Current Generation Research Articles

Evaluation of Preceding Variables Affecting Behavioral Use and Acceptance of Chord-Enabled Keyboard Among Students

For years, chord-enabled keyboards’ usage has stayed behind its famous counterpart, the standard QWERTY design. Recent trends in this type of keyboard prompted its usage among social media platforms focusing on productivity and efficiency. However, few studies have evaluated its acceptance and consumer usage behavior – especially in the current generation. To fill this gap, this study aimed to examine the factors that affect the acceptance and adoption of chord-enabled keyboards through Random Forest Classifier and Neural Network ensemble. Nine thousand nine hundred (9,900) data points were considered through the convenience sampling method utilizing online platforms. The results displayed that all the examined latent variables were deemed significant: Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Hedonic Motivation, Facilitating Conditions, Price Value, Habit, Intention to Use, Usage Behavior, and Perceived Usability. Among all these, usage behavior was identified as the most influential variable affecting the acceptance of chord-enabled keyboards. Users are more likely to utilize chord-enabled keyboards due to their perception of increasing productivity in accomplishing their tasks quickly, efficiently, and comfortably in the face of multiple typing tasks. Moreover, the variables of Effort Expectancy and Facilitating Conditions were also considered significant but less influential among all latent variables – due to difficulty on adoption. The results shed light on the factors influencing chord-enabled keyboard acceptance. With this, keyboard manufacturers can utilize the results to improve the acceptance and adoption of chord-enabled keyboards to improve individuals' typing efficiency and productivity, which can be extended for promotion in different countries.

Analyzing the efficacy of LMS-based control algorithms in enhancing power quality in three-phase grid-connected systems

This paper introduces a novel method for controlling shunt active power filters (SAPFs) to improve network efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the utility sector. It addresses the problem of current harmonics degrading system performance by employing reference current generation based on the least mean square (LMS) algorithm, it decomposes distorted current into fundamental active, fundamental reactive and harmonic components. Traditionally, LMS implementations suffer from poor dynamic response due to uniform learning rates. To overcome this, the method adjusts the learning rates for fundamental active and reactive components separately, improving dynamic response and reducing computational complexity. Extensive analysis validates the effectiveness of this approach under various conditions, demonstrating its superiority in enhancing system performance and reducing carbon emissions in electrical networks.

Multilayered heterojunction-based zinc oxide nanoneedles/polyaniline/titania nanoparticles as a self-powered ultraviolet light photodetector

Nowadays, self-powered ultraviolet photodetectors (SPDs) with improved photoresponse features have attracted considerable attention due to their great pivotal applications in military and civilian fields. In the present work, for the first time, we investigate and report the construction and photoresponse features of a SPD based on multilayered heterojunction-based zinc oxide nanoneedles/polyaniline/titania nanoparticles (ZET). The structure, morphology, and optical properties of the ZET and its components were comprehensively investigated. A significant dependence was observed between the changes in I-V characteristics of the ZET-based SPD (SPZ) and the temperature change, resulting in a short reverse saturation current, proper ideality factor, and low dark current. I-V characteristics of the SPZ revealed nonlinear asymmetric rectifying behavior with the improved current under the influence and increase of power densities (PDiss) of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. Moreover, the self-powered feature of the SPZ was confirmed by the generation of short-circuit current and notable contrast ratio under UV light illumination at zero bias voltage. The device displayed remarkable photoresponsivity of 4.46A/W, high significant normalized detectivity of 63.1×1012Jones, good fill factor of 50.64%, and excellent external quantum efficiency of 1514% at the PDis of 0.77mW/cm2. In addition, the SPZ exposed a short rise time of 540 ms, a high maximum photocurrent of 99.9µA, and a significant gain dynamic range of 499.5 at PDis of 19.11mW/cm2. Finally, the imaginable mechanism of the current generation in our hand-made device was discussed in detail by exerting a standard thermionic emission-diffusion model and energy band diagram.

Impact of the Lead‐Free Crystal Matrix 0.94NBaTiO3‐0.06SrTiO3 on the Photoluminescence Properties of Eu+3

The investigation reveals that the crystal field environment induces photoluminescence in Eu3+. These synthesized materials hold promise for a wide array of commercial applications, particularly in the light emitting diode industry, representing a significant advancement for the current generation of technology. The lead‐free electroceramics 0.94NB1−xEuxTiO3‐0.06SrTiO3 (x = 0 and x = 0.1) are fabricated using the conventional solid‐state reaction technique. Within these ceramics, both rhombohedral (R3c) and tetragonal (P4mm) structural phases coexist. The structural conformation and fluctuations in average grain size indicate the successful substitution of Eu3+ in 0.94NB1−xTiO3‐0.06SrTiO3 (x = 0). The incorporation of Eu3+ ions into the host matrix induces a long‐range ferroelectric state, marked by a rhombohedral (R3c) distortion, alongside enhanced tetragonal (P4mm) features. This structural modification results from the interaction between the Eu3+ ions and the host lattice, which fosters the emergence of a ferroelectric polarization. The coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal symmetries suggests a complex interplay of phases that collectively enhance the material's ferroelectric properties, potentially offering new avenues for applications in electronic and optical devices. Notably, compared to 0.94NB1−xEuxTiO3‐0.06SrTiO3 with (x = 0), the coercive field (Ec) significantly improves, while remanent polarization decreases in the presence of Eu3+. The domain orientation, particularly in Stage‐C, demonstrates a pronounced scaling behavior, which can be attributed to the crystal field surrounding the Eu3+ ions. This interaction influences the material's domain dynamics, enhancing its electromechanical properties. As a result, both of these lead‐free ceramics exhibit considerable potential for future electroceramic applications, offering a promising alternative in environmentally sustainable technologies.

Experimental Investigation of Ammonia/Oxygen/Argon Combustion: The Role of Equivalence Ratio and Nozzle Shape in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber with Sub-chamber

The global rise in carbon emissions presents a rising challenge for current and future generations. In the pursuit of zero carbon emissions, ammonia (NH3) has emerged as an attractive alternative energy source. Ammonia offers a carbon-free fuel option with a higher energy density than liquid hydrogen while maintaining ease of transport and storage. However, ammonia still has its drawbacks, such as a high autoignition temperature, slow burning velocity, and low heating value, that demand further investigation of its combustion characteristics. This experiment was done to study the effect of nozzle shape and equivalence ratio (ɸ) on the combustion of an ammonia/oxygen/argon mixture using a constant volume combustor equipped with a sub-chamber. The fuels were premixed for 10 minutes and conditioned to an initial pressure of 0.2 MPa and an initial mixture temperature of 423 K. The results show that the different nozzle shapes each have their advantages in terms of pressure and jet speed. Overall, the lean mixtures (ɸ0.6 and ɸ0.8) consistently performed better compared to the stoichiometric mixtures (ɸ1.0) in all categories investigated in this study. The round nozzle generates higher pressure, while the special shape nozzle enhances jet speed, highlighting trade-offs between the two.

Curriculum Development for the South African Essential Steps in Managing Obstetric Emergencies (ESMOE) Anesthesiology Training Module: A Delphi Study.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) for 2030 aims at <70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. South Africa (SA) falls short of this goal and most deaths occur in district and regional hospitals. Due to low anesthesiologist (specialist anesthetist) numbers in the public sector, the anesthetic workforce in these hospitals consists mainly of nonspecialist (general practitioner) junior doctors with limited supervision. The Essential Steps in Managing Obstetric Emergencies (ESMOE) training program for interns was introduced in 2008 to reduce maternal deaths in SA. Training is not consistently offered at all intern-training institutions and it has not been recently revised. This study sought expert suggestions to guide a revision of the regulation, pedagogy, and content of the ESMOE anesthetic module. A 3-round consensus-seeking modified Delphi technique was used whereby experts rated current and suggested learning outcomes as well as pedagogical- and regulatory aspects of the ESMOE anesthetic module in an anonymous, online, Likert-scale questionnaire. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement. Open-ended questions sought motivations for decisions and further suggestions for program improvement. Between March 4, 2021 and August 18, 2021, a total of 17/24 (71%), 16/17 (94%), and 15/16 (94%) consenting experts completed the first, second, and third rounds, respectively. During the 3 rounds, the panel achieved consensus on all but 2 questionnaire items. The panel agreed that ESMOE anesthesia training should be mandatory and that it should be offered through a blended learning model. They further concurred that the current learning outcomes should be retained, and suggested additional outcomes based on the most common causes of maternal mortality in SA. Attendance of the ESMOE anesthesia module should be mandatory. Its pedagogy should be updated to a blended learning style to benefit the current digital native intern generation. The content should be updated to address the main causes of maternal mortality in SA in line with SDG3. A national obstetric anesthesia guideline should be considered, and lea-dership and collaboration are required to improve the alignment of undergraduate, internship, and junior doctor anesthesia training in SA. The content, process, and stakeholder engagement suggestions in this study can assist short-course-based anesthesia workforce training in similar global contexts.

Experimental Investigation of the Yaw Misalignment Effect on the Power Performance and System Loading of a Flapping‐Foil Hydrokinetic Turbine

ABSTRACTHydrokinetic turbines (HTs) extract power by utilizing hydrodynamic forces from flow energy. The surplus load not used for power generation acts as a system load and must be considered when designing the turbine. Additionally, due to the variability of the flow direction during tidal power generation, the effect of the yaw misalignment angle on the power generation performance and system loading is an important design consideration. This study investigates the characteristics of an experimental model of an HT that uses two flapping foils, at different yaw misalignment angles through circulating water tunnel experiments. Experimental results show that with a yaw angle change of 10°, the power performance decreases by approximately 10% and the load increases by about 30% compared to an aligned configuration. Notably, the load in the flow‐perpendicular direction was significant, with periodic changes due to repetitive up‐and‐down motions. Consequently, the hydrodynamic force characteristics of the HT differ from those of conventional rotary turbines, necessitating the development of a design method that fits these characteristics for the actual installation of flapping‐foil HTs at tidal current power generation sites.

PH Dependence of Dihydroxyacetone Oxidation by Electrocatalytic Viologen Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Electrodes.

Carbohydrate fuel cells garner much research interest as the world's focus shifts from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Many catalyst options are available for carbohydrate fuel cell development, including enzymes and microbes, various metal-based catalysts, and natural or synthetic mediators. Research challenges include low power output, system fouling and poisoning, inefficient electron release, and complex mechanisms, with multiple pathways leading to low product selectivity. Here, we further investigate a novel approach to catalyze carbohydrate oxidation using Au electrodes with viologen self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). SAM-mediated fuel cells have the potential to address the challenges of other catalyst systems by protecting the electrode surface and controlling the local concentration and structure to increase current generation. The effects of increasing pH on dihydroxyacetone (DHA) oxidation by three viologen SAMs on Au electrodes are presented. Current and power generated during DHA oxidation at varying pH were measured and compared to those of bare Au performance. Two of the SAMs produced more current and power than bare Au at elevated pH. The SAM system produced more current and peak power per molecule than both dilute and concentrated homogeneous viologen systems in the same cell setup. These results demonstrate the benefits and limitations of electrodes modified with redox-active groups for the production of electricity from simple sugars and other carbohydrate sources. These results are encouraging for the development of new strategies for electrical power generation from renewable resources.

A Sinusoidal Current Generator IC with 0.04% THD for Bio-Impedance Spectroscopy Using a Digital ΔΣ Modulator and FIR Filter

This paper presents a highly efficient, low-power, compact mixed-signal sinusoidal current generator (CG) integrated circuit (IC) designed for bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The proposed system employs a 9-bit sine wave lookup table (LUT) which is simplified to a 4-bit data stream through a third-order digital delta–sigma modulator (ΔΣM). Unlike conventional analog low-pass filters (LPF), which statically limit bandwidth, the finite impulse response (FIR) filter attenuates high-frequency noise according to the operating frequency, allowing the frequency range of the sinusoidal signal to vary. Additionally, the output of the FIR filter is applied to a 6-bit capacitive digital-to-analog converter (CDAC) with data-weighted averaging (DWA), enabling dynamic capacitor matching and seamless interfacing. The sinusoidal CG IC, fabricated using a 65 nm CMOS process, produces a 5 μA amplitude and operates over a wide frequency range of 0.6 to 20 kHz. This highly synthesizable CG achieves a THD of 0.04%, consumes 19.2 μW of power, and occupies an area of 0.0798 mm2. These attributes make the CG IC highly suitable for compact, low-power bio-impedance applications.

Current trends on the advancement and limitation of biohydrogen research: An exclusive overview

AbstractHydrogen is believed to be the most potential energy‐resources in the coming time due to its high energy density and zero greenhouse gas footprint. Among all types of hydrogen production processes, bio‐based hydrogen (biohydrogen) generation processes are found to be relatively cleaner than the other processes. In this review article current biohydrogen generation processes are critically reviewed to understand the critical factors associated with the hydrogen generation along with the challenges to be eliminated. In this review the factor like types of substrates, their pretreatment, bioreactor design, and other parametric influences on the overall biohydrogen production is discussed. Also, impact of different catalyst in hydrogen production has been discussed in this topic. The review indicated that most of the current hydrogen‐research are focused on the development of processes with high yield. However, one of the major drawbacks of biohydrogen process is purification of H2 from the gaseous mixture produced by microbial strains. To establish the biohydrogen production processes as promising as it considered to be there needs to have a robust purification system. Also, this review highlights that more rigorous research on the biohydrogen storage and its hazard analysis is necessary to meet the future expectation of hydrogen use in mass‐scale.

Sustainable Development in Organization: A Literature Review

The current study aimed to review previous scholarly efforts to understand the concept of sustainable development, its practices, and its significance for public institutions. The study focuses on the dimensions of sustainable development—environmental, social, and economic—within public institutions. Sustainable development allows these institutions to balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social justice, ensuring the prosperity of both current and future generations. Furthermore, sustainable development is crucial for maintaining organizational performance. The review bridges knowledge gaps related to sustainable development and utilizes an analytical approach, surveying previous studies on the topic. The selected studies highlight the importance of sustainable development as it recognizes the interconnectedness between economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection.

Abstract Su1105: Healthcare Students' Attitudes on Adult Basic Life Support Training via Virtual Reality: An Exploratory Study

Introduction: Adult Basic Life Support (BLS) is a crucial skill for healthcare professionals. In recent years, the use of immersive technology, such as virtual reality (VR), has increased in educational research projects. However, published data have yet to show significant advantages over traditional methods for BLS education. Research Question: Does providing adult BLS content through VR fit the new generation of healthcare students? Goal: To assess student perspectives after a novel BLS educational program involving an interactive 360° VR environment. Methods: In June 2024, the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Maribor (Maribor, Slovenia) hosted 24 healthcare students from the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, USA) for an interactive 360° video-based VR adult BLS training session. The training employed Meta Quest 3 headsets (California, USA), featuring an adult BLS scenario developed by the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Maribor called InTECHiE360. After the VR training, the students completed a 21-question Likert scale questionnaire to evaluate their experiences, with a rating of 1 indicating "totally agree", and a rating of 7 indicating "totally disagree". Prior to the study, participants provided written consent, and data were collected anonymously to ensure confidentiality. Results: A total of 21 participants, with a mean age of 20 years (SD±0.7), took part in our study. The majority were female (17/21; 81%) and medical students (12/21; 57%). Most participants (16/21; 76%) had previously used VR, primarily for recreational gaming, rather than for educational purposes. The participants strongly agreed that the VR experience made them feel physically present in the adult BLS training session (mean score 1.9; SD±0.8), was realistic (mean score 2.0; SD±0.9) and provided a better learning experience compared to traditional lectures (mean score 1.5; SD±1.0). They also felt that they learned something new about adult BLS through the VR training (mean score 1.6; SD±1.1) and that adult BLS content was well presented in VR (mean score 1.4; SD±0.6). None of the participants experienced cybersickness, such as nausea or dizziness, and all of them would recommend this VR experience. Conclusion: We developed an interactive, immersive, evidence-based educational tool with a low risk of cybersickness, designed to appeal to the current generation of healthcare students and enhance their cognitive, behavioral, and affective learning outcomes.

Harnessing the Potential of Graphene Quantum Dots for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications.

The existing and emerging demand for materials for life and health has contributed to the cultivation and development of respective markets. Nevertheless, the current generation of biomedical materials has yet to fully satisfy the clinical requirements of the market, which is still in its relative infancy. Research and development in this area must be prioritized in light of the pivotal role of new life and health materials in the biological field. Among many life and health materials, GQDs, an emerging nanomaterial, exhibit considerable promise in the biomedical field, primarily due to their exceptional properties. Furthermore, the direct preparation and functionalization of GQDs have facilitated the development of specific functional composites based on GQDs. The biological applications of GQDs are undergoing rapid growth, which makes it necessary to publish a review article presenting the latest advances in this field. This review provides an overview of the significant advances in synthesizing GQDs, the techniques employed for structural characterizations, and the properties that have been elucidated. Furthermore, it presents recent findings on applying GQDs in antimicrobial, anticancer, biosensing, drug delivery, and bioimaging applications. Finally, it explores the potential of GQDs in biomedicine and biotechnology, highlighting the current challenges that remain to be addressed.

Te Mauri—whānau mana motuhake: supportive care for whānau Māori living with cancer

This article describes the origins and development of Te Mauri (the life essence), a unique Māori (Indigenous people of New Zealand) public health and well-being programme aimed at addressing critical gaps in knowledge about supportive cancer care for whānau (families) living with cancer in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Te Mauri is a kaupapa Māori (Māori philosophy) public health initiative having a whānau ora (family well-being) approach, so is based not on the individual, or patient, but within whānau and the core role of communities in relation to the provision of cancer care, the promotion of recovery from cancer, and the maintenance of well-being for current and future generations. Te Mauri makes an important contribution to expanding mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and the range of Indigenous models of care so that cancer service provision is improved for the benefit of all those who are on a cancer journey.

Enhancing power quality in distributed generation systems using three-phase shunt active power filter

The current paper presents a new reference current generation algorithm for shunt active power filter (SAPF) combined with distributed generation systems using the instantaneous power theory (IPT) which is organized in two main blocks. The first is the synchronization technique; we propose a new quasi open loop technique that combines a Decoupled double self-tuning filter (DDSTF) and a single-phase frequency locked loop (FLL). The DDSTF is a new technique that extracts and separates the positive and negative sequence voltage under highly unbalanced and distorted conditions with no need to the symmetrical component and/or signals delay. The FLL achieve the grid frequency adaptation. Unlike the existing frequency estimators, this technique is motivated by its simplicity and the immunity to the voltage signal amplitude and phase variation or disturbance, which is a great advantage. The second is an ADALINE in power space to separate the fundamental harmonic from the distortion harmonics of the measured currents. The effectiveness of the proposed OLS technique in their application to the SAPF is validated by simulation.

Spin conduction and interfacial effects in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/NiO/Pt heterostructures

In this work we report on the generation and transport of pure spin currents in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3(LSMO)/NiO/Pt heterostructures. Pure spin currents, generated by means of spin pumping in the LSMO layer, are transmitted through the NiO layer and detected by measuring the transverse voltage signal generated by the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) in the Pt layer. The spin current transmission is studied as a function of the NiO thickness and temperature. NiO layers grown at room temperature are polycrystalline and their microstructural and magnetic features clearly depend on thickness. Scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques revealed that homogeneous conformal coating of the LSMO layer is only achieved for NiO layer thicknesses above about 2 nm. Below this critical thickness the NiO layer is discontinuous and its main role would be to disturb the LSMO/Pt interface causing it to behave as something similar to an insulating barrier. Magnetic measurements indicate that NiO layers are paramagnetic (PM) well below room temperature. In agreement with these observations, the amplitude of the ISHE voltage signal decreases monotonically on lowering temperature and makes evident that there are two spin conduction regimes as a function of the NiO layer thickness with different spin diffusion lengths. For thin discontinuous NiO layers a spin diffusion length of λSDL≈0.8 nm is found, which is slightly larger than typical values found for insulating barriers, but definitely smaller than λSDL≈3.8 nm found for NiO layer thickness above 2 nm. The latter being similar to λSDL previously reported for epitaxial NiO layers. Our findings indicate that inserting a PM NiO insulating layer of optimal thickness improves the spin transparency of the LSMO/Pt interface. Additionally, the results suggest that spin conduction through the NiO layer is likely driven by magnetic correlations and short-range thermal magnons.

An Assessment Mechanism for Integrated Software Sustainability Evaluation Model via Evaluation Theory

Evaluation of software sustainability aids in decision-maker’s identification of the specific actions needed to guarantee sustainability for current and future generations. The prior approach to assessment focused on how the business environment was changing and using the high-quality software sustainability evaluation model (SSEM) affected those changes. Numerous well-established quality models, concepts, and understandings impacted on SSEM trends. These act as frameworks for developing software evaluations, the outcomes of which are applied to the assessment of generic software procedures. Therefore, this research aimed to use Evaluation Theory (ET) to create an assessment mechanism for an integrated Software Sustainability Evaluation Model (i-SSEM). This model encompasses evaluation criteria, targets, assessment processes, data-gathering techniques, synthesis techniques, and yardsticks. Nine criteria are presented in this study to evaluate software sustainability encompassing functional adequacy, dependability, performance efficiency, usability, security, compatibility, maintainability, portability, and impactibility. The use of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology, effectively classifies the recommended criteria into sustainable dimensions. A Goal Question Metric (GQM) is used to establish the software criteria by precisely specifying the aim, perspectives, and viewpoints of an evaluation of the sustainability aspects. By highlighting the unique evaluation mechanism for software products and processes and utilizing both quantitative and qualitative measurement techniques, this model improves the current SSEM.

Development of ERP System for Outsourcing Company using Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are pivotal in optimizing operations within outsourcing industries, providing a unified platform for managing business processes. However, the current generation of ERP platforms exhibits significant limitations in seamlessly integrating with emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain. the paper highlights the transformative potential of effective integration with IoT can offer real-time visibility and operational efficiency such as attendance of the worker, while blockchain can provide robust security and transparency of worker activity through smart contracts. The implementation of an ERP system compared to the traditional manual method to quantify the efficiency gained through this technological advancement. In this analysis, we collected attendance data for 20 employees, documenting the time taken for both manual and ERP-based attendance in seconds. The result of ERP system significantly reduces attendance time. Efficiency is calculated as the percentage reduction in time achieved by using the ERP system compared to the manual method. An average efficiency of 69.05% shows that, overall, the use of ERP is nearly 70% more efficient than the manual method with IoT data transfer using MQTT to blockchain result is 100% retention rate.

Extraction of two-magnon scattering and detection of inverse spin Hall effect up to 40 GHz in low-damping Fe65Co35/Pt bilayer thin film

Abstract We report an investigation of the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE), as a measure of the pure spin current (J S ), induced by spin pumping in a Fe65Co35/Pt bilayer using coplanar waveguide ferromagnetic resonance (CPW-FMR) in the in-plane (IP) geometry over the broadband microwave frequency range of 8–40 GHz. From the IP-FMR measurements, the defect-induced two-magnon scattering (TMS) contribution is evaluated by analyzing the frequency dependence of FMR linewidth using Arias and Mills approach [Arias R and Mills D L (1999 Phys. Rev. B 60, 7395), Mills D L and Arias R (2006 Physica B 384 147–151)]. Here, we have determined a very low Gilbert damping constant (α G ) for Fe65Co35 bare film around 1.3 × 10−3, which is essential for the high spin current (&gt;107 A/m2) generation. The enhanced value of α G ≈3.2 × 10−3 obtained for Fe65Co35/Pt bilayer film is due to spin pumping damping, α SP = 1.9 × 10−3, confirmed by the ISHE induced DC voltage (V DC ) signal measured across the edges of Pt layer. Out-of-plane (OP) angular ISHE measurements have been performed to disentangle spin pumping from spin rectification effects in the V DC signal. Further, we evaluated the effective spin-mixing conductance g eff ↑ ↓ = 3.33 × 1019 m−2, which is higher than the values reported in FeCo-alloy-based bilayer systems. The present study aims to detect the J S injected by low-damping Fe65Co35 thin films, leading to the realization of energy-efficient spintronic devices.

Climate Justice and the Moral Relevance of the Past

Axel Gosseries&amp;rsquo;s What is Intergenerational Justice? (2023) is a splendid book. &amp;nbsp;It provides an introduction to the topic of intergenerational justice that is accessible and an excellent guide to someone unfamiliar with the issues. &amp;nbsp;At the same time it has much of interest to those who are well versed in these debates. &amp;nbsp;It has rich and illuminating discussions of, among other things, what principles of justice should govern how people treat future generations, environmental sustainability, climate change, and the implications of our impacts on future people for ideals of democratic legitimacy and normative theorizing about institutional design. &amp;nbsp; In this article I want to focus on Gosseries&amp;rsquo;s analysis of climate change. &amp;nbsp;His chapter on climate justice is rich and nuanced and covers a considerable amount of ground. &amp;nbsp;I shall focus on one issue in particular. &amp;nbsp;One key feature of climate change is that the problem has, in part, been caused by the actions of previous generations. &amp;nbsp;Human beings emitted very low quantities of greenhouse gases for centuries. &amp;nbsp;However, from the 19th century onwards emissions of greenhouse gases started to rise and increased dramatically throughout the 20th century and the first decades of this century. &amp;nbsp;One question that arises is: When we are considering what duties current generations have to mitigate climate change, what normative significance should we attach to the climate-endangering activities of people in the past? &amp;nbsp;Should those alive now pay for the ways in which past members of their country have harmed the climate system? &amp;nbsp;Many climate campaigners appeal to an idea of historical responsibility. &amp;nbsp;Are they right to do so? &amp;nbsp;In this article I shall analyse Gosseries&amp;rsquo;s discussion of these questions.