Current Meter Research Articles

Estimating Surfzone Currents with Near-Field Optical Remote Sensing

Abstract Currents transport sediment, larvae, pollutants, and people across and along the surfzone, creating a dynamic interface between the coastal ocean and shore. Previous field studies of nearshore flows primarily have relied on relatively low spatial resolution deployments of in situ sensors, but the development of remote sensing techniques using optical imagery and naturally occurring foam as a flow tracer has allowed for high spatial resolution observations (on the order of a few meters) across the surfzone. Here, algorithms optical current meter (OCM) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are extended from previous surfzone applications and used to estimate both cross-shore and alongshore 2-, 10-, and 60-min mean surface currents in the nearshore using imagery from both oblique and nadir viewing angles. Results are compared with in situ current meters throughout the surfzone for a wide range of incident wave heights, directions, and directional spreads. Differences between remotely sensed flows and in situ current meters are smallest for nadir viewing angles, where georectification is simplified. Comparisons of 10-min mean flow estimates from a nadir viewing angle with in situ estimates of alongshore and cross-shore currents had correlations r2 = 0.94 and 0.51 with root-mean-square differences (RMSDs) = 0.07 and 0.16 m s−1 for PIV and r2 = 0.88 and 0.44 with RMSDs = 0.08 and 0.22 m s−1 for OCM. Differences between remotely sensed and in situ cross-shore current estimates are at least partially owing to the difference between onshore-directed mass flux on the surface and offshore-directed undertow in the mid–water column.

MASCS 1.0: synchronous atmospheric and oceanic data from a cross-shaped moored array in the northern South China Sea during 2014–2015

Abstract. This work presents a cross-shaped moored array dataset (MASCS 1.0) comprising five buoys and four moorings with synchronous atmospheric and oceanic data in the northern South China Sea during 2014–2015. The atmospheric data are observed by two meteorological instruments at the buoys. The oceanic data consist of sea surface waves measured using a wave recorder, temperature, and salinity from the surface to a depth of 400 m and at 10 and 50 m above the ocean bottom using conductivity, temperature, and depth recorders. They also include currents from the surface to a depth of 850 m measured using acoustic Doppler current profilers and measured at 10, 50, and 100 m above the floor using current meters. Additional measurements were taken for sea surface radiation, air visibility, chlorophyll, turbidity, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter at buoy 3 located at the center of the moored array. The data reveal air–sea interactions and oceanic processes in the upper and bottom ocean, especially the transition of the air–sea interface and ocean conditions from summer to winter monsoon and the effects of six tropical cyclones on the moored array. Multiscale processes were also recorded, such as air–sea fluxes, tides, internal waves, and low-frequency flows. The data are valuable and have many potential applications, including analyzing the phenomena and mechanisms of air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics and validating and improving numerical model simulations, data reanalysis, and assimilations. All the data described here are made publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14039870 (Zhang et al., 2024a).

Characterizing regional oceanography and bottom environmental conditions at two contrasting sponge grounds on the northern Labrador Shelf

Abstract. Deep-sea sponge grounds are distributed globally and are considered hotspots of biological diversity and biogeochemical cycling. To date, little is known about the environmental conditions that allow high sponge biomass to develop in the deep sea. Here, we characterize oceanographic conditions at two contrasting sites off the northern Labrador Shelf with respective high and low sponge biomass. Data were collected by year-long benthic lander deployments equipped with current meters, a turbidity and chlorophyll-a measuring device, and a sediment trap. Additionally, regional oceanography was described by analysing vertical conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) casts, Argo float profiles, and surface buoy drifter data for the northern Labrador Shelf from 2005 to 2022. The stable isotopic composition of benthic fauna was determined to investigate food web structure at the sponge grounds. Our results revealed strong (0.26±0.14 m s−1; mean ± SD) semidiurnal tidal currents at the high-sponge-biomass site but 2-fold weaker currents (0.14±0.08 m s−1; mean ± SD) at the low-sponge-biomass site. Tidal analysis suggests that kinetic energy is dissipated from barotropic tide to baroclinic tide/turbulence at the high-sponge-biomass site, which could enhance food availability for benthic organisms. Bottom nutrient concentrations were elevated at the high-sponge-biomass site, which would benefit growth in deep-sea sponges. Organic matter flux to the seafloor was increased at the high-sponge-biomass site and consisted of fresher material. Finally, both sponge grounds demonstrated tight benthic–pelagic coupling prior to the onset of stratification. Stable isotope signatures indicated that soft corals (Primnoa resedaeformis) fed on suspended particulate organic matter, while massive sponges (Geodia spp.) likely utilized additional food sources. Our results imply that benthic fauna at the high-sponge-biomass site benefit from strong tidal currents, which increase the food supply, and favourable regional ocean currents, which increase the nutrient concentration in bottom waters.

Host distribution, size and habitat as determinants of population density and group size in a coral reef sea whip goby

Coral reefs are complex habitats that support a diversity of fish species, some of which live in specialised relationships with particular coral taxa. The ecology and social organisation of these habitat specialists can be shaped by characteristics of their host coral. Here, we quantified the distribution, density, size, dispersion and health of the gorgonian sea whip Junceella fragilis and examined their influence on population density and group size of the sea whip goby Bryaninops amplus. Visual surveys of sea whips and resident gobies were conducted in 30 m × 4 m belt transects at 16 fringing reef sites in the Palm Island Group, Queensland, Australia, across 3 depths (5, 10 and 15 m) and 4 replicates. To examine if distributions of J. fragilis and their goby inhabitants were related to current speed, a current meter was deployed at each site and depth for a 6 d period. The spatial distribution and density of B. amplus positively related to that of sea whips, and group size positively related to sea whip surface area. B. amplus density positively related to current speed, and group sizes were highest on solitary sea whips in sandy habitats. Surprisingly, group sizes were not affected by sea whip condition, with large groups found on sea whips with high proportions of damaged tissue. Host distribution, configuration and size are clearly major determinants of sea whip goby density and group size. While goby populations may ultimately be threatened by the loss of their host, they do appear to be resilient to the early stages of degradation.

Utilization of Environmentally Friendly Energy in Organic Fertilizer Processing Machine

Agriculture is the primary livelihood for most of Indonesia's population, which has vast agricultural land. However, there remains a dependency on chemical fertilizers, which degrade soil quality compared to organic farming that can optimize plant health and productivity. The energy needs in the agricultural sector, including mechanization and fertilizer production, are critical but still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. It is, therefore, essential to reduce this dependency by utilizing environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. This study examines the use of solar energy to power machines in the process of producing organic fertilizer. The tools used in the study include a 100 Wp solar panel, solar energy conversion components, a 12 Volt 33 Ah battery, a ¼ Hp electric motor, a voltage and current meter, a temperature gauge, a sunlight intensity meter, and an organic fertilizer processing machine. The research method analyzes several variables, including sunlight intensity, power, voltage, current, charging time, and battery usage. The study found that the solar panel used was insufficient to power the ¼ HP motor, requiring the addition of three more solar panels and batteries to meet the motor's power requirement of 233 watts. Battery charging tests required 3 hours, and battery usage for machine operation without solar panel installation lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes, while battery usage for machine operation with solar panel installation lasted 6-7 hours. Keywords: Environmentally friendly energy, Fertilizer crushing machine, Organic fertilizer, Solar energy.

Development of a GPS-GPRS tracked surface drifter for monitoring of surface currents in tidally dominated estuaries

The Vembanad estuary is one of the largest estuarine systems in India, heavily influenced by monsoonal variations and coastal dynamics. As industrial development and navigation activities increase in the region, understanding the estuary's circulation patterns, predominantly driven by tidal currents, has become crucial. This is essential for assessing the dispersal of industrial waste, sediment transport and ensuring safe and efficient navigation for meeting any disaster preparedness. However, collecting precise circulation data near shorelines remains difficult with traditional field deploying current meters and satellite altimeters due to different logistic challenges and land-sea interactions respectively. Additionally, advanced instruments such as Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) are not well-suited for shallow water environments. To address this challenge, an indigenously developed surface drifter, based on the Lagrangian technique, has been designed and tested for real-time monitoring of circulation and tidal currents in the estuary. The drifter is equipped with a GPS (Global Positioning System) module and a GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) module, allowing for real-time tracking. By analyzing GPS data collected at regular intervals, current patterns in the estuarine region can be effectively studied. A comparison between current flow patterns measured by the surface drifter and an in situ current meter demonstrated a strong correlation, validating the drifter’s accuracy in capturing estuarine circulation data which signifies the utility of such devices for remotely monitoring.

Applicability of Combined Transducers for Distorted Current Metering in Electrical Substations

Current transducers/transformers have a significant impact on the overall accuracy of the measuring system used for electrical power metering and current measurement, especially in non-sinusoidal conditions. This research concerns an evaluation of the impact of the Rogowski coil and the combined transducer on the distorted current measuring accuracy of the digital power meter. It covers a characterization of their influence in conditions similar, at present, to the high RMS value of the distorted current in order to ensure the required test scenario for the equipment designed for the power network metering purposes. It has been established that the active component—the integration circuit (voltage-to-voltage converter or voltage-to current-converter)—has the most significant effect on the overall performance of the combined transducer. However, its impact is different depending on the selected equipment. Therefore, the presented analysis and results are essential for a conscious choice of the proper current transducer for the substation equipment.

State primary standard for units of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate of photon, electron, proton radiation and in carbon ion beams, quantity, fuence, fux density and energy of particles in proton beams and heavy charged particles GET 38-2024

The problem of ensuring the accuracy and traceability of the measurement results of the absorbed dose in carbon ion beams, as well as the measurement results of the amount, fluence, flux density and energy of particles in proton and heavy charged particles beams is considered. Until now, in practice, these values have been measured only by indirect methods. The lack of approved measuring instruments for the quantities under consideration and the metrological traceability of measurement results of these quantities to standards did not allow achieving consistency of measurement methods used in practice and confirming the reliability of the results obtained. To solve this problem, three measuring complexes have been developed and created, which are included in the State Primary Standard of units of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate of photon, electron, proton radiation and in carbon ion beams, quantity, fluence, flux density and energy of particles in proton and heavy charged particles beams GET 38-2024. The measuring complex for reproducing the unit of absorbed dose in carbon ion beams consists of an adiabatic calorimeter, a thermostating system, a data collection and processing system and a vacuum pumping station. To reproduce the unit of energy of protons and heavy charged particles, a complex has been implemented, which includes a total absorption calorimeter, a data collection and processing system, a vacuum pumping station and a particle count determination system based on the use of a Faraday cup. To reproduce the units of fluence and particle flux density in proton and heavy charged particles beams, a measuring complex has been created containing a Faraday cup, a set of collimators and a low current meter. The schemes, the principles and the results of studies of the metrological characteristics of the developed measuring complexes are described. The results are relevant for the field of radiation therapy and radiation resistance tests of the electronic component base used in the space industry.

CFD – Tool for Choosing a Suitable Flow Measurement Methods

Abstract Verifying guaranteed turbine parameters, especially flow rate, is essential after turbine or pump-turbine rehabilitation. Extensive changes in the hydraulic circuit are realized in the case of the transformation of an existing hydropower plant (HPP) to a pumped storage power plant (PSP), replacing vertical Kaplan with a new reversible Francis turbine. The article introduces a methodology for choosing a suitable flow measurement method. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) supported by standards (IEC, ASME, ISO) and scientific literature serves as a tool for choosing a suitable flow measurement method, its optimal position in the penstock, and quantifying the value of uncertainty. Two main flow measurement methods – the current meter and the ultrasonic method - were considered in this article. A “virtual flow measurement” was performed based on the velocity field obtained from the CFD model. The reconstructed flow rates obtained from the virtual measurement by both methods were compared with exact flow rate values from CFD. The flow deviation’s sensitivity to the current meter position or the ultrasonic paths rotation was performed for the selected profiles. The profiles with small deviations and low sensitivity to rotation correspond to the recommended profiles according to the standards.

Research on signal enhancement and flow rate calculation methods of multi-channel ultrasonic flowmeter

Abstract In the field of drilling, accurate measurement of mud flow helps detect potential leaks or abnormal situations, thereby improving overall safety and preventing accidents from occurring. Traditional contact flow meters require breaking the pipeline before installation, making them difficult to install in underground environments. In addition, the complex composition of underground fluids and their corrosive nature can also lead to unsatisfactory measurement results. Therefore, as a non-invasive flow measurement tool, ultrasonic flowmeter is a better choice. However, the ultrasonic echo signals of current ultrasonic flow meters are susceptible to external interference in actual testing, resulting in a decrease in signal quality and making it impossible to perform accurate detection. This article focuses on the research of ultrasound echo signal processing model, designs a four channel ultrasound transceiver model, improves the wavelet denoising algorithm, designs signal reconstruction and baseline correction processing methods, and proposes a pipeline flow calculation algorithm based on Gaussian numerical integration. This method can greatly improve the quality of ultrasound echo signals and the average accuracy of flow measurement. Finally, relevant testing experiments were conducted, and the results of the final performance measurement showed that the method proposed in this paper improved the average accuracy of the measurement by 5.07%, and the relative error remained at around 2%, with a significant improvement in error rate. Therefore, the method proposed in this article has extremely high accuracy in mud flow measurement.

Field Observations of Surfzone Vorticity

AbstractIn the surfzone, breaking‐wave generated eddies and vortices transport material along the coast and offshore to the continental shelf, providing a pathway from land to the ocean. Here, surfzone vorticity is investigated with unique field observations obtained during a wide range of wave and bathymetric conditions on an Atlantic Ocean beach. Small spatial‐scale [O(10 m)] vorticity estimated with a 5 m diameter ring of 14 current meters deployed in ∼2 m water depth increased as the directional spread of the wave field increased. Large spatial‐scale [O(100 m)] vorticity calculated from remote sensing estimates of currents across the surfzone along 200 m of the shoreline increased as alongshore bathymetric variability (channels, bars, bumps, holes) increased. For all bathymetric conditions, large‐scale vorticity in the inner surfzone was more energetic than in the outer surfzone.

Introducing edge intelligence to smart meters via federated split learning

The ubiquitous smart meters are expected to be a central feature of future smart grids because they enable the collection of massive amounts of fine-grained consumption data to support demand-side flexibility. However, current smart meters are not smart enough. They can only perform basic data collection and communication functions and cannot carry out on-device intelligent data analytics due to hardware constraints in terms of memory, computation, and communication capacity. Moreover, privacy concerns have hindered the utilization of data from distributed smart meters. Here, we present an end-edge-cloud federated split learning framework to enable collaborative model training on resource-constrained smart meters with the assistance of edge and cloud servers in a resource-efficient and privacy-enhancing manner. The proposed method is validated on a hardware platform to conduct building and household load forecasting on smart meters that only have 192 KB of static random-access memory (SRAM). We show that the proposed method can reduce the memory footprint by 95.5%, the training time by 94.8%, and the communication burden by 50% under the distributed learning framework and can achieve comparable or superior forecasting accuracy to that of conventional methods trained on high-capacity servers.

Three-layer circulation in the world deepest hadal trench

The Challenger Deep (CD) is the deepest known hadal trench in the world. Due to challenges in data sampling at extreme ocean depths, the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) transport and ocean circulation structure in the CD remain unclear. By analyzing data from an extra-deep current meter mooring array, here we find a three-layer circulation in the CD, transitioning downward from westward LCDW flow (about −1.866 ± 2.953 Sv, 1 Sv = 106 m3/s) to cyclonic circulation, and then to anticyclonic circulation. The westward flow reverses its direction during summer, giving evidence for bidirectional connectivity of deep-sea basins, while the cyclonic-anticyclonic circulation is relatively steady. The LCDW intrusion, local topography and turbulent mixing are crucial for modulating the three-layer circulation. Turbulent mixing plays a key role in driving the anticyclonic circulation. Our findings provide insights for understanding the hydrodynamic environment in the ocean’s deepest areas.

Direct Current Ripple Component Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Variational Mode Decomposition

Background: The development of smart grids requires energy meters that enable accurate measurements. Objective: In response to the current issue where Direct Current (DC) energy meters only measure DC components and not ripple components, we propose to design a novel algorithm to achieve accurate separation of DC components and ripple components in DC signals. Methodology: This patent proposes a precise detection algorithm for ripple components. The algorithm is based on the Wavelet Decomposition combined with Flamingo Search Algorithm-Variational Mode Decomposition (WD-FSA-VMD). Firstly, we analyze the ripple characteristics in the DC signal and use the Wavelet Decomposition (WD) algorithm to separate the ripple components in the DC signal accurately. Secondly, we utilize the Flamingo Search Algorithm (FSA) to optimize the number of modal decompositions and the penalty factor in the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). This allows us to accurately extract the ripple components. Finally, we conducted simulation experiments comparing the improved algorithm with the original algorithm. Results: The experimental results indicate that the signal correlation coefficient obtained by the WDFSA- VMD algorithm increases by 82.64% compared to traditional VMD, and it increases by 16.72% compared to the combined Wavelet Decomposition with Whale Optimization Algorithm-Variational Mode De-composition (WD-WOA-VMD). Conclusion: The improved algorithm we proposed has good adaptability and separation performance. It is prospective for the new algorithm to provide a valuable reference to ripple detection technology.

Importance of tides and winds in influencing the nonstationary behaviour of coastal currents in offshore Singapore

Abstract. Coastal currents significantly impact port activities, coastal landform morphodynamics, and ecosystem functioning. It is therefore necessary to understand the physical characteristics and natural variability of these currents within coastal settings. Traditional methods, such as harmonic analysis, assume stationarity of tide-driven currents and may thus not be applicable to systems modulated by variable nontidal inputs and processes. Here we deployed eight tilt current meters in shallow (< 5 m) coral reef environments in southern Singapore. Tilt current meters were positioned around the reefs at the main compass bearings to analyse the spatiotemporal variability of coastal currents in the frequency domain for 1 year (March 2018 to March 2019). Tidal motions were the primary mechanism of current flow on reefs and account for between 14 % and 45 % of total variance across all sites, with diurnal currents having either a similar or greater proportion of energy compared to semidiurnal currents. The relationship between currents and wind stress was then investigated across various frequencies. There is high correlation at low frequencies during the northeast monsoon, when the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is more active, thus generating currents that propagate either in phase or ahead of the MJO. At diurnal frequencies, the interaction between P1 and K1 results in a semi-annual cycle where currents are stronger during the monsoon seasons. This interaction could help to explain the seasonal variation in correlation as well as the K1 amplitude, the latter of which could be further enhanced by the diurnal wind stress. The phase relationship between currents and wind stress is highly complex due to the variable bathymetry and could only be partially accounted for by the orientation of the coastlines relative to that of the wind. Given the importance of wind, we thus require longer time-series datasets to examine the role of atmospheric phenomena at greater timescales to improve our understanding of the variability of coastal currents.

Mechanism Design of Seafloor Current Meter (SCM) with Broadband OBS and Data Analysis in the Northeastern offshore Taiwan

To achieve precise measurements of near seabed water current velocities, this study designed a mechanical device for the Aquadopp-6000m Current meter that can be paired with the Yardbird-BB Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS). To ensure it does not affect the sinking rate during deployment or the buoyancy during recovery at sea, the overall ballasting of the OBS with the integrated water current meter needed to be recalibrated. The Aquadopp-6000m can record multiple physical data parameters simultaneously. During instrument deployment tests, we recorded the orientation of the entire OBS, time of seabed contact, time of seismic sensor detachment from the A-frame and falling onto the seabed, as well as profiles of sound speed, temperature, and pressure during the instrument sinking process. In deployment planning, it was determined that the original battery capacity inside the Aquadopp-6000m was insufficient to sustain the power consumption required for sampling rates of one sample per second for more than three months. This paper also provides detailed calculations for battery power and methods for modifying battery packs. Data from deployments in the Okinawa Trough in 2019 and 2020 indicated that seabed water current velocities and seismic activity share similar frequency characteristics over long periods. For seismic wave amplitudes greater than 0.006 m/s, there were intermittent decreases in water flow velocity following the arrival of radial S-waves, while the tangent component remained unaffected. Before the formation of typhoons thousands of kilometers away, atmospheric pressure variations were observed to influence minor changes in seabed temperature, seabed flow velocities, and seawater pressure, thereby affecting oceanic sound speed.

Enhancing LSPIV accuracy in low-speed flows and heterogeneous seeding conditions using image gradient

Flow measurement in rivers and channels is crucial for water resource management and infrastructure planning, especially under the context of climate change. However, traditional methods like mechanical current meters and hydroacoustic instruments face limitations in terms of cost, intrusiveness, and accessibility. In recent years, image-based velocimetry techniques have emerged as promising alternatives due to their non-contact nature and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, persistent challenges remain, particularly concerning the uniform distribution of surface tracers necessary for precise measurements. These challenges are particularly pronounced in cases involving artificial seeding, where ensuring uniform distribution poses a significant obstacle. To address this issue, this study presents a novel methodology for filtering Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) data based on indicators of pixel intensity gradients. The methodology was evaluated across various field measurements under low flow conditions, encompassing a wide range of seeding characteristics. The evaluations demonstrated improvements in mean surface velocity profile estimation, showing reductions of up to 70 % in normalized root mean square error compared to not using filters. Additionally, the results were compared with filters typically employed by experienced LSPIV users, such as background subtraction and cross-correlation coefficient thresholds, showing improvements with the proposed filter. Implementation of the proposed strategy reduces the subjectivity in LSPIV implementation, particularly for users with limited knowledge of the technique, but also require minimal post-processing efforts. The methodology is anticipated to be integrated into existing software tools, thereby enhancing the accessibility of LSPIV for individuals with limited expertise in image velocimetry. Overall, this methodology facilitates cost-effective expansion of hydrological information availability, particularly in resource-constrained regions.

20 years of monitoring of a steel jacket offshore platform: variability of environmental and modal parameters

The fixed steel offshore platform VEGA-A has been operating in the Sicily channel since 1988. The platform, one of the largest in the Mediterranean Sea, is equipped with a monitoring system that collects environmental (by means of a current meter, a depth gauge, and a system for detecting wind speed and direction) and structural (by means of nine accelerometers) data. After a description of the recording system, this paper provides a statistical interpretation of the structural response of the platform over the last 20 years. The structural monitoring system is aimed at performing dynamic identification (i.e., evaluating main frequencies and mode shapes), and part of the acquired data is directly processed on the platform in order to constantly check their representativeness in relation to the structural control of the platform. The possible variation of main frequencies and mode shapes over time may be due to both changes in environmental loads/conditions and/or structural damage; in this respect, a data-driven approach capable of recognizing anomalies in the dynamic behavior was adopted here to assess the performances of the platform over the 20 years monitoring period.

Schottky Interface Enabled Electrospun Rhodium Oxide Doped Gold for Both pH Sensing and Glucose Measurements in Neutral Buffer and Human Serum.

This study has focused on adjusting sensing environment from basic to neutral pH and improve sensing performance by doping electrodeposited gold (Au) with metal oxide for nonenzymatic glucose measurements in forming a Schottky interface for superior glucose sensing with detailed analysis for the sensing mechanism. The prepared sensor also holds the ability to measure pH with the identical electrospun metal oxide-electrodeposited Au, which composed a dual sensor (glucose and pH sensor) through applying chronoamperometry and open circuit potential methods. The rhodium oxide nanocoral structure was fabricated with an electrospinning precursor solution, followed by a calcination process, and it was mixed with electrodeposited nanocoral gold to form the Schottky interface by constructing a p-n type heterogeneous junction for improved sensitivity in glucose detection. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), etc. The prepared materials were used for both pH responsive testing and amperometric glucose measurements. The rhodium oxide nanocoral doped gold demonstrated a sensitivity of 3.52 μA mM-1 cm-2 and limit of detection of 20 μM with linear range up to 3 mM glucose concentration compared to solely electrodeposited gold for a sensitivity of 0.46 μA mM-1 cm-2 and a limit of detection of 450 μM. The Mott-Schottky method was used for the analysis of an electron transfer process from noble metal to metal oxide to electrolyte in demonstrating the improved sensitivity at neutral pH for glucose measurements due to the Schottky barrier adjustment mechanism at an applied flat band potential of 0.3 V. This work opens a new venue in illustrating the metal oxide/metal materials in the glucose neutral response mechanism. In the end, human serum samples were tested against current commercial glucose meter to certify the accuracy of the proposed sensor.

Mapping Kinetic Energy Hotspots in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Using Surface Current Derived by Geodetic Observations and Data Assimilation

Harnessing ocean kinetic energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy solution in recent years. However, identifying optimal locations for extracting this energy remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel scheme to estimate the total surface current (TSC) as permanent surface current by integrating geodetic data and in-situ measurements. The TSC is typically a combination of the geostrophic current, derived from dynamic topography, and the Ekman current. We utilize NOAA’s Ekman current data to complement the geostrophic current and obtain the TSC. To further enhance the accuracy of the TSC estimates, we employ a 3DVAR data assimilation method, incorporating local current meter observations. The results are verified against two control current meter stations. The data-assimilation process resulted in an improvement of 4 to 15 cm/s in the precision of calculated TSC. Using the assimilated TSC data, we then assess the kinetic energy potential and identify six regions with the most significant promise for marine kinetic energy extraction. This innovative approach can assist researchers and policymakers in targeting the most suitable locations for harnessing renewable ocean energy.