Current Legal Regulations Research Articles

The Impact of Fireworks Noise on the Acoustic Climate in Urban Areas

New Year’s Eve is an example of a situation in which urban residents are exposed to an almost continuous and increased noise level from the impulsive sounds sources – fireworks. This custom has become a source of many controversies related to the protection of human and animal health or environmental pollution. However, current legal regulations only slightly affect the subject of noise of fireworks and its harmfulness. Currently, it does not seem possible to completely prohibit the use of fireworks in urban areas, but this does not mean that it is not possible to decrease the degree of their annoyance. The paper consists the issues of identification, analysis and assessment of impulsive noise of fireworks and acoustic climate during New Year’s Eve. Material presented refers to measurements of time series, frequency spectrum and values of noise parameters of selected fireworks. It was presented, among others, that the measured values exceed the criteria for occupational noise (LCpeak), due to the direct hazard of hearing loss, from 1.8 dB at a distance of 25 m and 6.2 dB at a distance of 15 m. Also this work discusses results of impulsive noise measurements of fireworks recorded during New Year’s Eve in years 2016–2017. Material refers to measurements at three measurement points spread over the city of Krakow. Obtained results were compared with typical noise levels for night time in urban area, indicating also the main sources of annoyance and hazard from this type of noise.

Fuel Use Reduction and Economic Savings from Optimization of Road Transportation of Coniferous Roundwood

One of the 10 priorities of the Green New Deal is sustainable transportation. It should be considered in the perspective of long-term ecological and economic sustainability, according to the trend of opportunities for sustainable development. The economic and environmental aspects of transportation related to the harvesting and movement of timber play a special role in the energy cost and their environmental impact per distance of raw material supply. The principles of rational and energy-efficient use of transportation equipment play a key role in the movement of raw timber. These are influenced by the availability of timber resources, limitation of vehicle payloads, reduction of energy consumption expressed in terms of reduction of fuel combustion, or current legal and road regulations for timber transportation. The paper evaluates economic and environmental factors in relation to the demand for fuels necessary for the implementation of road transportation of softwood timber. The aim of this paper was to present the current situation of the use of transportation means in the movement of bulky timber, as well as opportunities to optimize fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, affecting the economic and environmental effects. Previous studies on fuel consumption in the transportation of roundwood indicate irrational use of vehicles. This indicates unused payload capacity increasing energy inputs expressed in fuel consumption. It has been empirically investigated that this is the result of improperly approved transport sets adapted to the material being transported. In addition, it was shown that there is a clear correlation between the vehicle payload utilization rate and economic and environmental factors. The results of this study point to the potential to increase the use of transportation vehicles for timber transportation and reduce fuel combustion and CO2 emissions by 7–20%.

MEĐUNARODNA SARADNJA UNSA: VIZIJA 2030 – STRATEGIJA BRAIN GAIN? / UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TOWARDS A VISION 2030: BRAIN GAIN STRATEGY?

Academic mobility is a valuable and indispensable mechanism in each country's higher education quality assurance system. It also contributes to building and improving the capacities of individual universities because it enables the introduction of positive and proven teaching practices, modern teaching and research methods, and operational and administrative processes. The added value of mobility is the establishment of personal contacts and professional networking of teaching, scientific, artistic and non-teaching staff of the University of Sarajevo (from now on: "UNSA"), which has a long-term effect on the development of teaching, scientific and technological capacity. Studying through mobility gets an international note - students understand their work in a global context, their CV is enriched with new experiences, their knowledge of a foreign language (s) is improved, and after graduation, they become a competitive workforce. Teaching / scientific, artistic and non-teaching staff gain international experience through mobility, improve themselves, participate in active professional development, and increase the quality of the working environment. In the last 15 years, the University of Sarajevo has had over 2,500 outgoing mobility while hosting more than 1,500 international students, teaching / scientific, artistic and non-teaching staff. The mobility of students and staff significantly improves both the quality and the professional standard of UNSA activities. It indirectly contributes to the development and transformation of society as a whole. Through the integration of UNSA, many processes are uniform and simplified, but still, the heterogeneity and specificity of each organizational unit are present. In addition to all the benefits of student mobility, the most significant administrative challenge is the equivalence and recognition of ECTS credits earned at foreign institutions upon return to home institutions. Student services are faced with many formalities around keeping registers and other administrative forms that need to be tailored to exchange students. The current legal regulations in higher education do not value participation in mobility programs, which is undoubtedly not motivating for students and staff to get involved in them. On the contrary, the current vague legal framework and administrative barriers are significantly demotivating for students as they lose a semester or school year due to participation in mobility programs. It is necessary to develop more adequate regulations that will encourage more frequent, productive, more straightforward and better implementation of academic mobility for students. This could be achieved through participation in programs intended for international students (one-year specialist study, master's degree, dual education, summer schools, etc.). It is necessary to develop mechanisms for adequate evaluation of mobility for teaching, artistic and scientific staff of UNSA, which is particularly important for advancement to higher academic titles. It is also crucial to promote the exchange of administrative staff, which is often unjustifiably neglected, to improve the administrative processes at UNSA and its (sub) organizational units. To achieve this, we should be focused on developing cooperation with potential partners interested in administrative / non-teaching staff mobility.

The Impact of Healthcare Wage Increases on the Quality of Health Services in Romania

Abstract The collection, allocation and distribution of public resources for the health sector in Romania and beyond is an ongoing challenge and concern for governments. In this regard, this paper aims to answer the following question: how does human resources budget increment contribute to the quality of health services in Romania? The research is based on some specific external public audit methods, which identify risks and vulnerabilities related to the above-mentioned aspects, but also analyzes the resources allocated for this purpose in terms of the 3Es (efficiency, effectiveness, economy). The study aims to synthesize the ideas on this topic over the scientific literature and current legal regulations or under development, strategies, public health policies in Romania.

Monitoring wizyjny w podmiotach leczniczych – aspekty prawne i praktyczne

The article presents current legal regulations in Poland that define the conditions for monitoring by medical care providers. The issue is presented both from the legal perspective and from the perspective of health care management, while referring to author’s own observations, resulting from his scientific work and professional experience. On this basis, an attempt was made to formulate the legal and practical implications of the issue of the legal use of monitoring when providing health services to patients.

Comparison of the Potential Relative Bioaccessibility of Zinc Supplements-In Vitro Studies.

The aim of this study was to determine the potential relative bioaccessibility of zinc (Zn) from selected dietary supplements during in vitro digestion. The bioaccessibility of Zn was evaluated in dietary supplements differing in the pharmaceutical form, content, dose, and chemical form of the element. The content of Zn was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The applied method was validated, and results were characterised by good linearity (R2 = 0.998), recovery (109%), and accuracy (0.02%). As a result of the tests conducted, it was found that the bioaccessibility of Zn from dietary supplements varied and ranged from 1.1% to 9.4%. The highest bioaccessibility was found for zinc diglycinate and the lowest for zinc sulphate. In 9 out of 10 tested dietary supplements, the determined Zn content was higher than the one declared by the producer (up to 161%). The estimated tolerable upper intake level (UL) was exceeded by five of the analysed dietary supplements (123-146%). The analysed dietary supplements were assessed in terms of compliance with the information contained on the product packaging, based on current Polish and European legal regulations. The qualitative assessment was performed according to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) guidelines.

The Commercialisation of Propaganda and the Independence of the Fourth Estate – a Contribution to the Discussion on Contemporary Threats to Media Freedom

The article presents the phenomenon of the so-called privatisation of censorship and the commercialisation of propaganda and their impact on the independence of the fourth authority. The author intends to confirm or question the hypothesis according to which, in the 21st century, the new phenomenon of the so-called privatisation of censorship and the commercialisation of propaganda. To this end, he intends to use a descriptive method, situational analysis, and comparative analysis elements. The concept of the so-called “privatisation of censorship” was first described by J. Kurzlantick and P. Link based on observing components of the media policy of the People’s Republic of China towards Taiwan in the 21st century. According to these authors, a very worrying phenomenon can be seen in outsourcing content control to private sector representatives. This means that censorship is delegated to private media companies. This action is supposed to consist of exercising actual control over the circulation of content and messages, not by state bodies but by media owners or advertisers who exert direct or indirect pressure, usually economic, on journalists intending to publish critical texts. The concept of privatisation of censorship should be broadened to the idea of the so-called commercialisation of propaganda. This type of strategy seems to be observed in Hungary and Poland in recent years, the most apparent evidence of which is the remedial action taken recently by the European Union, particularly the European Media Freedom Act proposal. Based on the analysis of the described examples seen in Taiwan, Hungary and Poland, it has been demonstrated that the measures referred to as the privatisation of censorship and the commercialisation of propaganda can prove very effective and thus dangerous for the independence of the fourth estate. The current legal regulations guaranteeing freedom of speech and the media, although explicitly prohibiting, among other things, preventive censorship, turn out to be insufficient in ensuring the independence of the fourth authority in the case of actions termed “privatisation of censorship” and “commercialisation of propaganda”.

An Integrated Risk Management Model for Transporting Explosive Remnants of War: A Case Study in the Republic of Serbia

Existing legal and by-law regulations prescribe risk management methodologies for various domains, such as the transportation of hazardous materials, fire and explosion protection, environmental protection, and protection against chemical accidents. However, there is a lack of comprehensive methodological guidance that unifies the management of all risks associated with the transportation of explosive remnants of war (ERW), which pose significant threats to human life, cultural assets, and the environment. Furthermore, the transportation of ERW often occurs along traffic corridors with compromised infrastructure, increasing the range of potential risks affecting the safety of people, their property, and critical infrastructure. This study presents an integrated risk management model for ERW transportation in the Republic of Serbia, developed based on current legal and by-law regulations, as well as modern criteria and risk assessment methodologies. By applying this model, the various risks associated with ERW transportation can be effectively mitigated, ensuring the safety and protection of people, assets, and the environment.

Influence of Dose Conversions, Equilibrium Factors, and Unattached Fractions on Radon Risk Assessment in Operating and Show Underground Mines.

This paper compares the results of measurements taken in the underground workings of active and tourist mines. In these facilities, the aerosol size distributions of ambient aerosols at key workplaces and the distributions of radioactive aerosols containing radon decay products were determined. Based on these studies, dose conversions used for dose assessment and unattached fractions were determined. In addition, radon activity concentrations and potential alpha energy concentrations of short-lived progeny were also measured in the mines to determine the equilibrium factor. The dose conversions varied between 2-7 mSv/(mJ × h × m-3). The unattached fraction measured in active coal mines ranged from 0.01-0.23, in tourist mines from 0.09-0.44, and in the tourist cave it was 0.43. The results showed significant discrepancies between the effective doses determined from current recommendations and legal regulations and those determined from direct measurements of parameters affecting exposure.

Three-dimensional Medical Printing and Associated Legal Issues in Plastic Surgery: A Scoping Review

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) represents an emerging field of surgery. 3DP can facilitate the plastic surgeon's workflow, including preoperative planning, intraoperative assistance, and postoperative follow-up. The broad clinical application spectrum stands in contrast to the paucity of research on the legal framework of 3DP. This imbalance poses a potential risk for medical malpractice lawsuits. To address this knowledge gap, we aimed to summarize the current body of legal literature on medical 3DP in the US legal system. By combining the promising clinical use of 3DP with its current legal regulations, plastic surgeons can enhance patient safety and outcomes.

QUO VADIS: LEGAL CERTAINTY OF INFORMAL WORKER THROUGH MANPOWER ACT

Issue related to legal protection policies for informal sector workers in Indonesia still leaves a lot of debate among our society. The basis of this employment is in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower which is further perfected and becomes a new hope for workers in Indonesia, this hope is stated in Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. However, the regulation needs to comprehensively regulate the existence of informal sector workers in Indonesia. Informal workers received no guarantees or protection; many had sum-proportional wages, were found to be physically ophysically abused, and had low welfare. This study aims to analyze legal protections for informal sector workers in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research that uses a legal and conceptual approach. The data used is secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out with a review literature study and then analyzed with a qualitative descriptive method. This study's results show that a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) regulates the existence of informal sector workers in Indonesia. It is inherent that informal sector workers receive more attention from the government as they are the largest group of workers in Indonesia. If analyzed with 'triadism law' theory, the current legal regulations in Indonesia are considered not to have fulfilled the elements of the purpose of law itself. Therefore, with that in mind to ensure the rights of informal sector workers, it is necessary to have clear rules and guarantee workers' rights including health insurance guarantees, legal umbrellas, environmental empowerment, welfare, and social protection.

Feketegazdaság a Szovjetunióban

The study is based on G. Mars and Y. Altman, "The cultural bases of soviet Georgia's se-cond economy" (Soviet Studies 1983. Vol. XXXV [4]: 546-560), and G. Mars and Y. Altman, "The cultural bases of Soviet Central Asia's second economy (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan)", 1986 (Central Asian Survey 5 [3-4]: 195-204). The second economy, as the socialist version of the informal economy proposed by Grossman1 , can be defined as the set of economic activities that are aimed at personal gain and are in opposition to the current legal regulations. In this sense, Altman also considers all economic transactions that are in opposition to the current legislation to be informal.2 In the Soviet Union, at least in the period up to Gorbachev's reform, the second economy was a significant area of the economy, forming a continuum where, for example, there was no private ownership of agricultural land, but where goods grown at home (in the backyard) could be sold in markets, and where the kolhoz and the sovhoz (the Hungarian equivalents of the tsz and the state farm) had very different farming conditions.

Research on application and cost estimate for building a buoys system for monitoring offshore sea environment

Monitoring our national offshore sea is a Vietnamese willing, aspiration, and essential demand for the State and its people; it is also a demand for people in the world that some countries have deployed it ready. Based on existing studies in Vietnam, similar applications in other countries, and available technical devices/parts on the market, the author seeks, gathers, researches, and investigates each small part of the application; thereby combining and proposing a complete application that is feasible in applied technology to deploy a system of buoys for monitoring hydrology and environment in an offshore sea of Vietnam; toward a system of mobile monitoring stations, collecting various kinds of data out there; synchronised with the digital transformation in the fourth industrial revolution. Simultaneously, with research theories on costs and current legal regulations, the author collects all relevant costs for each small part of the application and concludes with a conclusion as a suggestion. Then, relevant organisations can have an alternative view and propose a deployment in a condition of Vietnam’s budget.

Water tenure analysis: A case study in Nui Coc irrigation system in the Red River Basin, Vietnam

AbstractVietnam is considered to have a sound legal system for water resources management, but the enforcement of these systems remains limited. This weakness and its causes were reported in various studies on institutional arrangements. However, clear relationships among stakeholders with respect to water resources, or water tenure, and levels of implementation of water tenure governance that are related to these limitations remain undocumented. Using a new approach on water tenure analysis to identify issues and conflicts related to water tenure arrangements in a pilot area in Vietnam is the aim of this study. Most of the types of possible formal (8) and informal (7) water tenure arrangements were identified in the pilot area. The analysis of water tenure governance covering 14 aspects and the assessment of water tenure security were conducted in the study area. The study results illustrate the need to improve the implementation of law enforcement and to strengthen the process of water tenure governance. Based on the analysis results, several relevant solutions are recommended including review and update of legal framework and strengthening the enforcement of current legal regulations in Vietnam.

Consistent emission correction factors applicable to novel energy carriers and conversion concepts

Volume correction factors have been an important aspect when reporting pollutant emissions from gaseous combustion for many years. Their application has become standard procedure in such a way that their applicability is seldom questioned. However, their emergence dates back to a time when power generation primarily relied on conventional fuels such as coal and gas. The advent of alternative fuels and new combustion concepts reveals the classical correction formula prescribed by many current legal regulations to produce results that can be misleading when comparing different mixtures with regard to their emission behavior. For this reason, this work derives a more generalized correction formula that extends the applicability to any fuel–oxidizer combination and is based on the same principles as conventional volume correction. The impact of the choice of correction formula is then exemplified by comparing results for various fuels for a selection of numerical and experimental examples. They consist of a simple equilibrium calculation, as well as experimental data from a premixed swirl combustor and a pulse detonation combustor. The results show that conventional correction terms can lead to misleading perceptions of emission performance when comparing fuels. In contrast, the extended correction terms derived in this work allow for a comparison of emission behavior on a common basis that is independent of effects introduced by fuel and oxidizer stoichiometry, in a manner similar to alternative fuel-mass based metrics such as emission index. This is not restricted to the investigated examples but can be applied to all areas where oxygen correction is common. It is suggested that future emission regulations should incorporate the issues discussed in this work to ensure unbiased comparison of emission values across a wide range of combustion applications.

Karantinski patogeni kruške

A major threat to the successful growing of pear can be the occurrence, introduction or spread of a large number of different quarantine pathogens, which is why the strict application of internationally accepted phytosanitary precautionary and control measures is irreplaceable in preventing the introduction or spread of quarantine harmful organisms. These pathogens are one of the main threats for the worldwide production of pear, as well as for the domestic one. In accordance with the current legal regulations, this paper presents an overview of the 7 quarantine pathogens of pear, whereby specific full names and synonyms of quarantine pathogens, their distribution, hosts, symptoms, biology and method of transmission and distribution are given, with special emphasis on measures for their suppression.

Triage and Risk Concept: Application Proposal for Pre-Hospital Emergencies in a Psychiatric Ambulance in the City of Buenos Aires

The heterogeneity of clinical presentations in psychiatric emergencies creates difficulties in the response by interdisciplinary Mental Health teams. This is aggravated and difficult when the care is carried out on public roads or the patient’s home, that is, it is a pre-hospital context. Our Psychiatric Emergency Hospital, located in the City of Buenos Aires, provides pre-hospital care with a psychiatric ambulance, which is then referred to general hospitals or other health system providers. Not all effectors in the network have the same resources and, at the time of the emergency, the reasons for consultation such as the patient’s clinic are heterogeneous and require the greatest effectiveness in the intervention that is taken. The triage system is a resource that allows the systematization of approaches against the multiplicity of reasons for consultation and presentation of mental pathologies in the emergency room, in addition to providing greater effectiveness in interventions, homogeneity for the health system and consensus among the health effectors. Framed in the Mental Health Law, and especially in the concept of risk, a triage proposal was designed for pre-hospital interventions by the psychiatric ambulance dependent on Hospital Alvear and under current legal regulations with the aim of homogenizing care and referrals with the highest rate of effectiveness to provide quality interdisciplinary medicine.

Stability analysis of the integrated waste dumps of the open pits Žuta Prla and Brskovo near Mojkovac

The lead and zinc ore are expected to be mined at the open pits Žuta Prla and Brskovo near Mojkovac, Montenegro. During ore mining and flotation processing, the waste from the open pits and tailings from pre-concentration (DMS) and flotation tailings are produced. Two integrated waste dumps are planned in the immediate vicinity of the open pits for disposal of these materials. This paper presents the geotechnical tests of the base of these waste dumps, as well as the tests of deposited materials, and calculation of their stability in accordance with the current legal regulations.

Exporting art under Polish law

One of the best ways to promote an artist is to sell his work to a famous, international collection. There are strong voices in law and art economy, claiming that Polish legal regulation regarding art export is unnecessarily strict and complicated, which results in suppressed promotion of arts and cultural development. In the following article, I am exploring this problem by analyzing current Polish legal regulations as well as contemporary cases relevant to the topic. I am also investigating the problem by delving into Polish history, especially the aftermath of the Swedish Deluge and World War II, which both resulted in looting and destruction of Polish cultural heritage on a catastrophic scale. I determine that Polish legal regulations regarding art export are, in fact, on the strict side and are constructed to keep cultural heritage inside the borders. However, this approach is completely justified by the cultural and political climate in which those regulations were conducted. That being said, more than half a century after the last major art looting that took place on Polish grounds, it is time to reevaluate and adjust some of the legal regulations. I conclude my article with the proposition of expanding autonomy for the museum’s board of directors in dealing with exhibits under their care.

The Crime of "Pig-butchering Scams" in the Securities Market and Legal Regulation

This article aims to discuss the crime of "pig-butchering scams" in the securities market and its legal regulation. First, the article introduces the definition of the crime of "pig-butchering scams" and its harmfulness. Secondly, the article analyses the current legal regulations on the crime of "pig-butchering scams" in China. It points out problems, such as bottlenecks in applying laws and difficulty collecting evidence. Finally, the article suggests improving laws and regulations, strengthening supervision and reducing investor information asymmetry to solve the crime of "pig-butchering scams" and legal regulation. This article is focused and clear and sorts out the problems and solutions so that readers can quickly understand the theme and purpose of this article.