Current Expenditure Research Articles

Social and economic factors associated with child unintentional injury mortality in high-income countries

IntroductionRecognising the connection between country-level social determinants of health, and child unintentional injury mortality can contribute to better resource allocation for child safety. This cross-sectional country-level study aims to investigate...

The regional effect of the difference between EU and African countries in the relationship between neonatal deaths and health expenditures

Objective: In this observational longitudinal study, it was aimed to examine the effect of regional differences on the relationship between health expenditures and neonatal mortality through the EU and Africa. Methods: Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births), Current health expenditure per capita (current US$) and Current health expenditure (% of GDP) parameters for EU, Central African Republic, Middle East & North Africa; South Africa and Sub-Sahran Africa were used for research data set. Data were gathered from World Bank Country Reports for 2000 to 2018. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) analysis was used for multivariate analysis. Results: Neonatal mortality per 1.000 live births was significantly higher in the EU. HEPC_USD and HEPC_GDP means were the highest in African countries (p<0.05). Post Hoc test results showed that differences between African countries were also significant (p<0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that neonatal mortality rate was significantly correlated with HEPC_USD, HEPC_GDP, Country, Year and EU/African parameters (p<0.05). Generalized Linear Model (GLM) for neonatal mortality analysis results showed that only HEPC_GDP had significant effect on neonatal mortality per 1,000 live births (p<0.05). Being a member of EU or African region or year parameters did not have a significant effect on neonatal mortality per 1,000 live birth (p>0.05). Conclusion: Regional differences between Africa and the EU are not sufficient to explain neonatal deaths. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the value and fair distribution of health expenditures rather than the delivery of health services in reducing neonatal deaths.

Protecting Life and Lung: Protected Areas affect fine particulate matter and respiratory hospitalizations in the Brazilian Amazon Biome.

There is growing recognition of the connection between ecosystem conservation and human health. For example, protection of tropical forests can affect the spread of infectious diseases, water quality, and dietary diversity, while forest loss can have important consequences for respiratory health due to the use of fire for converting land to alternative uses in many countries. Studies demonstrating links between ecosystems and health often conclude with recommendations to expand policies that protect natural ecosystems. However, there is little empirical evidence on the extent to which conservation policies actually deliver health benefits when they are implemented in real contexts. We estimate the effects of protected areas (PAs), the dominant type of conservation policy, on hospitalizations for respiratory illness in the Brazilian Amazon biome. We find that doubling upwind PAs reduces PM2.5 by 10% and respiratory hospitalizations by 7% in the months of most active biomass burning. Brazil has an extensive network of PAs, but investments in management and enforcement have declined in recent years. Forest fires have increased dramatically over the same period. We estimate that the value of the health benefits exceed current average expenditures on PA management for the 1/3 of PAs with the largest local populations, although not for PAs in more remote locations. Our findings highlight how quantifying the contributions to the wellbeing of local populations can support conservation objectives, even if global environmental benefits are not a high priority for decision makers.

Measuring the Burden of Climate-Related Asthma in Ireland via Microsimulation and Hybrid Costing

Abstract Asthma affects approximately 5.7% of EU citizens, with over 7.7% of Irish residents suffering from the condition. Climate change will significantly affect both the prevalence and severity of asthma via exposure to temporal stressors including fluctuating air quality, changing local vegetation patterns, and increasingly intense precipitation. Resulting asthma cases will result in significant additional costs and pressures on the healthcare sector, the magnitude of which however remains, to date, unclear. The current project will provide an econometric analysis of the public healthcare burden generated by climate-related asthma via a national longitudinal survey (n = 1,695) of asthma sufferers and semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals. Current and future likely healthcare expenditures will be quantified using time-driven activity-based costing and microsimulation as a function of future demographic shifts and climate change scenarios. The indirect burden of climate-related effects will be calculated utilizing a hybrid set of physical, psychological, and economic burden-of-disease measures. Preliminary results indicate that asthma-related limitations on daily activities significantly impair males more than females (t = 2.937, p =.005), with decreases in quality of life significantly differing across age groups (F = 4.234, p =.003). The asthma-related toll on quality of life is further associated with presentation of adverse mental health effects including depression (r = -.301, p<.001) and anxiety (r = -.340, p<.001), indicating compounded physical and psychological health and economic susceptibilities within households with younger, male asthma patients. Findings will increase the current evidence-base for specific demographic groups across Ireland, enabling future budget allocation, surveillance, and healthcare management and providing a replicable model for surveillance of the economic burden of climate-related asthma across Europe. Key messages • The study will increase the evidence-base for budgetary allocation based on simulated health vulnerabilities and develop a baseline for research on climate-associated health outcomes. • The study will translate cross-sectoral health impacts into monetary “bottom lines” for elucidating health-related costs associated with specific climate change scenarios via hybrid costing.

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENTREPRENEURIAL FINANCE: VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTING AND INNOVATION

The use of venture capital has been discussed extensively in recent years as an alternative source of funding for start-ups to meet their financial needs. The contribution of venture capitalists to the overall business development of companies has been highlighted in this debate. This paper presents a research framework to identify the innovation indicators in terms of the role of government in their creation that influence venture capital investment. The relationship between innovation as measured by ease of business creation, ease of resolving insolvency, current expenditure on education, ICT (information and communication technology) use, ease of getting credit, domestic financial resources to private sector, protection of minority investors, knowledge-intensive employment, exports of creative goods, domestic patent applications and venture capital investment is examined for OECD countries over the ten-year period between 2012 and 2021. The results show that the main determinants of innovation that affect venture capital investment are ease of insolvency procedures, ease of access to credit, current expenditure on education, use of ICT, knowledge-intensive employment, exports of creative goods and GDP per capita.

Data-driven decision making for modelling covid-19 and its implications: A cross-country study

Grounded in big data analytics capabilities, this study aims to model the COVID-19 spread globally by considering various factors such as demographic, cultural, health system, economic, technological, and policy-based. Classified values on each country's case, death, and recovery numbers (per 1000,000 population) were used to represent COVID-19 spread. Data sets also included 29 input variables for the corresponding six factors, containing data from 159 countries. The proposed model used a Multilayer Perceptron algorithm. The results show that each of the pre-mentioned factors significantly affects disease spread. Urban population, median age, life expectancy, numbers of medical doctors and nursing personnel, current health expenditure as a % of GDP, international health regulations capacity score, continent, literacy rate, governmental response stringency index, testing policy, internet usage %, human development index and GDP per capita were identified as significant. Taking early measures and adopting open public testing policies were recommended to policymakers in fighting pandemic diseases since the created scenarios on policy-based factors revealed their importance.

Unmet needs in countries participating in the undiagnosed diseases network international: an international survey considering national health care and economic indicators.

Patients, families, the healthcare system, and society as a whole are all significantly impacted by rare diseases (RDs). According to various classifications, there are currently up to 9,000 different rare diseases that have been recognized, and new diseases are discovered every month. Although very few people are affected by each uncommon disease individually, millions of people are thought to be impacted globally when all these conditions are considered. Therefore, RDs represent an important public health concern. Although crucial for clinical care, early and correct diagnosis is still difficult to achieve in many nations, especially those with low and middle incomes. Consequently, a sizeable amount of the overall burden of RD is attributable to undiagnosed RD (URD). Existing barriers and policy aspects impacting the care of patients with RD and URD remain to be investigated. To identify unmet needs and opportunities for patients with URD, the Developing Nations Working Group of the Undiagnosed Diseases Network International (DNWG-UDNI) conducted a survey among its members, who were from 20 different nations. The survey used a mix of multiple choice and dedicated open questions covering a variety of topics. To explore reported needs and analyze them in relation to national healthcare economical aspects, publicly available data on (a) World Bank ranking; (b) Current health expenditure per capita; (c) GDP per capita; (d) Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP); and (e) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) were incorporated in our study. This study provides an in-depth evaluation of the unmet needs for 20 countries: low-income (3), middle-income (10), and high-income (7). When analyzing reported unmet needs, almost all countries (N = 19) indicated that major barriers still exist when attempting to improve the care of patients with UR and/or URD; most countries report unmet needs related to the availability of specialized care and dedicated facilities. However, while the countries ranked as low income by the World Bank showed the highest prevalence of referred unmet needs across the different domains, no specific trend appeared when comparing the high, upper, and low-middle income nations. No overt trend was observed when separating countries by current health expenditure per capita, GDP per capita, domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP) and life expectancy at birth, total (years). Conversely, both the GDP and domestic general government health expenditure for each country impacted the presence of ongoing research. We found that policy characteristics varied greatly with the type of health system and country. No overall pattern in terms of referral for unmet needs when separating countries by main economic or health indicators were observed. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying actionable points (e.g., implemented orphan drug acts or registries where not available) in order to improve the care and diagnosis of RDs and URDs on a global scale.

Air transport implications in tourist destinations

Most of the travel destinations rely almost entirely on air services for their visitor traffic. Air transport facilitates integration into the economy and provides vital connectivity on a: • National, • Regional, • International scale between countries, • Promoting tourism growth, Create employment opportunities in tourist 11 UNWTO, eLibrary, https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs destinations. Over time, the rate of growth will gradually slow down, from 3.8% in 2011 to 2.5% in 2030, but on top of growing base numbers. The total economic impact of travel and tourism can be assessed by measuring current and capital expenditures in each of the fields including those by: • consumers, • businesses, • government. The adequate system of Air transport is an essentialm requirement for the successful development of tourism to many destinations. The emergence of LCC,s contributed to the increase in tourist arrivals. There is a powerful synergy between the development of International Air transport and International tourism. Air transport contributes to consumer welfare and travel and tourism provide substantial socialbenefits, including: • Increasing understanding of different cultures and nationalities which facilitatesmcloser international integration,m • Improving living standards by widening choice Air transport contributes to sustainable development and makes a major contribution to sustainable development by supporting andpromoting international tourism. Tourism helps reduce poverty by generating economic growth, providing employment opportunities, increasing tax collection, and by fostering the development and conservation of protected areas and the environment

Financial hardship associated with catastrophic out-of-pocket spending tied to primary care services in low- and lower-middle-income countries: findings from a modeling study

BackgroundFinancial risk protection (FRP) is a key component of universal health coverage (UHC): all individuals must be able to obtain the health services they need without experiencing financial hardship. In many low-income and lower-middle-income countries, however, the health system fails to provide sufficient protection against high out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on health services. In 2018, OOP health spending comprised approximately 40% of current health expenditures in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.MethodsWe model the household risk of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE), conditional on having a given disease or condition—defined as OOP health spending that exceeds a threshold percentage (10, 25, or 40%) of annual income—for 29 health services across 13 disease categories (e.g., diarrheal diseases, cardiovascular diseases) in 34 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Health services were included in the analysis if delivered at the primary care level and part of the Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition “highest priority package.” Data were compiled from several publicly available sources, including national health accounts, household surveys, and the published literature. A risk of CHE, conditional on having disease, was modeled as depending on usage, captured through utilization indicators; affordability, captured via the level of public financing and OOP health service unit costs; and income.ResultsAcross all countries, diseases, and health services, the risk of CHE (conditional on having a disease) would be concentrated among poorer quintiles (6.8% risk in quintile 1 vs. 1.3% in quintile 5 using a 10% CHE threshold). The risk of CHE would be higher for a few disease areas, including cardiovascular disease and mental/behavioral disorders (7.8% and 9.8% using a 10% CHE threshold), while lower risks of CHE were observed for lower cost services.ConclusionsInsufficient FRP stands as a major barrier to achieving UHC, and risk of CHE is a major problem for health systems in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Beyond its threat to the financial stability of households, CHE may also lead to worse health outcomes, especially among the poorest for whom both ill health and financial risk are most severe. Modeling the risk of CHE associated with specific disease areas and services can help policymakers set progressive health sector priorities. Decision-makers could explicitly include FRP as a criterion for consideration when assessing the health interventions for inclusion in national essential benefit packages.

The Cost and the Value of Stroke Care in Greece: Results from the SUN4P Study.

The aim of this study was to measure the one-year total cost of strokes and to investigate the value of stroke care, defined as cost per QALY. The study population included 892 patients with first-ever acute strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, and ischemic strokes, (ICD-10 codes: I61, I63, and I64) admitted within 48 h of symptoms onset to nine public hospitals located in six cities. We conducted a bottom-up cost analysis from the societal point of view. All cost components including direct medical costs, productivity losses due to morbidity and mortality, and informal care costs were considered. We used an annual time horizon, including all costs for 2021, irrespective of the time of disease onset. The average cost (direct and indirect) was extrapolated in order to estimate the national annual burden associated with stroke. We estimated the total cost of stroke in Greece at EUR 343.1 mil. a year in 2021, (EUR 10,722/patient or EUR 23,308 per QALY). Out of EUR 343.1 mil., 53.3% (EUR 182.9 mil.) consisted of direct healthcare costs, representing 1.1% of current health expenditure in 2021. Overall, productivity losses were calculated at EUR 160.2 mil. The mean productivity losses were estimated to be 116 work days with 55.1 days lost due to premature retirement and absenteeism from work, 18.5 days lost due to mortality, and 42.4 days lost due to informal caregiving by family members. This study highlights the burden of stroke and underlines the need for stakeholders and policymakers to re-organize stroke care and promote interventions that have been proven cost-effective.

Exploring spatiotemporal trends and impacts of health resources and services on under-5 mortality in West African countries, 2010-2019: a spatial data analysis.

West African countries experienced the highest under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), the lowest life expectancy, and the poorest economic development. This study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal trend of U5MR and spatial spillover effects of health resources and services to provide a basis for establishing health policies and international cooperative mechanisms in West Africa. We retrieved data from the World Health Organization's Global Health Observatory, the United Nations Human Development Report, and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Joinpoint regression analysis and Moran's I method were used to examine the temporal trend and spatial dependence of U5MR, respectively. Spatial regression analysis was used to examine the spatial spillover effects. The long-term downward trends in U5MR were divided into multiple segments by two or three change points in 2013, 2014, or 2015, and the annual percentage change after 2015 was higher than before 2015. Global Moran's I was positive, significantly indicating positive spatial autocorrelation, which increased from 0.2850 (p = 0.0210) to 0.3597 (p = 0.0080). Based on spatial regression analysis, human development index (HDI), physicians density, nurses and midwives density, health center density, percentage of infants lacking immunization for diphtheria and measles, and coverage rate of at least one antenatal visit had negative spatial spillover effects on U5MR. HDI had the strongest negative correlation (β = -0.0187 to -0.1054, p < 0.0001). Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita had positive spatial spillover effects on U5MR. This study revealed the spatiotemporal trend of U5MR in West African countries and spatial spillover effects of health resources and services. Promoting economic development, increasing health human resources, health expenditure, vaccination rate, antenatal care coverage, and the proportion of health professionals attending births not only reduced the local U5MR but also exerted spatial spillover effects on adjacent countries. The West African Health Organization may consider regional spillover mechanisms to develop regional health policy and intervention cooperation mechanisms, which will contribute to achieving the sustainable development goal on U5MR, Africa Agenda 2063, and universal health coverage.

European’ health care indicators and pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality: A mediation analysis of Eurostat data and Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

AimTo highlight correlations existing between incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer, and health care indicators in 36 European countries. MethodsThe Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and Eurostat databases were queried between 2004 and 2019. Incidence and mortality were age-standardized. From Eurostat, indicators regarding expenditure, hospital beds, medical technology, health personnel, physicians by medical specialty and unmet needs for medical examination were extracted. Correlations between GBD and Eurostat data were analysed through mediation analysis applying clustering for countries. ResultsIncidence increased by +0.6% per year (p = 0.001) and mortality by +0.3% (p = 0.001), being increasing for most of the European countries considered. Incidence and mortality were strongly positively correlated (p = 0.001). Higher current health expenditure, expenditure in inpatient curative care, the number of available beds, the number of computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance units, practising medical doctors were all related to higher incidence (p < 0.05), whereas the unmet need for medical examinations was related to lower incidence. When the mediator’ effect of incidence was handled, these indicators, together with expenditure on outpatient curative cares, the number of pet scanners and of radiation therapy equipment, were related to lower mortality (p < 0.05). ConclusionsHealth care environment correlates with reported incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer. This highlights both that ameliorated socio-economic societies suffer from higher incidence but lower mortality, as well as the epidemiological bias originating from countries’ diagnostic ability.

Environmental protection expenditures and EU ETS: Evidence from Romania

We examine the impact of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on environmental protection expenditures over 2014–2015 for a representative sample of firms, which activate on Romanian territory. First, the findings reveal that EU ETS positively impacts current expenditures, namely, the short-time behavior of firms. Second, the results based on the investments selection model show that EU ETS has no statistically significant effect on the likelihood to invest, and the amount invested (i.e., long-term behavior). Overall, these results suggest that the EU ETS is a viable instrument, acting as a pivotal incentive for firms to undertake environmental expenditures.

Role of institution quality in the impact of government expenditure on economic development: a case study in Vietnamese provinces

ABSTRACT To examine the impact of fiscal policy through public spending at provincial level in Vietnam, this study uses the combination among different regression methods for panel data of 63 Vietnamese provinces during the period 2010–2020. The Feasible General Least Squares (FGLS) estimator and S-GMM estimator shows that there exists a positive effect of government expenditure on provincial economic growth. Moreover, the contribution of investment expense to supporting economic activity is expected more effective than that of current expenditure in the context of Vietnamese provinces. With techniques for analysing the marginal effects of interactive variables in research model, the role of local institutional quality is confirmed to improve the positive impact of government expenditure on provincial economic growth. In general, some policy implications are suggested based on the results to help local government stimulate the economic development in Vietnam.

A new simple test to evaluate the efficiency of government spending

The main purpose of this study is to determine the conditions that enable optimal distribution of the government revenues between capital and current expenditures, one that would maximize the firms’ and households’ utility and provide the maximum impact of the government expenditures on economic growth rate. Research indicates that for such optimal distribution of the budget to be defined, the derivatives of output functions with respect to the government capital expenditure and the government current expenditure must be equal. The obtained theoretical results serve as a basis for a test that analyzes the efficiency of the allocation of government revenues between current and capital expenditure items. The test is based on intervals established at significance levels of 0.01-0.99. If the difference between the marginal value of the production function with respect to the government's current and capital expenditure falls into any of these established intervals, the distribution of government expenses in these two directions can be considered effective at the level of significance corresponding to that interval. Research results found that governments usually cannot efficiently allocate their revenues between capital and current expenditures.

A study results of investing social impacts on budgeting at secondary education level in

Nowadays, Mongolia has been considering to the improvement of new knowledge-based industries, contributing to development of the social, economic, and educational sectors, and developing government policies on education. In order to prepare Mongolian citizens, many quality reforms have been developed and implemented in coordination with the financing mechanism to meet the educational goals. In our country, it needs the long-term and sustainable policies and financial management are important for the comprehensive and effective implementation of the budget process, such as development, planning, operation and control of the budget for the education sector, to allow for many internal and external factors for instance, geographical features, demographic structure, problems facing the education system. Therefore, there is a need and requirement to support the provision of qualified human resources to local educational institutions by training specialized financial management and human resources (public financiers, economists, researchers) in the field of education to implement sustainable and long-term financial policies at the national and local levels. General education has financed from the state budget, and the normative cost benchmarking indicators are updated several times, so the availability of information is limited. We are based on detailed information from the National statistical commission, 1212.mn and the Ministry of Finance and Investment Department. At this point, the education sector is including general education budget expenses and fundings which are measured by current state and local budget expenditure indicators, social effects are measured by some macroeconomic indicators, and their interrelationships are studied and evaluated based on the data and information of the last 11 years. This article presents the results of a study that describes the relationship between the general education budget and some macro indicators of society and economy.

Optimizing a Green and Sustainable Off-Grid Energy-System Design: A Real Case

In recent years, unquestionable warnings like the negative effects of CO2 emissions, the necessity of utilizing sustainable energy sources, and the rising demand for municipal electrification have been issued. Therefore, users are encouraged to provide off-grid and sustainable energy systems for their own homes and businesses, especially if they are located rurally and far from grids. Hence, this study aims to design an off-grid hybrid energy system, in order to minimize both the baseline cost of energy and the net current expenditure in the desired system. To construct such a system, wind generators (WG), photovoltaic arrays (PV), battery banks, and bi-directional converters are considered in the real case of a supermarket with a 20-year lifespan in Malmö, Sweden. Some significant assumptions, such as the usage of renewable energy resources only, electricity production close to the business location, and a maximum allowance of 0.1% unmet are incorporated. To optimize the considered problem, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach as developed to provide the load requirements and establish the number of WGs, PVs, and other equipment. Moreover, to verify the obtained results, the developed system was simulated using HOMER Pro software, and the results are compared and discussed. The results indicated that the designed hybrid energy system is able to perform completely off-grid, while satisfying 99.9% of the yearly electricity demand. The best results obtained by the proposed PSO offered 160, 5, and 350 PVs, WGs, and batteries, respectively, while the best solution found by the simulation method was the use of 384 PVs, 5 WGs, and 189 batteries for the considered off-grid system. This study contributes to decentralized local electrification by utilizing renewable energy sources that have the potential to revolutionize green energy solutions.

Gender differences in leukemia outcomes based on health care expenditures using estimates from the GLOBOCAN 2020

BackgroundLeukemia contributes significantly to the global cancer burden. Due to the importance of evaluating improvements in leukemia outcomes, the current study aimed to examine the variations in mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) between genders and association of MIR with the health expenditures in selected countries.MethodsThe leukemia incidence and mortality rates were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database. In total, 56 countries were included based on the data quality reports and the exclusion of missing data. The associations of MIR and changes in MIR over time (updeltaMIR) with the human development index (HDI), current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and current health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (CHE/GDP) were investigated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.ResultsIn 2020, an estimated 474,519 new cases of leukemia were diagnosed globally, and 311,594 deaths occurred due to the disease. Male patients exhibited a higher incidence and mortality of leukemia compared to females on a global scale. Our analysis revealed that the MIRs were the highest and lowest in Egypt (0.79) and the United States (0.29), respectively. Remarkably, countries with greater HDI, higher CHE per capita, and a higher CHE/GDP tended to have lower MIR in both genders and within gender-specific subgroups. The δMIR demonstrated a significant negative correlation with HDI and CHE per capita, whereas no significant associations were observed among female patients for CHE/GDP. Besides, all three indicators showed trends towards negative correlations with δMIR among males, though these trends were not statistically significant (p>0.05).ConclusionsGenerally, leukemia MIRs tended to be most favorable (i.e., lower) in countries with high HDI and high health expenditure. The gender differences observed in leukemia outcomes may reflect the potential influence of social, material, behavioral, and biological factors.

Inflation expectations and household expenditure: Evidence from pseudo-panel data in Japan

This paper examines to what extent a rise in inflation expectations stimulates current household expenditure in Japan. Using matched household datasets, we find the following. First, to the extent that the rise in inflation expectations is from about 0% to the 2−10% range, durable goods expenditure is significantly stimulated. Second, total expenditure increases by 1.0% in response to a one percentage point rise in inflation expectations, about 82% of which is explained by the response of durable goods expenditure. Third, storable and non-storable non-durable goods expenditures (especially the latter) do not respond significantly to the inflation expectations. Finally, a temporary rise in inflation expectations immediately stimulates total expenditure, but produces a similar degree of decline over a few quarters, with virtually no long-run impact.

Infectious Diseases and Some Factors Associated with Healthy Life Expectancy in the Globe: A Systematic Review

Background: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth measures the standard of living anticipated. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the main global risk factors for HALE at birth. Methodology: The data of 212 countries have been extracted from the data hub of World Health Organization, Worldometer, World Bank, and United Nations. The HALE at birth was considered as the dependent variable and the death rate due to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19), recovery rate from COVID 19, tuberculosis (TB) incidence, universal health coverage (UHC) service index, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption rate, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rate, average household size, gross domestic product (GDP), and current health expenditure were considered as the independent variables. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression model were used as the statistical tools to analyze the data. Results: The study results revealed that the HALE is found lowest in Central African Republic (44.9 years) and highest in Singapore (76.2 years). On the other hand, the death rate due to COVID 19 is found highest in Nicaragua (32.0%). In case of the recovery rate from COVID 19, the lowest value is seen in Tajikistan (0.0). Again, the lowest UHC service index is found in Montserrat (0.0). Alcohol consumption rate is found highest in Moldova Republic (15.20). In case of HIV prevalence rate, the highest value is seen in Eswatini (27.30). Average household size is seen highest in Senegal (8.30). The recovery rate from COVID 19, UHC service index, GDP, current health expenditure TB incidence, tobacco smoking, HIV prevalence rate and average household size were significantly correlated with the HALE at birth. Again, the multiple linear regression model identified the UHC service index, alcohol consumption rate, HIV prevalence rate and average household size as the significant factors which are responsible for the variation in HALE at birth worldwide. Conclusion: The UHC service index, alcohol consumption rate, HIV prevalence rate and average household size are the most associate factors of HALE at birth globally. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2022;9(2):59-68