meanwhile, rotational grazing had little influence on aggregate stability. We suggest that rotational grazing rather than long-term grazing exclusion is a better way for soil aggregate stability and soil health, and current grazing prohibition policies may need to be adjusted.

Фальсификация реестра компаний по уголовному закону России, Великобритании и США: сравнительное исследование

The article examines the current criminal law prohibitions on falsification of registers of legal entities adopted in the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States (at the federal and state levels). The topic of the article seems to be relevant, since such a study allows carrying out a wider - through contrast and comparison of existing regulations - study of the advantages and disadvantages of domestic experience in legal regulation and, if necessary, putting forward proposals for borrowing foreign countries' experience. The degree of scientific elaboration of the topic is low; Russian lawyers have not previously conducted similar studies. At the same time, crimes in the sphere of economic activity under Anglo-American law were studied earlier by N.E. Krylova, N.N. Polyansky, E.V. Chuprova, and other domestic researchers. Thus, the novelty of the article consists in the fact that it is the first Russian-language comparative legal study of the criminal falsification of the register of legal entities under the law of the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The author of the article compares the norms of criminal law of the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States, particularly focusing on the criminal law regulation of the falsification of the register of companies under the law of different states. The basis of the methodology is a combination of general scientific and specific legal research methods. The general scientific methods are: analysis, analogy, induction, interpretation, and others. The main specific legal methods are: the comparative legal method and the formal legal method. At the beginning of the article, the author gives introductory provisions on the role of criminal law in the protection of public relations in the field of economic activity and indicates the problem of the lack of scientific development of the topic. In the main part, the author analyses the criminal law prohibitions in force in the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and at the federal level and at the level of individual states in the USA. In the final part of the article, the author presents the main conclusions of the study. The article has theoretical and practical significance. Thus, the conclusions of the article enrich the scope of theoretical knowledge about the criminal law of the United Kingdom and the United States on the analysed criminal law prohibitions. With regard to the practical plane, the conclusions of the article can become the basis for future changes in Russian legislation.

Propagation Analysis Using sBOOM for the Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop

The Third Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop was held on January 4–5, 2020, in conjunction with the AIAA SciTech conference. The workshop had 23 participants who represented 6 different countries and 18 unique organizations that included government, industry, and academia. The workshop was attended by over 50 individuals. The motivation for the workshop stems from the goal of obtaining supersonic commercial overland flight. To replace the current prohibition with a certification standard, an international effort is required to quantify the accuracy and reliability of prediction methods. The workshops also identify deficiencies in existing methods where further research should be focused. The workshop consisted of two days: the first day focused on near-field computational fluid dynamics and the second day on propagation techniques. For the atmospheric propagation portion of the workshop, two required cases and one optional case were prescribed for the participants to exercise their propagation implementations. This paper presents and discusses the results that were obtained using the sonic boom propagation code sBOOM. Results show that sonic boom carpets could be much different under arbitrary atmospheric conditions as opposed to standard atmospheric conditions. Additionally, several unique features when using sBOOM are presented.

Imported Products, Pesticides, and the Environment: The Compatibility of ‘Mirror Measures’ with WTO Rules

With the current focus being on major environmental changes, environmental measures impacting trade are expected to proliferate. Taking stock on case-law and scholarship work, this article takes the example of possible ‘mirror measures’ whereby the EU current prohibition to treat foodstuff with pesticides banned due to their adverse impacts on the environment would extend to imported products, suggesting that such measures could respect WTO law. It relies on the debate over production methods and extraterritoriality and argues that distinctions based on production methods according to their environmental impact may be admissible under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Mirror Measures, WTO, GATT, Pesticides, Environment, Sustainable Development, Green Deal, Production Methods, Imported Products, Likeness, Article XX Exceptions, Extraterritoriality, Chapeau, Dispute Settlement Body, Public Morals, PPM

Impediments to the Actualization of Legislation on Local Brew in Kenya: a Study within the Kenya-Uganda Border Community, Busia County

Despite the aggressive efforts by the legislators and the moralists to demonize local brew in Kenya, Chang’aa and busaa have withstood all the suppression and they remain the most preferred alcoholic drinks for rural and lower class citizens. This study made an inquiry into the challenges facing the implementation of local brew policies, with specific focus on the Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, 2010 and the County Alcoholic Drinks Control Act which is currently being adopted by the counties across Kenya. The study area was unique in the sense that it strategically links Kenya and Uganda and there are deep intricacies in relation to cross border relations. No such study has been conducted in a local community along the Kenya-Uganda border with a long history of local brewing in the western parts of Kenya. The study data was collected from 60 local brewers using questionnaires. Personal interviews were used in gathering data from key informants that included 10 police officers and 10 national administrators. The study found major pitfalls both in the design and implementation of the policies on local brew. The study revealed that the major policy implementation challenges are related to influence from traditions, skewed implementation and coordination measures, inadequate implementation resources, poor conduct of the implementing officers, poor court practices and increased smuggling of sub-standard brew from Uganda. The police are some of the beneficiaries of local brew illegalization efforts since they fleece money from the gullible local brewers. The study recommended that local brew should be legalized and standardized because the current prohibition efforts only benefit Ugandan economy and promote the growth of the black market at the Kenya-Uganda border. There is a need for more investment on the socioeconomic aspects of life that more often lure people to local brewing. The study findings challenge the government to consider meditating upon the realities on the ground before prohibiting local brew. Keywords: Actualization, Legislation, Policy, Public Participation DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/109-08 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Medical and mental health implications of gestational surrogacy

Gestational surrogacy in the United States has quadrupled since 1999, but to date, only a few states explicitly permit compensated gestational surrogacy. Current legal prohibitions are often influenced by outdated and stereotyped understandings of surrogacy. It is increasingly important to understand the current literature about the medical and mental health impacts of surrogacy and how state legislatures have addressed compensated gestational surrogacy in recent years. Based on this review, we found no evidence of substantial adverse medical or psychological outcomes among women who are gestational carriers or among the children they give birth to. The literature suggests that gestational surrogacy is a safe and increasingly popular option for families as long as rigorous screening and medical, psychological, and social supports are equitably provided. As states move to responsibly legalize and regulate gestational surrogacy, there is a continued need for further longitudinal studies on the health and psychological outcomes of gestational surrogacy.

Koniec przeobrażeń? Dekomunizacja przestrzeni publicznej w Polsce na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych w latach 2016–2017 – wybrane przykłady

In Poland since 2016 there has been a legally mandated process of decommunization of public space which is to serve as an instrument for a cleansing of sorts of cities, towns and villages, including the expunging of all forms of commemoration of the Red Army and the Brotherhood in Arms of Soviet and Polish soldiers who fought in the final phase of World War II. What is the result of this radical reinterpretation and devaluation of the events of 1945 in the Western and Northern Lands, where almost everything changed at that time? This article presents the attitudes of selected local communities towards the current prohibition on „promoting communism and other totalitarian regimes”. The selected communities are: Szczecin, Legnica, Drawsko Pomorskie, Stargard, Nowogard, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Kęszyca Leśna, Kołobrzeg and Pyrzyce. However, this is not a complete, academic study; rather, it represents the viewpoint of a reporter, an attempt at an examination in a wider context of the effects of the current politics concerning history. The aim of this article is to present various dimensions of the decommunization of the public space, the collation of activities connected with this process and earlier decommunization practices, and the processes of accepting or not accepting and then dismantling of monuments. Moreover, the article seeks to consider residents’ endeavours to save those monuments that are important to them.

Criminal Liability for Knowingly Unlawful Sentence, Decision or Other Judicial Act

Introduction. The publication is devoted to the corpus delicti, provided for by Art. 305 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which, being, in fact, a special type of official abuse, stands out as the direct object of a criminal assault and a special subject, since it can be committed exclusively by professional judges. The main features of the objective and subjective parties, qualifying signs of the offense are revealed, some problems that arise when applying this criminal law are outlined. Purpose. The goal is to analyze the design features of the crime and issues that arise when applying this rule. Methodology. The method of a formal legal analysis of the norms of the criminal law and theoretical provisions on problems directly related to the application of this rule was used. Results. The public danger of a criminal act that undermines the very foundations of justice is obvious, in connection with which it stands out as an independent crime by all the Russian Criminal Codes, starting in 1922, the history of criminal responsibility for its commission can be traced in our country in general since the 16th century. The current criminal law prohibition is characterized by considerable complexity, due to both the blanket nature of the disposition of the norm itself and the presence of discrepancies in the understanding of the signs embodied in it. Conclusion. The implementation of criminal liability for this crime involves the establishment of not only circumstances directly related to the corpus delicti that lie in the criminal law field. The subject of an infringement, a judicial act, must be subjected to procedural review without fail, after which, subject to the consent of the Higher Qualification Collegium of Judges of the Russian Federation, in fact, and the mechanism of criminal prosecution is “launched”. That is, a truly “multi-way” combination of actions is necessary, carried out in several stages, and the problem itself to some extent becomes interdisciplinary, going beyond only criminal law.