Current Intervention Strategies Research Articles

Response of estrogen receptor containing tumour cells to pure antiestrogens and the calmodulin inhibitor, calmidzolium chloride

Cell survival is dependent on both external and internally generated signalling processes and current strategies for medical intervention in neoplastic disease are directed towards signal transduction blockade. Redundancy in signalling pathways may mean, however, that a combination of agents is required for the maximal therapeutic benefit. We have explored this idea with regard to the antiestrogen sensitivity of estrogen dependent tumours. Using estrogen receptor (ER) containing tumour cell lines, we have determined whether antiestrogens increase the cytotoxicity of the potent calmodulin inhibitior, calmidzolium chloride (CCl). For the pituitary tumour cell line GH 3, CCl induces a form of apoptotic cell death and co-treatment with the pure antiestrogen, ZM 182780, enhances sensitivity to the calmodulin inhibitor, by at least two fold. In contrast to the pure steroidal antiestrogens, the triphenylethylenes, tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen give no enhancing effect on CCl induced cell death. Although CCl induces apoptosis of several ER containing breast cancer cell lines, unlike the pituitary tumour cells, ZM 182780 is unable to increase their sensitivity to calmodulin inhibition. Further studies strongly suggest that cell death in response to calmodulin inhibition is the result of metabolic disruption and that for GH 3 cells, this is enhanced by antiestrogen treatment.

Sorting, Supporting, Connecting, and Transforming: Intervention Strategies for Students at Risk

The author reviews the literature on strategies for serving students considered to be at risk because they need assistance to succeed academically and socially at the college level. After reviewing the changing demographic and functional definitions of students at risk and providing an overview of why such students need special services from colleges, the author uses Beatty-Guenter's (1994) typology to provide a research and practice framework for current intervention strategies. Sorting strategies attempt to divide the student body into meaningful subsets for intervention. Supporting strategies strive to ease students' everyday problems with academic life. Connecting strategies promote bonding between the student and others at the college to motivate continued enrollment. Transforming strategies seek to overcome barriers that might prevent students from achieving their potential. A summary of characteristics that distinguish successful intervention programs and strategies concludes this review.

Breastfeeding and vertical transmission of HIV-1.

An estimated one-third to one-half of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) worldwide is due to breastfeeding. The exact frequency of breast milk HIV-1 transmission is unknown, but it has been estimated to be 14% in the setting of established maternal HIV-1 infection and 29% in the setting of acute maternal infection. The timing of breast milk transmission during the course of lactation also remains unknown, but two studies have found an association between duration of breastfeeding and risk of infant infection. In one such study, prolonged breastfeeding for 15 months or longer was associated with a twofold increased transmission risk. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA can be detected in over 50% of breast milk samples and is correlated with CD4 depletion and vitamin A deficiency. The presence of breast milk HIV-1 provirus is associated with increased transmission risk. Many current intervention strategies to prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1 are aimed at in utero or perinatal transmission. In developing countries in which breastfeeding by HIV-1 infected women is recommended practice, additional intervention strategies to reduce breast milk transmission warrant evaluation.

Purpose in Life, Cognitive Efficacy, and General Deviance as Determinants of Drug Abuse in Urban Black Youth

Problem behavior theory has been a useful adjunct to explaining the etiology of adolescent drug use. However, the conceptual appropriateness of social-psychological theories of drug use with minority youth hsa rarely been tested empirically. In addition to normative developmental transitions associated with adolescence, minority youth may encounter sociopolitical and economic hardships that spawn despair, hopelessness, and personal anomie, which may independently engender drug use. Using cross-sectional data from a cohort of 8th grade, urban, black youth, we tested several latent-variable structural equation models which posited that general deviance would mediate the influence of cognitive efficacy (i.e., skills mastery and personal competence) and, separately, personal anomie. Models were psychometrically sound and accounted for large portions of variation. Results showed that the influence of hopelessness, loneliness, and suicidal thinking was entirely mediated by aggression, sensation-seeking, unsafe, and unconventional behavior. Personal competence had both direct and indirect influences on drug use. Findings underscore the continued primacy of deviance in predicting drug use for minority youth and the necessity of incorporating affective influences into current cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies.

Influenza: Current knowledge and strategies for intervention in children

Influenza: Current knowledge and strategies for intervention in children

Abnormal lymphatic function in presymptomatic bancroftian filariasis.

Despite the common association of filarial infection with elephantiasis, the great majority of those infected are in fact clinically asymptomatic microfilariae carriers. The assumption has been that infection but not disease exists in these presymptomatic persons. In an area Brazil where Wuchereria bancrofti is endemic, flow studies done with dynamic radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy were used to compare 30 limbs from asymptomatic microfilaremic subjects with 16 control limbs. Geometric mean values for T1/2 (19.8 vs. 37.7 min; P < .001), appearance time (7.9 vs. 27.9 min; P < .001), percent uptake at the region of interest (0.67% vs. 0.14%; P < .001), and peak activity (62.6 vs. 2.6 cps; P < .001) each indicated an enhanced pattern of rapid, increased lymph flow in asymptomatic microfilaremic subjects. The abnormal lymphatic function in these subjects indicates that current passive intervention strategies may need to change if the debilitating sequelae of this parasitic infection are to be avoided.

Some Contemporary Approaches in Treating Fluency Disorders in Preschool, School-Age, and Adolescent Children

This clinical forum focuses on the treatment of preschool and school-age children who stutter. It was developed to provide school clinicians with an up-to-date summary of current intervention strategies and procedures. The articles were written by established scholars in the field who have specialized experience and have presented their therapy ideas nationally and internationally within the past 5 years. These contributors have published a number of articles, books, and programs on the assessment and treatment of fluency disorders spanning a wide range of ages from preschool to the adolescent school-age years.

Patterns of parent-child communication: Relationship to depression

Family interaction and interpersonal functioning were examined with respect to their contribution to child and adolescent mood disorders. The review focused on the relationship between parent and child depression, particularly impaired parent/child interactive patterns and the effects of this negative reciprocal process on the development, maintenance, and recurrence of depression. Additionally, we addressed the implications of these findings for the effective treatment and prevention of child and adolescent depressive disorders and examined current treatment and intervention strategies.

Current Perspectives on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Literature

During the past decade, research on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has increased substantially. As the quantity and quality of research have improved, a more optimistic perspective of the disorder has begun to emerge. To address this issue, this paper summarises the characteristics and related attentional problems of children with disorders of attention. Attentional processes in theories of observational learning are discussed and the link between observational learning and social skills training are addressed. The literature review also suggests current intervention strategies, and promising avenues for future research.

Current perspectives on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review of literature

During the past decade, research on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has increased substantially. As the quantity and quality of research have improved, a more optimistic perspective of the disorder has begun to emerge. To address this issue, this paper summarises the characteristics and related attentional problems of children with disorders of attention. Attentional processes in theories of observational learning are discussed and the link between observational learning and social skills training are addressed. The literature review also suggests current intervention strategies, and promising avenues for future research.

The Sexual Abuse of Children: A Comprehensive Guide to Current Knowledge and Intervention Strategies—by Jeffrey J. Haugaard and N. Dickon Reppucci; San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1988, 432 pages, $27.95

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ArticleNo AccessThe Sexual Abuse of Children: A Comprehensive Guide to Current Knowledge and Intervention Strategies—by Jeffrey J. Haugaard and N. Dickon Reppucci; San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1988, 432 pages, $27.95Henry E. CretellaHenry E. CretellaSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Apr 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.41.1.98AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail "The Sexual Abuse of Children: A Comprehensive Guide to Current Knowledge and Intervention Strategies—by Jeffrey J. Haugaard and N. Dickon Reppucci; San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1988, 432 pages, $27.95." Psychiatric Services, 41(1), p. 98 Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Personal login Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 41Issue 1 January 1990Pages 98-98 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2006 Published in print 1 January 1990

Book Reviews

The Sexual Abuse of Children: A Comprehensive Guide to Current Knowledge and Intervention Strategies. Jeffrey J. Haugaard and N. Dickon Reppucci.The Seasons of Grief: Helping Your Children Grow Through Loss. Donna A. Gaffney, PhD.Defiant Children: A Clinician's Manual for Parent Training and Defiant Children: Parent‐Teacher Assignments. Russell A. Barkley.

Clinical Decision Making in Treatment of Learning Disabled Children

This paper describes current theories and intervention strategies employed in the treatment of learning disabilities. Type, duration and effectiveness of approaches are considered. Criteria for choosing different types of treatment and the responsibility of therapists to provide specificity in treatment are explored. The future of public school based therapy is challenged directly by outcomes of treatment, its documentation and linkages to educational performance.s

Clinical Decision Making in Treatment of Learning Disabled Children

This paper describes current theories and intervention strategies employed in the treatment of learning disabilities. Type, duration and effectiveness of approaches are considered. Criteria for choosing different types of treatment and the responsibility of therapists to provide specificity in treatment are explored. The future of public school based therapy is challenged directly by outcomes of treatment, its documentation and linkages to educational performance.s.

The medicalization of repression: eugenics and crime.

The danger of therapeutic tyranny lies in the fact that under a purely therapeutic approach to crime, health standards and regulations can become little more than tools for political coercion and oppression [ 1]. There is an increasing tendency in both politics and academia to seek biological explanations for crime. These theories parallel a growing support for biomedical or technological solutions to the social problems of crime, and assume that crime is a reflection of the quality of our people (i.e., that criminogenic characteristics are inherent in people, can be identified, and can be treated) [2]. Proposed solutions include both direct interventions (such as psychosurgery or drug treatments to reduce the likelihood of recidivism) [3 ] and sleuthing for criminogenic traits prior to any anti-social behavior [4]. Citing public health preventive medicine programs [5], for example, both the screening of infants for XYY chromosomal abnormalities [6] and the testing of small children for genetic "deficiencies" [7] have been used to support state intervention in the very personal lives of very young people. Some argue that we have crossed a new horizon with this approach to crime; that it is a social advance coinciding with technological advances in unraveling the mysteries of DNA and the biomedical intricacies of human behavior. They are convinced that this new ability to identify criminogenic characteristics creates a social duty, as burdensome as that might be, to intervene in the most hitherto private dimensions of human beings in order to substantially reduce crime. We are less millennial. We perceive these current biological theories and intervention strategies as simply a continuation of much older theories and methods of social control; methods that sought to locate the cause of anti-social behavior within individuals as a way of justifying the status quo and explaining away its failures. The "scientific explanation" of crime may have changed and the proposed medical solution may have more terrible consequences, but the underlying assumptions and values have remained virtually unchanged. As a result we are faced with a recurring but subtle threat to personal integrity and self

Adolescent girls in need of protection.

This descriptive study of 120 girls removed temporarily from parental care during early adolescence raises questions regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of current intervention strategies. The findings suggest that clinical and legal efforts on behalf of girls such as these, who have been victims of neglect, deprivation, and abuse, are likely to remain unsatisfactory in the absence of a broad societal commitment to the needs and rights of children.

Neuropsychological and Treatment Aspects of Learning and Behavior Disorders in Children

The present article discusses the aspects of brain-behavior disorders in children from the standpoint of terms such as minimal brain dysfunction, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, and Hyperkinetic Syndrome. The concept of “brain damage” versus “brain dysfunction” in relationship to behavior disorders is discussed. A partial selection of neurobiological aspects of brain disturbances and behavior disorders in children is presented in terms of physical anomalies and physiologic growth and maturation. Approaches to the use of clinical child neuropsychological assessment, diagnostic problems, and some issues facing the clinician, school psychologist, and remediator, are presented and considered in relation to current intervention strategies for children presenting with severe behavioral and learning disorders in the classroom and at home. Management, treatment efficacy, educational policy and brain science implications are discussed in relation to the above.

Issues in smoking control

Smoking behaviors have been generally refractive to most current intervention strategies. This paper discusses issues related to both the control of smoking and the analysis of treatment results. In particular a model of assessment is proposed, including an analysis of stimulus situations preceding smoking, and of behavior occurring concomitently with smoking. Evaluation of treatment includes both comparison of treatment effectiveness and maintenance of effects. Issues related to treatment evaluation include the development of comprehensive treatment packages, drop-out rate, cost analysis and multiple effects of treatment. Finally, the control of smoking on a societal level with implications for prevention is considered.