Current Players Research Articles

A retrospective analysis of the development of psychological skills and characteristics among National Hockey League players

ABSTRACT The acquisition of psychological skills and characteristics (PSCs) is an important aspect of career development in sport. PSCs may equip athletes with resources they need to navigate career transitions. Little attention has been paid to the development of PSCs in the careers of professional ice hockey players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the development of PSCs among National Hockey League (NHL) players. Using interpretive description methodology, we conducted individual semi-structured interviews with six NHL players (4 current players, 2 retired players). Data were transcribed verbatim and subjected to a reflexive thematic analysis. Results were organised around three career stages (minor, junior, and professional hockey). In minor hockey, participants developed interpersonal (teamwork, leadership, accountability, and being a good teammate) and individual (work ethic, discipline, and commitment) psychological characteristics within a supportive social environment. During junior hockey, participants developed performance-oriented psychological characteristics (dealing with adversity, focus on the present, emotional regulation, having confidence in one’s abilities and a positive attitude) and psychological skills (reframing adversity as a challenge) arising from experiences of adversity and success. Finally, during professional hockey, they developed and refined performance-oriented psychological skills (visualisation, self-talk, reflection, and thought-stopping) while also focusing on being a good teammate to promote their career longevity. These findings indicate there was a chronological pattern in the development of PSCs among the NHL players studied. A practical implication is that building foundational psychological characteristics may facilitate the later development of performance-oriented PSCs.

Sports Psychiatry: An Update and the Emerging Role of the Sports Psychiatrist on the Sports Medicine Team.

Sports Psychiatry: An Update and the Emerging Role of the Sports Psychiatrist on the Sports Medicine Team.

Ranking of Pakistan’s One-Day International Cricket Players Based on Link Fusion

Cricket is one of the most popular game in the world. This game has been played between two teams; every team has 11 players. Every cricket team in the world belongs to a country having a cricket board that selects the best players and manage the team activities. Cricket matches are of three forms One-Day International (ODI) cricket matches, First class or Test Matches and T-20 matches. The main issue in this game is to selects the best suitable players for the team and ranks them according to their performance. We mainly focus on Pakistan's One-day International ODI cricket players ranking. We proposed a method that consist of statistical formulas apply to the significant features of current players in Pakistan's One-Day International ODI cricket and rank them according to the rank score calculated by our method. For the implementation, we make application named TeamMaker that automatically scarp the information, and after applying our algorithm display, the results in the form of ranking tables. Similarly, ranking tables also available on the International Cricket Council ICC website, and too many researchers rank the cricket players of all teams in the world with different algorithms. Still, these methods are universal and not for a specific country. Our methodology based on link fusion that focuses on single country Pakistan with 27 One-Day International (ODI) cricket players that are currently available for the team. This application selects the exclusive features that are affected by their performance. TeamMaker application displays a ranking table based on these features. In the end, we compare and analyze the players ranking results of our methodology with the players ranking of International Cricket Council ICC. Our findings show that previous universal ranking methods neglect many countries and other prominent features of players, that's why many cricket player does not present in ranking tables.

Designing for meaningful social interaction in digital serious games

Digital serious games have shown to be effective in promoting citizen engagement and social interaction. The reasons for their success are, however, unknown. This paper proposes design recommendations to support designers of serious games for meaningful social interaction, based on player preferences, needs and desires, based on literature study and a case study for which a location-based game framework was designed, developed and evaluated. The case study with and for children/teenagers in Rotterdam focussed on the design of challenges by the children/teenagers for meaningful interaction with their environment, and the strengthening of their engagement with their own neighbourhood. The paper focuses specifically on: 1) if and when meaningful social interaction occurred during game play, how it occurred, and with which impact, and 2) the design choices/features that contributed to (the experience of) meaningful social interaction. On the basis of these results and the literature this paper proposes design recommendations to support designers of serious games for meaningful social interaction, taking not only the current players’ needs and desires into account but also those of future players.

Cognitive abilities of action video game and role-playing video game players: Data from a massive open online course.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that regularly playing action video games (AVGPs) is associated with increased cognitive performance. Individuals who play role-playing video games (RPGs) have usually been excluded from these studies. This is because RPGs traditionally contained no action components and were thus not expected to influence cognitive performance. However, modern RPGs increasingly include numerous action-like components. We therefore examined whether current RPG players (RPGPs) perform similar to action video game players (AVGPs) or nonvideo game players (NVGPs) on two cognitive tasks. Self-identified AVGPs (N = 76), NVGPs (N = 77), and RPGPs (N = 23) completed two online cognitive tasks: A useful field of view (UFOV) task and a multiple-object tracking task (MOT). The UFOV task measures the ability to deploy visuospatial attention over a large field of view while dividing one’s attention between a central and a peripheral task. The MOT task measures the ability to use attentional control to dynamically refresh information in working memory. RPGPs performed similar to AVGPs and better than NVGPs on both tasks. However, patterns of covariation (e.g., gender and age) presented obstacles to interpretation in some cases. Our study is the first to demonstrate that RPGPs show similar cognitive performance to AVGPs. These findings suggest that regularly playing modern RPGs may enhance visuospatial abilities. However, because the current study was purely cross-sectional, intervention studies will be needed to assess causation. We discuss the implications of this finding, as well as considerations for how gamers are classified going forward. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

Parallel Computing of PVS Node based GTS Algorithm on GPU

The developments in the field of computer architecture, it allows humans to play games like Chess, Tic-tac-toe, Go, etc. with computer machines using AI technology. In AI, Game tree search (GTS) is an important approach and is directed toward finding the finest choice of move for computer games. Using the traditional GTS algorithm the computer could not win a human. So there is a need for enhancing algorithms using dynamic parallelism of GPU. The block of thread set is organized on GPU is either one or two or three dimensional for parallel computations. On this, each thread designated by an inimitable mixture of indices. In this paper, parallel computing of node-based Principal Variation Search (PVS) GTS algorithm presented, which runs on GPU using libraries of CUDA. this experiment tested on chess games with different depths and results are compared with the threads on CPU and GPU. The results proved that GPU improves the performance of speedup up to 80 percent on the checkers game. Parallel computing greatly increasing the efficient use of CPU and improves the performances of the PVS-GTS algorithm on GPU to search deeper layers and find the optimal moves for the current players for two-player computer games.

The Relationship Between Baseball Participation and Health: A Systematic Scoping Review.

To investigate the relationship between baseball participation and health (musculoskeletal, general, and psychological health) and to identify research gaps in the existing literature. Systematic scoping review. Medical databases and gray literature were systematically searched from inception to November 2018. All studies that investigated constructs related to the health of current or former baseball players were included. Data were extracted for thematic summaries. Ten thousand five hundred seventy-four titles/abstracts were screened, and 678 studies were included. Ninety percent of articles included only baseball players playing in the United States, 34% of articles investigated professional baseball players, and 11% studied college baseball players. Five hundred eighty-three (86%) studies investigated musculoskeletal health, 77 (11%) general health, and 18 (3%) psychological health. Injury incidence (injuries per 1000 athlete exposures) ranged from 0.7 to 3.6 in professional, 4.7 to 5.8 in college, and 0.8 to 4.0 in high school baseball. Among baseball players, 31% to 50% reported regular tobacco use. There was limited research investigating psychological health in current or former baseball players at all competition levels. Almost 90% of all articles investigated musculoskeletal health, with few articles studying general or psychological health. Baseball players have high tobacco, alcohol, and drug use compared to the general population, which may have negative health outcomes. Little is understood about the long-term musculoskeletal, general, and psychological health of baseball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2):55-66. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9281.

The Incredible Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League by Anika Orrock

Reviewed by: The Incredible Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League by Anika Orrock Willie Steele Anika Orrock. The Incredible Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2020. 160 pp. Cloth, $19.95. Many baseball fans were first introduced to the story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League by watching Penny Marshall's 1992 film A League of Their Own. In subsequent years, there have been league histories written, player biographies published, at least one encyclopedia released, an oral history compiled, and multiple scholarly articles written about the league and its place in baseball history. While many of these books are well-written and offer significant contributions to baseball studies, Anika Orrock's The Incredible Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League is a work of art in both the literary and visual senses. The book is part history, part interviews, part cultural snapshot, part art exhibit, and all fun. Beginning with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, Orrock narrates how chewing gum icon Philip Wrigley's idea to establish a league made up entirely of women players came to life. But rather than revisiting anecdotes told elsewhere, Orrock offers collections of quotes (some only a sentence long) to narrate the league's history, the challenges the women faced, [End Page 228] their thoughts on their playing careers, and their perception of the league's legacy. As enjoyable as, if not more than, the anecdotes from the women themselves is the accompanying artwork. Orrock's whimsical style is on every page, allowing readers to follow the story without ever reading a word. The illustrations look like something off the pages of the New Yorker: they capture the time period of the 1940s and 1950s, including fashions of the day, the action found on the field, and the league's iconic uniform styles. Rather than interrupting the narrative flow, as often happens in books that rely so heavily on pictures, the drawings only serve to enhance the text. The strength of the book's storytelling lies in Orrock's use of the words of her interviewees. While many of the women were in the league for several years, others played for only a season, providing a panorama of player perspectives. The story is woven together with excerpts from the league rulebook, newspaper accounts from cities across the country, newsreel commentary, and even commentary from some of the players' husbands. Unlike a traditionally written history book, Orrock's Incredible Women lets readers open to any page to find individual quotes that address playing, the expectations for players to remain "lady-like," how fans responded to the league, and other assorted topics. Much like Marshall's iconic movie, the book concludes with several quotes from players about their legacy and the impact the league had on women's sports in the United States. In the afterword, the author explores challenges women who want to play baseball today face, interviewing baseball pioneers Ila Borders and Justine Siegal as well as current players Malaika Underwood and Beth Greenwood to continue the story of women in the game. The book includes a series of black and white photos from the league interspersed with more of Orrock's drawings. The pairing of the drawings with photographs serves as a bridge between the artistic world from the eyes of the author to the images captured during the league's existence. While some fans of the game might argue there are no new facts about the league's basic history, this book does a tremendous job of providing a mosaic of perspectives from those who knew the league best: the players themselves. The struggles against traditional stereotypes, expectations imposed by the league itself, grind of playing a grueling schedule under extreme conditions, and camaraderie that developed amongst the women all leap off the page thanks to the seamless combination of pictures and prose. The players' fond memories of their time in the AAGPBL and Orrock's love of their stories is what drives this brief, but thorough, history. In fact, the book might best be summed up by contributing voice and former player [End Page 229] Jean...

Regulation of Illegal Drugs: State Control and Fragile Institutional Capacity

This policy comment analyzes the risks and issues that might arise from the legal regulation of illegal narcotic and psychotropic products or substances with risks to the health or safety of citizens. We focus on reducing these risks by providing existing examples through existing state-based control mechanisms, with a focus on developing economies with fragile or corruption-sensitive institutions. We discuss the need to implement regulatory models that minimize the risk of diversion and corruption from the legal to the illegal market within a regulated framework. The primary concern is to establish legal and regulatory frameworks and policies with sufficient resilience to mitigate and reduce the risks, and that are inclusive of broad regulation stakeholders and the influence of their interactions on regulation outcomes. Importantly, we look at the integration of current players of the illegal market into the legal one in order to enhance the social, economic and legal benefits of regulation towards the most vulnerable, while at the same time undermining the illegal market. We find that state institutions, including those of LMICs, have varying institutional capacity to regulate currently prohibited drugs, with the existence of regulation frameworks of legal drugs or hazardous and controlled goods. While the technical health and judiciary mechanisms exist to allow for more effective controls of drugs through legal regulation, political will is still lacking. We reviewed regulation models using a social justice focus, thereby allowing countries to establish frameworks for the inclusion of the populations most-affected by prohibition and depriving criminal organizations of local networks of trafficking

How to Maintain the Sustainable Development of a Business Platform: A Case Study of Pinduoduo Social Commerce Platform in China

At present, the ‘platform business model’ has indicated innovative potentials not just in traditional industrial sectors such as telecommunications, IT and retail, but also other sectors like social commerce. However, ‘Platform’ is not static as it is firmed at the beginning. Using Pinduoduo as a case study, this research conducts in-depth interviews and surveys in China to analyze the dynamic change of the platform provider’s role for successful platform operation via the lens of platform business models. As a “2.0 generation eCommerce platform”, Pinduoduo platform has become the largest social commerce platform in China with continuous growth at a high speed. The study found that stabilisation of the platform has experienced two stages: spread and evolution. At the spread stage, the role of platform provider focuses on forming “incentive to participants” through “Low price + Social contact” strategy and “Gamification + brand channel” strategy. At the evolution stage, the provider’s role is transformed into manager of products/services quality and revenue structure. Pinduoduo’s quality control is composed of three levels, including front-end quality control, middle-end quality control and back-end quality control. Besides, platform revenue structure strategies are sponsor-type. The purpose of this study is to enlighten the current players in the market on how they might utilize the underlying rationales in framework to further develop their platform business models. From the perspective of a platform, sustainable development of a theoretical framework is proposed based on these findings to facilitate future research in this area.

It really gave you the feeling that you belong here: The impact of the Active Breed men's health program

Introduction: Active Breed is a 12-week gender-tailored weight loss and health promotion program delivered through a first-grade National Rugby League (NRL) club in South-Western Sydney. Male NRL fans participated in a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT: 12 x 90-minute education and Physical Activity [PA] sessions) at the Club's home stadium. Education sessions focused on weight loss, PA, nutrition, mental health, and domestic and family violence (DFV) prevention. The PA sessions included training in first-grade gyms and football games with support from current and past players. This study reports on participants’ perceptions of the intervention and the impact of the program on their health, lifestyle behaviours and relationships.

Prevalence of Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Surgery in 6135 Current Professional Baseball Players: A 2018 Update.

Background:As the incidence of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) surgery continues to rise rapidly, an update on the current prevalence and demographics in professional baseball players is warranted.Hypothesis:The prevalence of UCL reconstruction in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players will be higher than that previously reported, and the increase in prevalence will be most notable in MiLB pitchers.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:During the 2018 baseball season, an online questionnaire regarding a history of UCL surgery was distributed to the certified athletic trainers of all 30 MLB organizations. These trainers then administered the survey to all players within their organizations, including MLB, MiLB (AAA, AA, High A, Low A, High Rookie, Low Rookie), and Dominican Summer League (DSL) players. Demographics were compared between MLB, MiLB, and DSL players. Results of this 2018 survey were compared with previously published data from the 2012 season to assess the change over time.Results:There were 6135 professional baseball players who completed the survey (66% response rate). The prevalence of UCL reconstruction in all MLB and MiLB players was 13% (637/4928), while the prevalence in DSL players was 2% (20/1207) (P < .001). The prevalence in all MLB and MiLB players (13%) and pitchers (20%) both increased significantly from 2012 (P < .001). MLB pitchers reported a higher prevalence of UCL reconstruction than did MiLB pitchers (26% vs 19%, respectively; P < .001). In 2018, the prevalence of UCL reconstruction has increased significantly in MiLB pitchers (19% vs 15%, respectively; P < .001) and pitchers aged 21 to 30 years (22% vs 17%, respectively; P < .001) compared with 2012. Additionally, United States–born pitchers were more likely to have undergone UCL reconstruction compared with Latin America–born pitchers (23% vs 13%, respectively; P < .001).Conclusion:The prevalence of UCL reconstruction has increased significantly in professional baseball players over the past 6 years from 10% to 13%. Ultimately, the prevalence of UCL reconstruction has increased most significantly since 2012 in MiLB pitchers, pitchers aged 21 to 30 years, and pitchers born in the United States.

Professional Footballers’ Association Counselors’ Perceptions of the Role Long-Term Injury Plays in Mental Health Issues Presented by Current and Former Players

The purpose of this study was to investigate counselors’ professional understanding of the long-term psychological consequences of injury in UK football players. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 counselors who were registered to work for the Professional Footballers’ Association (PFA). The interviews examined the counselors’ perception of the relationship between long-term injury and presenting mental health issues, the antecedents to those mental health issues, and recommendations for psychological intervention following injury. The critical finding was the mental health problems regularly presented to PFA counselors were often the psychological and behavioral consequences of long-term injury. Counselors recommended that early and sustained psychological intervention with long-term injured players would act as a preventative measure against future mental health issues.

Concussion History and Career Status Influence Performance on Baseline Assessments in Elite Football Players.

To determine if concussion history and career status is associated with neurocognitive performance in elite football players. The study design was a cross-sectional single assessment. Fifty-seven elite football players (age 29.39 ± 7.49 years) categorized as draft prospects, active professional players, and retired professional players were assessed on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool - third edition (SCAT-3), in an outpatient therapy setting. Common symptoms were the following: fatigue (45.6%), trouble falling asleep (35.1%), difficulty remembering (33.3%) and irritability (22.8%); 36.8% reported no symptoms. The low concussion (0-1) group reported fewer symptoms (U = 608.50, p < .001), less symptom severity (U = 598.00, p = -.001), and produced greater scores on the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) total scores compared to the multiple concussion (2+) group (U = 253.00, p = .024), but no differences were observed on modified Balance Error Scoring System (m-BESS) scores (U = 501.50, p = .066) on the Mann-Whitney U test. The Kruskal-Wallis test and post-hoc analysis indicated retired players were significantly different from draft prospects and current professional players for total symptom scores (p < .001), total symptom severity (p < .001), SAC total scores (p = .030), and m-BESS (p < .001). Concussion history and career status appear associated with total symptoms, symptom severity, performance on the SAC, and the m-BESS in elite football players. With this in mind, future research is recommended to determine longitudinal impact for elite football players.

Changes Over a Decade in Anthropometry and Fitness of Elite Austrian Youth Soccer Players.

Increases in physical (e.g., high-intensity running and sprinting), technical (e.g., passing rate), and tactical (e.g., player density) aspects made elite level soccer more challenging within the past years. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether these evolutions are also been reflected in changes in anthropometric and fitness characteristics between former (2002 to 2005) and current (2012 to 2015) elite Austrian youth development center (U13 to U14) and soccer academy (U15 to U18) players. A battery of anthropometric, general and soccer-specific fitness tests was conducted annually at the end of each year. Independent t-test and Cohen’s d (ES) were calculated to compare the two four-year periods (2530 vs. 2611 players) at each age group separately. Current players were significantly faster in 20 m sprint (ES = 0.26–0.50) and reaction test (ES = 0.15–0.39, except for U18), but less flexible at sit-and-reach (ES = –0.19 to –0.55), in all age categories. Whereas height (ES = 0.26–0.32), body mass (ES = 0.11–0.18) and countermovement jump (ES = 0.24–0.26) increased significantly at youth development center level, current academy players performed superior at shuttle sprint (ES = 0.21–0.59), hurdles agility run (ES = 0.24–0.49), and endurance run (ES = 0.11–0.20). These changes over time in speed, change-of-direction ability, lower-body power, coordination, and endurance were attributed to modern training approaches (e.g., modified games and change-of-direction drills) and modifications in selection politics (e.g., coaches favor speed and decision-making skills).

The lateral batting backlift technique: is it a contributing factor to success for professional cricket players at the highest level?

&#x0D; Background: This study aimed primarily to investigate the lateral batting backlift technique (LBBT) among semi-professional, professional and current international cricket players. A key question was to investigate whether this technique is a factor that contributes to success for cricket players at the highest levels of the game. &#x0D; Methods: The participants in this study’s sample (n = 130) were South African semi-professional players (SP) (n = 69), professional players (PP) (n = 49) and South African international professional players (SAI) (n = 12). Biomechanical and video analyses were performed on all the participating groups. Classifiers were utilised to identify the batting backlift technique type (BBTT) employed by all batsmen. All statistics and wagon wheels (scoring areas of the batsmen on a cricket field) were sourced online. A Pearson’s Chi-squared test, Student T-test, one-way analysis of variance and T-test were performed in this study. All analyses were performed using R (R Core Team) at a significance level of α = 0.05. &#x0D; Results: This study found that a LBBT is more common at the highest levels of batsmanship with batsmen at the various levels of cricket having percentages of the LBBT as follows: SP = 37%; PP = 38%; SAI = 75%; p = 0.001. There was also a noticeably higher difference in the highest scores and career averages between all groups of players, as well as batsmen who either use a straight batting backlift technique (SBBT) or a LBBT. This study also found that SAI batsmen who used the LBBT were more proficient at scoring runs in various areas around the cricket field (according to the wagon wheel analysis). &#x0D; Conclusion: This study found that a LBBT is a contributing factor for success regarding players wanting to play cricket at the highest levels. Cricket coaches should also pay attention to the direction of the backlift with players, especially when correlating it to various scoring areas on the cricket field. Further in-depth research is required to fully investigate the change in batting backlift techniques among cricket players over a long-term period.

The lateral batting backlift technique: is it a contributing factor to success for professional cricket players at the highest level?

This study aimed primarily to investigate the lateral batting backlift technique (LBBT) among semi-professional, professional and current international cricket players. A key question was to investigate whether this technique is a factor that contributes to success for cricket players at the highest levels of the game. The participants in this study's sample (n = 130) were South African semi-professional players (SP) (n = 69), professional players (PP) (n = 49) and South African international professional players (SAI) (n = 12). Biomechanical and video analyses were performed on all the participating groups. Classifiers were utilised to identify the batting backlift technique type (BBTT) employed by all batsmen. All statistics and wagon wheels (scoring areas of the batsmen on a cricket field) were sourced online. A Pearson's Chi-squared test, Student T-test, one-way analysis of variance and T-test were performed in this study. All analyses were performed using R (R Core Team) at a significance level of α = 0.05. This study found that a LBBT is more common at the highest levels of batsmanship with batsmen at the various levels of cricket having percentages of the LBBT as follows: SP = 37%; PP = 38%; SAI = 75%; p = 0.001. There was also a noticeably higher difference in the highest scores and career averages between all groups of players, as well as batsmen who either use a straight batting backlift technique (SBBT) or a LBBT. This study also found that SAI batsmen who used the LBBT were more proficient at scoring runs in various areas around the cricket field (according to the wagon wheel analysis). This study found that a LBBT is a contributing factor for success regarding players wanting to play cricket at the highest levels. Cricket coaches should also pay attention to the direction of the backlift with players, especially when correlating it to various scoring areas on the cricket field. Further in-depth research is required to fully investigate the change in batting backlift techniques among cricket players over a long-term period.

Motion parallax for 360° RGBD video

We present a method for adding parallax and real-time playback of 360° videos in Virtual Reality headsets. In current video players, the playback does not respond to translational head movement, which reduces the feeling of immersion, and causes motion sickness for some viewers. Given a 360° video and its corresponding depth (provided by current stereo 360° stitching algorithms), a naive image-based rendering approach would use the depth to generate a 3D mesh around the viewer, then translate it appropriately as the viewer moves their head. However, this approach breaks at depth discontinuities, showing visible distortions, whereas cutting the mesh at such discontinuities leads to ragged silhouettes and holes at disocclusions. We address these issues by improving the given initial depth map to yield cleaner, more natural silhouettes. We rely on a three-layer scene representation, made up of a foreground layer and two static background layers, to handle disocclusions by propagating information from multiple frames for the first background layer, and then inpainting for the second one. Our system works with input from many of today's most popular 360° stereo capture devices (e.g., Yi Halo or GoPro Odyssey), and works well even if the original video does not provide depth information. Our user studies confirm that our method provides a more compelling viewing experience than without parallax, increasing immersion while reducing discomfort and nausea.

한국프로야구에서 ‘타고투저’ 완화를 위한 근거이론적 접근

The purpose of this study is to derive the factors that can mitigate the irregularity between the ability of the pitcher and the ability of the hitter that are raised in Korean professional baseball through ground theory. In order to carry out this study, 6 participants including current professional baseball players, leaders and related persons who experienced Korean professional baseball, and 2 sports journalists and columnists with insight into Korean professional baseball were set as the participants. The data collected were analyzed through open coding, axis coding, and selective coding in accordance with the analysis method of the “grounded theory of Strauss & Corbin(1990)”. First, a total of 28 concepts, 14 subcategories, and 6 top categories were derived through open coating. Second, the six paradigms of causal conditions, situational context, central phenomena, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and the consequences were identified in relation to each other. Third, through the selection coding, we tried to get a way to mitigate the imbalance between the pitcher’s ability and the hitter’ s ability in Korean professional baseball. In this study, it is meaningful to suggest the data that Korean professional baseball can develop with the change of official ball, the development of pitcher, and the change of system and rule.

Impact Based Study on Mobile Wallets in India

With the rapid technological advancements taking place around the world every day, mobile phones and internet connectivity have posed as one of the most significant inventions done by mankind. This was made possible with the inception of mobile wallets in the technological world. Mobile wallet is a virtual wallet that stores payment card information on mobile devices. The mobile wallet industry is estimated to grow 150% to approximately $4.4 billion by 2022. This accelerated increase is estimated due to increased adoption and inclusion of the platform that is backed by the government. The present study aims to explain the impact and adoption of mobile wallets and consumer perception towards the same. A structured questionnaire was prepared for this study and data was collected from 299 valid respondents and factors affecting adoption and threats was analyzed using various statistical tools. An online survey was circulated and the data was collected through convenience sampling. The survey consisted of 15 objective questions which collected information regarding preference, adoption, threats and demographic details. Statistical analysis was performed on IBM SPSS 22. The data was tested for Reliability using Cronbach's Alpha, Normality using Shapiro-Wilks and ANOVA were performed to check significant difference in adoption, threat and preference for different groups of various demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, education and income level. Regression analysis was also conducted using linear regression to check impact of variables such as ease to use&nbsp; security and safety and accessibility on the reputation of the company. The study showed many findings in relation to preference, adoption and threats relating to mobile wallets. Paytm emerged to be the current market leader with recharges and money transfer as the most popular services accessed. It was found that there was a significant difference for adoption of mobile wallets among age groups of 16-25 &amp; 36-45 and Students &amp; Businessmen with the first group in each case showing favorable outcomes in adoption. Another finding was the presence of significant difference in relation to preference of mobile wallet over other cashless alternatives among the group of Student &amp; Businessmen and the low income (0-15 lakhs per annum) and high income groups (16 lakhs and above per annum) with the latter group preferring other alternatives in both the situation. The study suffers from the limitation of sampling and since the data was collected through surveys it is open to subjective bias as well. Time constraint is also a major limitation of this study. The implication of the study is to determine factors that affect the adoption and reputation of the company in this fast paced, rapidly growing industries so that current market players can work with the findings to adapt and change to retain their position in the industry and also to sustain their market share. The study was conducted with primary data and the analysis was performed personally with the finding being drawn on first hand basis indicating the utmost originality of the study. References for secondary data are also mentioned in APA format.