Current Internet Architecture Research Articles

An Investigative Study on Fault-Tolerant Design Principles for Future Internet

Fault tolerance is crucial for ensuring uninterrupted service delivery in future internet architectures. This paper presents an investigative study on fault-tolerant design principles tailored to the evolving needs of future internet systems. Beginning with a comprehensive review of existing fault tolerance techniques in current internet architectures, the study identifies the limitations and challenges traditional approaches face in meeting the requirements of future internet environments. Fundamental concepts of fault tolerance are discussed, including fault types, detection mechanisms, and recovery strategies. Essential requirements and challenges for future internet architectures are identified, encompassing scalability, heterogeneity, dynamicity, security, and resource constraints. Building upon this foundation, the paper presents a set of comprehensive fault-tolerant design principles customized for future internet systems. These principles address architectural considerations, fault detection and isolation mechanisms, and recovery strategies. Case studies and real-world examples illustrate the application of these design principles in large-scale internet platforms and distributed systems. The paper outlines future research directions and opportunities for further innovation in fault-tolerant design for future internet architectures.

Interoperabilitas NDN-DPDK dan Forwarding NFD dalam Video Streaming berbasis NDN pada Virtual Machine

The Named Data Network (NDN) is a future network concept that addresses some of the issues present in the current internet architecture. One of the main advantages of NDN is the use of content caching at each router, enabling faster and more efficient data access. As internet network technology develops, the demand for video content continues to increase every year. Therefore, video optimization and delivery require high access speeds so that clients can run content from the server seamlessly. This research incorporates NDN-DPDK (Named Data Network-DData Plane Development Kit), which is designed as hardware acceleration, and uses NDN's default forwarder, Network Forwarding Daemon (NFD), which allows a wide variety of experiments with NDN architecture. The implementation and analysis of video streaming performance will use Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as RTT, throughput, and startup delay to measure the quality of video streaming on the network side. In addition, CPU measurements are made on the router closest to the client to evaluate the traffic load required by the forwarder to transmit data. The results of implementation and analysis in this study obtained video streaming quality on the second accessor with an RTT time of 4 seconds, throughput above 0.4 MBps, a video startup delay of 8 seconds, and 100% CPU usage.

Leveraging ICN and SDN for Future Internet Architecture: A Survey

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) are both new evolving network architectures that are receiving a lot of attention from researchers. ICN is a Future Internet architecture which tries to transform the current Internet architecture from location- and host-centric to content-centric, where obtaining requested data is achieved by the contents’ names regardless of the location of the data. From another angle, SDN is considered a new Internet architecture that moves the control plane management from network devices to a centralized controller. The SDN controller enhances network robustness and improves its scalability, reliability, and flexibility. The integration of ICN and SDN results in massive benefits, where SDN enhances ICN networks’ manageability, controllability, and functionality, and ICN reshapes the SDN design to make it compatible with ICN features and to enhance ICN in terms of network caching, routing, mobility, and security.. In this review paper, a comprehensive survey of the issues and challenges of integrating ICN and SDN is presented. Firstly, ICN’s main characteristics are summarized, and a short comparison between different ICN architectures is completed. Then, the key details of SDN are highlighted. Moreover, the motivation and benefits of merging ICN with SDN are summarized and the state-of-the-art work on merging ICN and SDN is reviewed and classified from several aspects. Finally, several open research issues are highlighted.

Experimenting with Routing Protocols in the Data Center: An ns-3 Simulation Approach

Massive scale data centers (MSDC) have become a key component of current content-centric Internet architecture. With scales of up to hundreds of thousands servers, conveying traffic inside these infrastructures requires much greater connectivity resources than traditional broadband Internet transit networks. MSDCs use Fat-Tree type topologies, which ensure multipath connectivity and constant bisection bandwidth between servers. To properly use the potential advantages of these topologies, specific routing protocols are needed, with multipath support and low control messaging load. These infrastructures are enormously expensive, and therefore it is not possible to use them to experiment with new protocols; that is why scalable and realistic emulation/simulation environments are needed. Based on previous experiences, in this paper we present extensions to the ns-3 network simulator that allow executing the Free Range Routing (FRR) protocol suite, which support some of the specific MSDC routing protocols. Focused on the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), we run a comprehensive set of control plane experiments over Fat-Tree topologies, achieving competitive scalability running on a single-host environment, which demonstrates that the modified ns-3 simulator can be effectively used for experimenting in the MSDC. Moreover, the validation was complemented with a theoretical analysis of BGP behavior over selected scenarios. The whole project is available to the community and fully reproducible.

Effectiveness of the Use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the Agricultural Sector

The current internet architecture has been developed into the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT idea seeks to improve effectiveness, accuracy, and financial gains. This research aims to analyse the Effectiveness of the Use of the Internet of Things (IOT) in the Agricultural Sector. This study employs qualitative methods with descriptive analysis techniques. The data collection method uses literature reviews from various reputable national and international journals. This research revealed that with the rise of the Internet of Things and the digital transformation of rural areas, using these technologies to remotely monitor agricultural development, soil moisture, and crop danger has become feasible. Automation of human intervention, particularly when leveraging the Internet of Things, can improve the efficacy of agriculture and farming processes.

N‐BGP: An efficient BGP routing protocol adaptation for named data networking

SummaryNamed data networking (NDN) is gaining momentum as a future Internet architecture. NDN is a type of information‐centric networking (ICN) that attempts to change the current Internet architecture from host/location‐centric to content‐centric, where data retrieving is done by the names of the contents irrespective of the location of the data. A mechanism to advertise the name‐based prefixes between different domains is necessary to accelerate the NDN deployment. In IP‐based routing, border gateway protocol (BGP) is the de facto inter‐domain routing protocol that plays a vital role in Internet communication by enabling different Internet domains to exchange routing information. In its current form, BGP can advertise and process IP‐based prefixes, but it cannot advertise or process NDN name‐based prefixes. Accordingly, BGP needs to be extended to support NDN technology. This paper proposes an NDN extension for BGP, referred to as N‐BGP, that offers a solution to exchange name‐based routes in the current BGP networks. This proposed extension modifies the traditional BGP speaker into a hybrid one. This hybrid speaker is qualified to understand, advertise, receive, process, and store both IP‐based and name‐based routes simultaneously and efficiently, without disturbing or breaking the current Internet operation; that is, it can coexist along with traditional speakers. We also validate and evaluate our proposed solution in a hybrid environment, and the results show that N‐BGP has the capability to exchange and process both Name and IP‐based routes efficiently.

A named data networking prediction-based mobility solution in space–air–terrestrial networks

With the rapid development of satellite constellations and mobile devices, multimedia-content transfer in space–air–terrestrial networks (SATNs) has become increasingly popular. Governed by the current internet protocol-based architecture and the distance between the space and the ground, real-time transmissions of multimedia encounter an enormous challenge. Recently, named data networking has been considered to be a promising approach for solving this problem in SATN scenarios. However, a new issue, producer and consumer mobility management, arises in this approach. In this paper, we propose a location prediction-based scheme to reduce the round-trip time during the handover process and further enhance the system throughput, as well as to enable the producer and consumer to simultaneously move from an old access point (AP) to a new AP. Moreover, the proposed scheme can be applied in two kinds of SATN scenarios. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by simulations.

Modeling and verifying NDN‐based IoV using CSP

AbstractAs a crucial component of intelligent transportation system, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) plays an important role in the smart and intelligent cities. However, current Internet architectures cannot guarantee efficient data delivery and adequate data security for IoV. Therefore, Named Data Networking (NDN), a leading architecture of Information‐Centric Networking (ICN), is introduced into IoV. Although problems about data distribution can be resolved effectively, the combination of NDN and IoV causes some new security issues. In this paper, we apply Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) to formalize NDN‐based IoV. We mainly focus on its data access mechanism and model this mechanism in detail. By feeding the formalized model into the model checker Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT), we verify four vital properties, namely, deadlock freedom, data reliability, PIT deletion faking, and CS caching pollution. According to verification results, the model cannot ensure the security of data with the appearance of intruders. To solve these problems, we construct a blockchain‐based mechanism by creating a blockchain‐based distribution trusted platform on top of NDN‐based IoV. Through the analysis of the improved model, the blockchain‐based mechanism can truly guarantee the security of NDN‐based IoV.

OPMSS: Optimal Producer Mobility Support Solution for Named Data Networking

Named data networking (NDN) is designed as a clean-slate Internet architecture to replace the current IP Internet architecture. The named data networking was proposed to offer vast advantages, especially with the advent of new content distributions in IoT, 5G and vehicular networking. However, the architecture is still facing challenges for managing content producer mobility. Despite the efforts of many researchers that curtailed the high handoff latency and signaling overhead, there are still some prominent challenges, such as non-optimal routing path, long delay for data delivery and unnecessary interest packet losses. This paper proposed a solution to minimize unnecessary interest packet losses, delay and provide data path optimization when the mobile producer relocates by using mobility update, broadcasting and best route strategies. The proposed solution is implemented, evaluated and benchmarked with an existing Kite solution. The performance analysis result revealed that our proposed Optimal Producer Mobility Support Solution (OPMSS) minimizes the number of unnecessary interest packets lost on average by 30%, and an average delay of 25% to 30%, with almost equal and acceptable signaling overhead costs. Furthermore, it provides a better data packet delivery route than the Kite solution.

Fast-MICDTN: a new decentralized control mechanism for content-centric disruption tolerant networks

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) emerges as a promising architecture for the future Internet to keep up with the tremendous growth of Internet users and the explosive increase of mobile data traffic. ICN can be coupled with Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) to overcome the limitations of the current Internet architecture in some challenging environments where we cannot establish a network connection, and also lighten the load on the Internet backhaul. Unfortunately, resources constraints, such as energy and buffer space, are among the most serious issues in Mobile Information-Centric Disruption Tolerant Networking (MICDTN). In this paper, we introduce an opportunistic DTN-based forwarding mechanism of Interest and Data for ICN, named Fast-MICDTN. The propagation of the content have been modeled using Markov-Decision Process (MDP). Hence, we characterize the living period in transit of the content to reach the maximum possible number of mobiles. Through extensive simulations based on synthetic mobility model and real-world traces, we prove the efficiency of the new approach in sharing content within a large number of users under a low cost.

Managing Internet of Things based traffic using Software Defined Networking

The current internet architecture cannot manage the massive data volumes produced by the smart IoT-based healthcare systems. Very recently, the idea of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has surfaced to resolve the issues related to networking. The incorporation of SDN technology in IoT-based healthcare systems can possibly solve the existing quality of service and data management issues. Furthermore, the IoT-based healthcare system can attain enhanced Quality of Service (QoS) through the employment of such schemes that use shortest-path routing algorithms and offer higher bandwidth to lesser delay paths as per the QoS requirements. In this study, the SDN technology is integrated with IoT-based healthcare systems, and the delay is reduced for delay-sensitive applications by using the Bellman-Ford algorithm. The proposed scheme is deployed using the POX controller and can effectively handle the existing QoS issues in the IoT healthcare systems. The simulation results of the proposed scheme show a clear drop in delay values in comparison to the benchmark scheme.

Detecting DNS Typo-Squatting Using Ensemble-Based Feature Selection & Classification Models

The domain name system (DNS) is a crucial component in the current IP-based Internet architecture. However, it suffers from several security vulnerabilities. This is because it does not have proper data integrity and origin authentication mechanisms. This article focuses on the typo-squatting vulnerability (a vulnerability often neglected). Typo-squatting is when attackers register a domain name that is extremely similar to an existing one to redirect users to malicious/suspicious websites. This can lead to information threats, corporate secret leakage, and can facilitate fraud. As an extension to our previous work, this work proposes ensemble-based feature selection and classification models to detect DNS typo-squatting attacks with low complexity. It is shown through experiments that the proposed framework detects the malicious/suspicious typo-squatting domains with high accuracy (above 87%). More specifically, the proposed model only loses between 0.9% and 1.5% in accuracy, 5% in precision (reaching 88%), and around 8% in recall (reaching 93%) while having a lower computational complexity given that the feature set size is reduced by more than 50%.

A Secure NDN Framework for Internet of Things Enabled Healthcare

Healthcare is a binding domain for the Internet of Things (IoT) to automate healthcare services for sharing and accumulation patient records at anytime from anywhere through the Internet. The current IP-based Internet architecture suffers from latency, mobility, location dependency, and security. The Named Data Networking (NDN) has been projected as a future internet architecture to cope with the limitations of IP-based Internet. However, the NDN infrastructure does not have a secure framework for IoT healthcare information. In this paper, we proposed a secure NDN framework for IoT-enabled Healthcare (IoTEH). In the proposed work, we adopt the services of Identity-Based Signcryption (IBS) cryptography under the security hardness Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptosystem (HCC) to secure the IoTEH information in NDN. The HCC provides the corresponding level of security using minimal computational and communicational resources as compared to bilinear pairing and Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC). For the efficiency of the proposed scheme, we simulated the security of the proposed solution using Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA). Besides, we deployed the proposed scheme on the IoTEH in NDN infrastructure and compared it with the recent IBS schemes in terms of computation and communication overheads. The simulation results showed the superiority and improvement of the proposed framework against contemporary related works.

Fast Content Delivery Using a Testbed-Based Information-Centric Network

Key requirements for a better performance of multimedia applications typically include lower latency, improved security, faster content retrieval, and adjustability to the traffic load. However, the current Internet often fails to meet the requirements due to the drawbacks of the host-oriented communication architecture. Those drawbacks can be overcome by a well-recognized networking paradigm, called Information-Centric Networking (ICN), that offers name-based and information-centric communication rather than host-oriented communication. This paradigm uses an in-network caching policy and may provide enhanced security along with user mobility. Therefore, the ICN architecture can outperform the current Internet in many aspects, including, but not limited to, content transfer time, traffic load control, mobility support, and efficient network management. Most of the existing research validating the ICN paradigm’s superior performance compared to the current Internet is based on simulation. In this paper, we propose a novel ICN-based testbed, where we used several modified functions for naming, routing, and caching and developed two new functions that provide mobility support and auto-playing of the retrieved content so that the performance of the ICN network is enhanced even more in terms of content delivery time or response time. The proposed testbed architecture is based on Content-Centric Networking (CCN), a prominent branch of the ICN concept. We present the testbed development procedures and the functions in detail and demonstrate that the testbed-based architecture outperforms the current Internet architecture and the basic CCN-based environment.

Exploring the Intersection of Technology and Policy in the Future Internet Architecture Effort

Policy-making and regulation have played a significant role in the current Internet architecture. In this paper we open that same sort of dialog with the architects of the set of Future Internet Architecture projects funded by the NSF and the EC. The paper examines both the architectures themselves and key policy topics, including (1) net neutrality, (2) naming, addressing, and network management, (3) the rise of platforms, and (4) security. In each case, in one or another of the novel architectures, the path forward with respect to the topic does not directly parallel what has occurred in the current architecture.

EPF—An Efficient Forwarding Mechanism in SDN Controller Enabled Named Data IoTs

The vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) is that it connects all kinds of things by leveraging the creation of increasingly affordable and small devices that can be embedded for sensing, processing, wireless communication, and actuation. Named data networking (NDN) is a newly emerging Internet paradigm that may replace the current Internet architecture and that fulfills most of the expectations of the IoT. Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm of technology that is highly capable of managing overall networks efficiently and transforming complex network architectures into manageable, simple ones. The combination of the SDN controller, NDN, and IoT can be lethal in the overall performance of the network. Broadcast storms, due to the flooding nature of NDN’s wireless channel, are a serious issue when it comes to forwarding interest and data packets. Energy consumption of sensor nodes in dense IoT scenarios causes problems in forwarding as well as unnecessary delays, decreases network performance, and increases the cost and packet delay for important packets. We took these problems as our baseline and proposed an energy-efficient, priority-based forwarding (EPF) in SDN-enabled NDN–IoT. Our scheme EPF used the efficient flow management of the SDN controller to control the broadcast storm and efficiently forward the priority-based packets. A defer timer mechanism was used to prioritized the packet upon its arrival to the node. An energy threshold mechanism was used to control energy consumption and improve overall energy efficiency. We compared our scheme with the traditional flooding mechanism and geographic interest forwarding; EPF outclassed the other schemes and produced the best results in terms of total number of interests and retransmissions, content retrieval time, total number of priority interests, energy consumption, and network lifetime.

A walkthrough of name data networking: Architecture, functionalities, operations and open issues

Name data networking (NDN) is one of the proposed ICN based future Internet architecture aims to substitute our current TCP/IP based Internet. The recent advancements in technology reduced the cost to connect to the Internet and made it feasible to connect a wide variety of devices that leads to rapid growth in hand-held devices and exponentially increased Internet users. The Internet usage pattern has also changed dramatically in the last decade and a considerable proportion of Internet traffic consists of video files only. TCP/IP based Internet was designed to communicate between point to point entities and mobility, multicast support, security, and a tremendous amount of Internet traffic was not considered at that time. The mismatch between Internet usage requirements and current Internet architecture motivated researchers to come up with content based new sustainable Internet architecture. NDN is designed from a clean slate and supposed to overcome the shortcomings while leverage strength present in TCP/IP based Internet architecture. NDN is a request-driven architecture where users request for content using names without concern about host. This article presents a detailed survey on NDN architecture, protocols, and previously proposed strategies. It also offers a comparative study on proposed strategies for naming, content caching, inter and intradomain routing, forwarding, and security. This survey uses a bottom-up approach and a new taxonomy for comparative analysis and assessment to present insights about the differences between the existing strategies and protocols proposed for NDN. The survey also explored the present applications and ongoing research and suggests future research directions.

Nova Genesis - An Advanced Architecture for Internet of Things

The Internet has become the most important medium for information exchange and the core communication environment for business relations as well as for social inter- actions. The current internet architecture itself might become the limiting factor of Internet growth and deployment of new applications including 5G and future internet. Architectural limitations of internet include weak security, lack of efficient storage and caching, data distribution and traceability issues, lack of interoperability and so on. The proposed system overcomes these limitations by an alternate architecture for internet called NovaGenesis. This architecture integrates the concepts of Infor- mation Centric Networking (ICN), Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), network caching and name based routing. ICN evolve internet from a host-centric model to a content-centric model through efficient data exchange, storage and processing. SOA enables software-control/management of network devices based on service requirements. Network caching improves performance in terms of throughput, network traffic and retrieval delay. Name based routing is for discovering and delivering of data. The framework proposed increases the scalability and reliability of the delivery of IoT data for services.

The Future Internet – problems and perspectives

The issues of the current Internet architecture considered. A brief survey of related publications given. The perspectives of migration to the Future Internet discussed. Cognitive principles formulated for study Internet as a complex system. An author's vision of the Future Internet outlined. Primary steps proposed to reorganize the IP layer in TCP/IP model when transition to the Future Internet architecture. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 24 titles.Keywords: future Internet architecture; system approach; TCP/IP.

Advancing the State of the Fog Computing to Enable 5G Network Technologies.

Fog Computing (FC) is promising to Internet architecture for the emerging of modern technological approaches such as Fifth Generation (5G) networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). These are the advanced technologies that enable Internet architecture to enhance the data dissemination services based on numerous sensors generating continuous sensory information. It is tough for the current Internet architecture to meet up with the growing demands of the users for such a massive amount of information. Therefore, it needs to adopt modern technologies for efficient data dissemination services across the Internet. Thus, the FC and 5G are updating the data transmission using new technological approaches that are intelligently processing data to provide enhanced communications. This study proposes necessary measures to boost the growth of FC to 5G network usage. It is done by taking an extensive review of how 5G operates as well as studying its taxonomy, the idea of IoT, reviewed projects on IoT applicability, comparison of computing technologies, and the importance of FC. Moreover, it elaborates dynamic issues of computing network technologies, and information is provided on how to remedy these for future recommendations in the field of research and computing network technologies. This paper heavily focuses on the applications of FC as an enabler to the 5G network by identifying the necessary services and network-oriented features that are needed to be used in the place for an improved future enterprise network technology.