Supply Current Research Articles

Thermoelectric system for cooling and air conditioning in passenger cars

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop a design of a thermoelectric system (TES) for cooling and air conditioning in the passenger compartment of a car, its calculation, analysis of parameters and electrical and thermal characteristics. Method. The study is based on the methods of natural and computational modeling of air conditioning and life support systems in order to find optimal solutions for efficiency, reliability and service life of low-temperature installations, machines and devices. Result. The TES has been calculated and its parameters have been determined. Dependencies describing the main characteristics of the TES and the TEM included in its composition have been obtained. The following dependence graphs have been constructed: changes in the average temperature in the volume of the vehicle cabin, as well as heat exchange systems over time, power, coefficient of performance, TEM supply voltage from the temperature difference between junctions for different values of the supply current, volt-ampere characteristic for different values of the temperature difference between junctions, change in temperature at the cold junction of the TEM from the supply current. The graphs are presented at a temperature of hot junctions of the TEM of 320 K. Conclusions. The parameters of the installation are defined: the number of TEM type TB-199-1.4-1.5 - 18 pcs., the operating power range of a single TEM is from 17 to 40 W with an average temperature difference between the junctions of 50 K, the supply current is from 2 to 6 A with a power consumption of 40 to 130 W, the cooling coefficient is from 0.17 to 0.7.

ВПЛИВ СПЕКТРУ СТРУМУ ЖИВЛЕННЯ НА ПУЛЬСАЦІЇ ОБЕРТАЛЬНОГО МОМЕНТУ БЕЗПАЗОВОГО МОМЕНТНОГО ДВИГУНА З ПОСТІЙНИМИ МАГНІТАМИ

The torque of a magnetoelectric three-phase torque motor with permanent magnets located on the surface of the internal rotor was studied. The mode of feeding with a sinusoidal current, as well as the mode with injection into the higher har-monic current, are considered. The torque was calculated according to the static model of the magnetic field. It was de-termined that under the conditions of power supply with a sinusoidal current, there is a significant contribution of the sixth harmonic in the pulsations of the torque. The method of suppressing torque pulsations by injecting higher harmonics into the supply current was studied. It is shown that under the conditions of the amplitude of the pulsations of the rotational moment of the sixth harmonic of about 4%, the injection of the fifth harmonic with an amplitude of 2% of the fundamental into the current allows the reduction the pulsations by more than 10 times. References 10, figures 6, tables 1.

Enhancing power quality: An Adaline algorithm for direct resonance current extraction in shunt active power filter

This paper presents an adaptive linear neuron (Adaline) algorithm designed to extract resonance current from the supply current directly. It aims to reduce the computation burden while upholding efficacy in the extraction process. The approach involves establishing the primary power system, evaluating harmonic and resonance current impacts, formulating efficient extraction strategies based on current waveform characteristics, employing the Adaline algorithm for extraction, and constructing a single-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to address harmonic currents and parallel resonance effects. Comparative analysis demonstrates the Adaline algorithm’s precision in extracting current amplitudes pre- and post-SAPF implementation. However, observed disparities in extracted resonance current amplitude may stem from the algorithm’s limitations in capturing low-amplitude signals. While a gain adjustment effectively boosts amplitude. However, it introduces considerable ripple and inconsistency, likely linked to parallel resonance effects. Notably, the SAPF exhibits simultaneous harmonic compensation and resonance damping capabilities. Results affirm the SAPF’s effectiveness in reducing harmonic components across all frequencies, including resonance frequency. Furthermore, resonance damping is crucial for further improving SAPF performance and reducing resonance current. This results in significantly improved waveform quality and reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) and individual harmonic distortion (THDi) values of compensated supply current.

Enhancing power quality in wireless DC power supplies through active power filtering: A computer simulation approach

This paper presents a computer simulation model for a high-power factor wireless DC power supply system, integrating an active power filter (APF) at the rectifier stage on the transmitter side using a rectifier boost technique. The APF, employing a MOSFET switch regulated by active pulse width modulation (APWM) within a current control loop, addresses pulsating and distorted AC supply currents caused by non-linear loads. A robust closed-loop control mechanism, including a subtractor circuit, proportional-integral (PI) controller, and comparator, ensures the generation of a continuous sinusoidal waveform synchronized with the supply voltage. The model utilizes a high-frequency inverter to convert DC to AC, which is then wirelessly transmitted via wireless power transfer (WPT) technology and converted back to DC by a high-frequency rectifier. MATLAB/Simulink simulation results show a significant reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) of the AC supply current, complying with IEEE 519 standards. Selected results are presented to verify the proposed method's effectiveness in reducing harmonic distortions and enhancing power quality. This study highlights the advantages of WPT in scenarios where traditional wired connections are impractical and underscores the potential of this system for real-world applications, particularly in developing high-power factor wireless DC power supply systems.

Thermoelectric installation for lifting objects from shallow reservoirs using the freezing method

Objective. The purpose of the study is to develop the design of a thermoelectric installation for lifting objects from shallow reservoirs using the freezing method, as well as its calculation, analysis of parameters and electrical and thermophysical characteristics. Method. The research is based on the use of methods of thermodynamic analysis, full-scale and computational modeling of cryogenic equipment in order to find optimal solutions for the reliability and service life of low-temperature installations. Result. The installation includes a waterproof probe, on the end surface of which, facing the bottom of the reservoir, thermoelectric modules are installed, heat is removed from the hot junctions of which by means of a heat removal system made in the form of an all-metal heat pipe or in the form of a thermal thermosiphon. The connection between the object lifted from the reservoir and the thermoelectric installation is carried out through a cold wall by freezing. The thermoelectric installation was calculated and its parameters were determined. Graphs were constructed and dependencies were obtained describing the main characteristics of TEMs included in the thermoelectric installation. The graphs are presented at a temperature of the hot junctions of the TEM of 300 K and the achievement of such values of the thickness of frozen water ice on the cold wall of the technical device that would allow lifting objects from a reservoir up to 4 m deep. Conclusion. The installation parameters have been determined: the number of TEMs of the DRIFT-1.2 type is 8, the operating power range of a single TEM of the DRIFT-1.2 type is from 14 to 40 W with an average temperature difference between the junctions of 45 K, the supply current is from 3.8 to 7 .6 A with power consumption from 50 to 200 W, coefficient of performance - from 0.1 to 0.45, minimum temperature of the cold wall of the TU - 248 K, a domestically produced thermal thermosyphon is used as a heat removal system from the hot junctions of the TEM.

Control of Dstatcom in Distribution System by Artificial Intelligence Based Controller

Issues linked to power quality are currently of the utmost importance. The utilization of non-linear loads is the cause of the power quality issues. All of these loads cause disruptions in the force of power services, system effectiveness, power factor decrease, etc. because of their nonlinearity. In order to increase power quality in grid connections, this research proposes an adaptive neuro fuzzy conclusion system (ANFIS) based control method for a three- phase DSTATCOM. In addition to improving power factor and balancing power between active and reactive components, the primary function of the DSTATCOM is to compensate for current harmonics introduced into the supply current due to non-linear loads. Matlab software is used to carry out the simulation.

Design of SEE-Tolerant analog switch chip with a novel diode structure *

This paper proposes a novel circuit-level design in order to enhance the radiation tolerance of an analog switch integrated circuit. After analyzing the mechanisms of single-particle sensitivity in a high-voltage analog switch chip fabricated using a commercial 1 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process, a diode unit was employed to reduce the V GS (voltage between the gate and the base) of the parasitic triode within the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor of the switch. This reduction lowered the probability of activating the parasitic triode in response to single-event effect (SEE). Subsequently, single-particle irradiation experiments proceeded with the high-voltage analog switch chip, both with and without the diode unit. In the unreinforced device, the current of the power supply reached 100 mA within 11 s of single-particle irradiation at 75.8 MeV•cm2 mg−1. In contrast, in the reinforced device, the current of the power supply remained relatively stable under irradiation at both 37.2 and 75.8 MeV•cm2 mg−1. These findings indicate that the reinforced analog switch chip exhibits an SEE tolerance exceeding 75.8 MeV•cm2 mg−1, highlighting its potential to enhance the radiation tolerance of analog switches.

ТЕСТОВЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ТОПЛИВНЫХ НАСОСОВ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ АВТОТРАКТОРНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article presents the results of a study of the energy balance when the technical condition of the fuel pump of agricultural machines changes. Over 30% of internal combustion engine failures occur in the fuel system. Timely diagnostics, repairs and maintenance work (the latter is often not provided for or not performed) of electric fuel pumps can increase the service life and service life. Calculation of the energy balance is a prerequisite for developing a new or upgrading an existing method for diagnosing a fuel pump. The importance of using current strength as a diagnostic parameter (when determining the technical condition) of the pump in the mode of creating maximum pressure in the fuel system is emphasized. Based on the research results, an additional diagnostic parameter can be the rate of increase in the pump supply current. Research has shown that with an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the fuel system by 90%, the average rate of current increase was 7.6 A/s. When the hydraulic resistance of the fuel supply system decreased by less than 10%, the average rate of current increase was 19.2 A/s. Current is a sensitive parameter that increases or decreases depending on the level of increase in hydraulic resistance or leaks in the fuel system. The pump power expended on hydraulic losses did not change significantly due to the constant value of the pump operating voltage. The ideas (methods, techniques) developed in the article are in good agreement with the issues of modeling processes in hydrodynamic tribocouplings of high-pressure fuel pumps, in particular for Common Rail systems. The research was carried out at the expense of the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-29-10042, Topic: Numerical modeling of processes in hydrodynamic tribocouplings of high-pressure fuel pumps for advanced high-pressure diesel engines https://rscf.ru/project/23-29-10042/.”

A Prediction about Radio Frequency Envelope Detectors for Implementing a 2.4 GHz Rectenna for IEEE 802.15.4 with MOS Transistors

This study introduces a rectenna, functioning as an RF envelope detector, utilizing a 16 nm bulk MOS transistor (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) for nonlinear detection. A circuit architecture is presented alongside a detailed design methodology and simulations. The detector efficiently demodulates a 2.4 GHz OOK (On/Off Keying) encoded signal, comprising a 32-bit word, within 320 μs. Remarkably, the circuit operates passively, requiring no voltage supply or bias current, and functions effectively with −53 dBm input power at the antenna. This capability enables the decoding of 32-bit unsigned integer radio packets as a wakeup radio event. The effectiveness of the envelope detector is substantiated through comprehensive simulations.

A novel development of h-CSLQFL controller for optimal sizing and economic pricing of battery in electric vehicle system

This paper proposes a novel design of h-CSLQFL controller for reducing the battery size (kWh) and battery cost (US$/kWh) of electric vehicle (EV) system. The h-CSLQFL controller is a hybrid controller which is formed by the combination of Cuckoo search optimization (CSO), linear quadratic regulator (LQR), and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The higher battery cost is one of the biggest challenges with EV due to which a significant number of consumers cannot afford to purchase it. The replacement of conventional vehicles with EV creates ecofriendly and sustainable solutions. For attaining the optimal reduced cost of battery, a strategy has been demonstrated by framing a multi-objective function which is controlled with h-CSLQFL controller. It commences with the design of mathematical model of EV in which supply voltage and current are the input parameters whereas the speed and torque are the output parameters. Thereafter, LQR controller was designed and implemented for analyzing the performance parameter of EV. Afterwards, CSO controller in support with LQR controller has been formulated in closed loop manner. At the end, the multi-objective function is controlled with LQR based CSO and LQR controller. It is observed that the least optimal economic cost and size of EV battery have been attained with h-CSLQFL controller in comparison to the LQR based CSO and LQR controller. In addition to this, the least risk factor and reduced sensitivity have been also attained with the proposed approach. The validation of the proposed h-CSLQFL controller has been done on a hardware set up.

A 3.0-V 4.2-μA 2.23-ppm/°C BGR with cross-connected NPNs and base-current compensation

This paper presents a high-precision, low-power bandgap voltage reference with a 3.0 V output voltage suitable for battery-management systems. Compared to Brokaw's type bandgap references (BGRs), Cross-connected NPN transistors facilitate higher output voltages without the necessity of operational amplifiers and are unaffected by the current-mirror mismatch. Base-current compensation is proposed to address the effect of base current on voltage output temperature characteristics at low power consumption. A piecewise exponential curvature correction stains high-order compensation for the nonlinear characteristic of base-emitter voltage. Experimental results of the proposed BGR implemented in a 0.18-μm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process demonstrate that the temperature coefficient is 2.23 ppm/°C over the range of −40 °C–120 °C. The line regulation is 0.2 mV/V at a 5–6 V supply voltage with a supply current of only 4.2 μA. The die area of the fabricated BGR is 0.105 mm2.

Evaluation of cobalt removal from polycrystalline diamond compact in the coupling mechanism of acid leaching and electrolysis

Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) is a widely used superhard material, and its thermal stability and wear resistance are the main factors determining its performance. The residual cobalt binder content in polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has a significant impact on the thermal stability and wear resistance of PDC. Therefore, cobalt removal treatment is required to improve the performance of PDC. The current cobalt removal methods mainly include acid leaching and electrolysis. This study proposes a novel coupling method that combines acid leaching and electrolysis for cobalt removal. Cobalt removal was conducted for 10 h under the conditions of electrolytic voltage of 12 V, direct current power supply current of 0.01 A, and sulfuric acid electrolyte concentration of 9.2 mol/L. The cobalt removal effect was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness and elastic modulus of PDC before and after cobalt removal were measured using nanoindentation experiments. The results indicate that the coupled electrolysis process effectively removes the cobalt phase in the PCD layer while retaining the WC phase. The hardness and elastic modulus of PDC decrease after the removal of cobalt binder, and the cobalt removal depth can reach 807 μm.

AMÉLIORATION DE LA CORRECTION DU FACTEUR DE PUISSANCE DANS UN CONVERTISSEUR AC-DC AVEC UN CIRCUIT BOOST-FLYBACK INTÉGRÉ

Due to advancements in semiconductor technology, modern controllers, and nonlinear characteristics, loads are increasingly used in industrial applications. Because of nonlinear traits, harmonics are introduced in the main supply, and the supply current is distorted. Numerous power factor correction (PFC) converter topologies are established for proper wave shaping. The integration of conventional PFC converters produces superior results in high voltage on the output side and improves efficiency. A single-stage boost flyback integrated PFC converter is investigated in this paper, which provides high efficiency, high output voltage, and less voltage stress. This converter uses a lesser number of components, which results in a compact size and low cost. The enhancement of power factor, efficiency, and wave shaping of the current waveform is realized through various control techniques. A novel current sensorless control for the integrated topology is investigated, and it is shown that it provides better total harmonic distortion and current wave shaping than other control techniques. A 48 W, 12/48 V prototype model is implemented to validate the simulation results practically.

Reduced Kinematic Error for Position Accuracy in a High-Torque, Lightweight Actuator

In this paper, we propose the design, development, and testing of high-torque and lightweight actuators suitable for lightweight robotic applications. The detailed design of the actuator module is described, and its performance evaluation is also presented. Further, the mathematical modelling of the actuator is discussed. Various performance analysis tests were carried out for the elucidation of the designed actuator, which included primarily position, velocity, and torque analyses. The position accuracy analysis included position repeatability at the maximum payload for calculating the acceptable tolerance. The velocity elucidation included a velocity test for the variable load. The torque analysis of the actuator was completed at different supply currents. These tests and the results indicate that the proposed actuator has high precision in reaching the desired position and provides a stabilized performance with variable loads up to the limit for which it was designed. Based on the torque output and the weight, the proposed actuator could be a good fit for lightweight robotic applications.

Design of a Low Power and Wide Frequency Range Ring VCO

This paper proposes a low-power, wide frequency range ring VCO circuit structure based on the application of switch power supply modulation technology. Circuit simulation is completed based on CMSC 180nm BCD process. Simulation results show that the VCO circuit can work at a power supply voltage of 3-5 V, and it has a relatively wide frequency range. Under a 5V power supply voltage and a control voltage range of 4.2V~2.2V, the output frequency range is 0.4-11.96MHz. Under a 3V power supply voltage and a control voltage of 2.2V~0.2V, the output frequency range is 0.56~12.3MHz. For the VCO circuit, the maximum average working current of the power supply is less than 80uA, and the average current of the power supply is only 35uA under a 5V power supply voltage and a 10MHz working frequency. The VCO circuit meets the requirements of low power consumption. It can be applied to switch power supply chips.

A novel generation design dipole magnet power supply of booster to storage ring transport line in NSRRC

The Taiwan Light Source (TLS) is a synchrotron radiation facility located in Taiwan. The booster ring at TLS injects electrons into the storage ring, which then circulates the electrons to produce synchrotron radiation for various experiments. The Taiwan Light Source (TLS) has been in service for more than 20 years, and some of the power supplies used in the facility are old and hard to maintain repair and the component are phase-out. The upgrade is specifically aimed at replacing the power supply for the BTS (Booster to Storage ring) transmission line with a new machine. During the regular shunt down time, dipole magnet power supply replacements were completed. The main reason for using the Chroma 62075H-30E power supply is commonality, for this machine is widely used in Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), and the output current of the power supply is paralleled to a dipole magnet. Therefore, a total of 17 power supplies are used in this upgrade planned to be executed. This novel generation upgrade design is important because the power supply for the BTS transmission line is critical for the operation of the facility, as it is responsible for maintaining the electron beam at a stable energy level as it is injected from the booster ring into the storage ring. A more reliable and efficient power supply can help improve the stability and quality of the electron beam, leading to better experimental results and more efficient use of the facility. Overall, this novel generation upgrade design is part of the ongoing effort to modernize and improve the infrastructure of the TLS, ensuring that it remains a state-of-the-art research facility for years to come.

SnS2 memtransistor-based Lorenz chaotic system for true random number generation

As the Internet of Things (IoT) landscape expands, the need for robust and energy-efficient hardware security has increased. In this study, we demonstrate a novel true random number generation (TRNG) system that combines a tin disulfide (SnS2) nanosheet-based memtransistor with the Lorenz chaotic system. This synergy leverages the intrinsic stochasticity of electron trapping at the SnS2 interfaces and the energy efficiency of the Lorenz chaotic system realized by an analog circuit. In addition, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the energy consumption of the entire TRNG system based on direct measurements of the supply current. Remarkably, our TRNG achieves an energy consumption of 4.3 μJ/bit with a throughput of 10 kbit/s.

СИГНАЛЬНА МАКРОМОДЕЛЬ ОПТОПАРИ НА СТРУКТУРАХ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ ЕЛЕКТРОНІКИ

The paper is devoted to the basic approaches to the realization of the macromodel of optocouplers on organic structures for sensor devices. It is shown that the use of such structures is largely limited due to the time drift of parameters and temperature instability. In the course of the research, the possibility of compensating for these parameters directly during the operation of organic optocouples by measuring and analyzing the parameter drift was established. For this purpose, specialized built-in in-situ diagnostic systems and controlled signal transducers are used. In order to verify the functioning and optimize the parameters of signal transducers of built-in in- situ diagnostic systems, the paper describes the main approaches and the result of the implementation of the optocouple macromodel. The macromodel provides the ability to specify the components of sensor electronics optocouplers in accordance with the approaches and syntax of SPICE modeling and reflects parametric modulation with changes in ambient temperature, time instability, and flicker noise. The macromodel consists of five modules that describe the processes and specify the characteristics of the optocoupler: the light emitter (LED), self-heating of the optocoupler structure by the supply current, the optical medium or active layer of the optosensor, time drift and flicker noise, and the light receiver (photodiode or photoresistor). The modules are represented by substitution schemes of electrical components in accordance with the principle of functional analogy. The main approaches to specifying the parameters of macromodel components and examples of parametric studies based on it are considered. The use of the developed model makes it possible to obtain the values of compensation parameters for operational adjustment, in accordance with the operating conditions and properties of organic structures.

Influence of main operating conditions on contact wire wear of rigid catenary lines

A validated overhead conductor rail and a well-known wear model have been programmed to perform closer-to-reality simulations. Reliable wear rate estimates for two configurations of overhead conductor rails and three models of pantographs at different speeds and supply currents have been obtained. Results show that wear decreases with increasing speed at high currents and when the distances between supports are uniform. In addition, the use of different types of pantographs in the same facility has a positive effect in terms of wear reduction. Consequently, an adequate selection of the operating conditions contributes to reducing the wear rate.

Model study of the controlled rectifier of mechatronics systems

The article discusses the types of semiconductor converters for mechatronics systems and the possibilities of their model research using MATLAB software. A model study of a three-phase controlled rectifier as a regulated power source is considered. The rectifier model includes units for measuring the constant component of the load current and measuring the constant component of the load voltage, a unit for measuring the amplitude and phase of the first harmonic of the supply current, a unit for measuring the active supply current, and a unit for measuring the active and average thyristor currents. An important aspect of the research is the ability to perform a spectral analysis, taking into account that the energy conversion process is associated with the distortion of the current and voltage forms. It is possible to quantify these distortions when expanding non-sinusoidal currents and voltages into a Fourier series when performing spectral analysis using MATLAB.