Current Ethical Codes Research Articles

SERVIÇO SOCIAL E SAÚDE: PERSPECTIVAS DE ATUAÇÃO NO CAMPO DE GESTÃO E PLANEJAMENTO.

The current problems involving the health field are read within the context of neoliberal policies which make access and implementation of the right to health unfeasible as proposed by the Health Reform and in accordance with the assumptions of the Unified Health System (SUS). Social Work, as a professional category aligned with the interests of the working class and in line with professional documents, especially its current Code of Ethics, identifies in the sphere of management and planning an appropriate space to contribute to the realization of the right to health. The work is developed based on a bibliographical analysis of existing materials and, through an analytical reading, promotes discussion about the possibilities for social workers to work in the field of health management and planning. As a result, we have to move away from traditional practices, characterized by their technicality and bureaucracy, and by opting for a democratic and strategic management concept, they enable, in this field, critical action that considers the real health needs of the population from a perspective of realizing the right to health.

SERVIÇO SOCIAL E SAÚDE: PERSPECTIVAS DE ATUAÇÃO NO CAMPO DE GESTÃO E PLANEJAMENTO.

The current problems involving the health field are read within the context of neoliberal policies which make access and implementation of the right to health unfeasible as proposed by the Health Reform and in accordance with the assumptions of the Unified Health System (SUS). Social Work, as a professional category aligned with the interests of the working class and in line with professional documents, especially its current Code of Ethics, identifies in the sphere of management and planning an appropriate space to contribute to the realization of the right to health. The work is developed based on a bibliographical analysis of existing materials and, through an analytical reading, promotes discussion about the possibilities for social workers to work in the field of health management and planning. As a result, we have to move away from traditional practices, characterized by their technicality and bureaucracy, and by opting for a democratic and strategic management concept, they enable, in this field, critical action that considers the real health needs of the population from a perspective of realizing the right to health.

Reflections on the Ethical Possibilities and Limitations of Abolitionist Praxis in Social Work

Since 2020, blatant forms of state violence within the United States have reignited attention in the field of social work, where numerous calls have been made to realign and reconsider our standing ethical values and principles. Individually, social workers are beginning to reckon with the field's role within the carceral ecosystem and reimagining practice outside the confines of the carceral state. Institutionally, however, social work's professional organizations have reacted in contradictory ways. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) in particular has been overtly inconsistent; touting support for racial justice while also broadcasting long-standing support for and partnerships with police. Furthermore, the NASW purportedly upholds a set of professional ethics and values that center social justice while also supporting tactics that surveil and criminalize marginalized communities. This disconnect between espoused ethics and actuality of practice undermines the professional legitimacy of social work. The profession must either acknowledge the current Code of Ethics as performative or take action to bring practice into alignment with professed ethics that affirm abolitionist practices. Using institutional social work statements, this article presents a conceptual exploration of the ethical potentials and limitations of abolitionist praxis in social work, culminating with a call to action.

Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration: A systematic review.

As current ethical codes preclude determining whether the clinical improvements obtained with the use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds represent true periodontal regeneration, the histological proof of evidence for regeneration must be demonstrated in animal models. Thus, this systematic review investigated the regenerative potential of 3D-printed scaffolds in animal models of periodontal defects. A systematic search was performed in four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify preclinical controlled studies that investigated the use of 3D-printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration. Studies limited to periodontal defects treated with 3D scaffolds were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was periodontal regeneration, assessed histologically as new bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament (PDL). This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Quality was assessed according to the SRYCLE score. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Scaffolds were designed using computer-aided design software. While the absence of a scaffold resulted in defects repaired mainly with fibrous connective tissue, the use of nonguiding 3D scaffolds promoted some bone formation. Notably, the regeneration of cementum and functional PDL fibers perpendicularly inserted into the root surface and the alveolar bone was limited to the defects treated with multi-compartment fiber-guiding or ion-containing 3D scaffolds. Nevertheless, the quality of the evidence was limited due to the unclear risk of bias. Despite the limitations of the available evidence, the current data suggest that the use of printed multi-compartment fiber-guiding or ion-containing 3D scaffolds improves periodontal regeneration in animal models.

AI Ethics as Applied Ethics

The need to design and develop artificial intelligence (AI) in a sustainable manner has motivated researchers, institutions, and organizations to formulate suggestions for AI ethics. Although these suggestions cover various topics and address diverse audiences, they share the presupposition that AI ethics provides a generalizable basis for designers that is applicable to their work. We propose that one of the reasons the influence of current ethical codes has remained modest, may be the conception of the applied ethics that they represent. We discuss bioethics as a point of reference for weighing the metaethical and methodological approaches adopted in AI ethics, and propose that AI ethics could be made more methodologically solid and substantively more influential if the resources were enriched by adopting tools from fields of study created to improve the quality of human action and safeguard its desired outcomes. The approaches we consider to be useful for this purpose are the systems theory, safety research, impact assessment approach, and theory of change.

Jaminan Perlindungan Profesi Penilai Publik dalam Konstruksi Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 56/PMK.01/2017 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 101/Pmk.01/2014 Tentang Penilai Publik

The existence of appraisers in Indonesia has not yet been regulated in aseparate law. The function of appraisers is to increase the society trust.Appraisal services business is a business that is very vulnerable to the markup game or decrease the value of an asset or property in accordance with thepurpose of the valuation. The collateral appraisal process by the PublicAppraiser must be based on the Indonesian Appraiser Code of Ethics (KEPI)and the Indonesian Appraisal Standard (SPI) and the facts that areobjectively available. Done without any tendency on personal interests orinfluence of the assignor and / or service user. If the appraisal process is notcarried out according to these things, the Public Appraiser can be said to bemalpractice. Therefore, to carry out an assessment needs guidelines or rules,so that it is not making it up. So far, the rules that form the basis of appraisalservice activities are the Appraisal Services Code of Ethics, the current codeof ethics is the Indonesian Appraiser Code of Ethics (KEPI) and theIndonesian Valuation Standard (SPI). The two guidelines and rules areactually not enough to regulate the activities of the Appraisal Service and avariety of strict regulations are needed, so that it does not cause variousproblems as currently. Meanwhile the regulations governing PublicAppraisers are only Ministerial-level Regulations, namely Minister ofFinance Regulation (PMK) No. 56 / PMK.01 / 2017 concerning changes to theMinister of Finance Regulation (PMK) No. 101 / PMK.01 / 2014 concerningPublic Appraisers which is not equipped with strict sanctions but is limited toadministrative sanctions, so it has not provided legal certainty and guaranteeof protection for the Public Appraiser in carrying out his profession.

Revisiting the un/ethical: the complex ethics of elite studies research

Current ethical codes inadequately speak to the complexities of researching elite groups. These groups contribute to broader inequalities and yet are protected from scrutiny by their own resources and, in the research context, ethical guidelines. For this reason, Gaztambide-Fernández (2015) called for those researching elite groups to adopt an ‘un/ethical’ position. This position circumvents conventional ethical codes to disrupt the power of research participants. In this paper, we put forward a considered assessment of this position. We reflect on and theorise our own experiences in the field from this ethical perspective, paying particular attention to our multifaceted insider/outsider statuses. We find that an un/ethical position offers short-term benefits but also does long-term damage to the elite studies scholar community. Thus, we counter-propose a way forward that dismantles power relations while avoiding the drawbacks of the un/ethical approach. Our proposal continues a necessary discussion around the ethics of elite studies research.

Exploring the evolution of a dental code of ethics: a critical discourse analysis

BackgroundWhat can the analysis of the evolution of a code of ethics tell us about the dental profession and the association that develops it? The establishment of codes of ethics are foundational events in the social history of a profession. Within these documents it is possible to find statements of values and culture that serve a variety of purposes. Codes of ethics in dentistry have not frequently presented as the subjects of analyses despite containing rich information about the priorities and anxieties within the profession’s membership at the time that the code was written.Main textThis essay uses critical discourse analysis to explore the 2012 and 2018 versions of the Code of Ethics produced by the New South Wales Branch of the Australian Dental Association. This method of discourse analysis examines contradictions between the discourses within the codes and how these relate to broader social realties that surround the dental profession in New South Wales. By analysing the 2012 and 2018 codes together, it is possible to understand how the dental profession views its commitments to society as established through the social contract. Through this assessment, it will be demonstrated that both codes suffer due to their failure to consider the public as a key stakeholder in the creation and curation of the Code of Ethics and how this this relates intimately with the social contract between the profession and the public.ConclusionWithout the public being the central consideration, both codes amount to declarations of professional privilege and dominance. Although the more recent 2018 Code of Ethics demonstrates insight into the changes in public trust placed in the professions, this analysis shows that that the current code of ethics is still reluctant to recognise and engage with the public as an equal stakeholder in the planning and provision of oral health care and the development of the profession’s values and cultural trajectory.

Addressing contemporary challenges in the Unified Code of Ethics for Health Educators

Background: The Unified Code of Ethics (COE) for Health Educators adopted in 1999 was developed in the USA from the 1983 Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) COE and the 1993 American Association for Higher Education (AAHE) COE. While the Unified COE was intended to function as a living document, designed to mature as the needs of the health education professionals changed, it has only been updated once (in 2011) since its adoption in 1999. In addition, despite its commitment to keep up with advances in the field, the current COE does not explicitly address the need for ethical building blocks in health education curricula, or the reinforcement of ethical standards during the certification and recertification of health educators. It also fails to address challenges such as identifying and monitoring unethical practices in online education, and how health outcomes are affected by health literacy, cultural competency and cultural humility among other factors. Consequently, the health education profession requires an updated COE that addresses these gaps. Discussion: An updated COE holds potential to alter the way in which health education ethics are taught and practised. This re-evaluation can contribute to an overall change in health education practice, research and academic training, which can allow health educators to better meet the needs of the diverse communities they serve in an equitable and just manner. This article outlines some of the contemporary challenges health educators face in practice, training and research, and suggests ways in which the updated unified COE can address these challenges, help improve health outcomes and promote health equity.

Auditors’ ethical reasoning in developing countries: the case of Egypt

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate Egyptian auditors’ ethical reasoning, to understand whether auditors’ ethical reasoning is influenced by audit firm size and/or auditor’s position.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on 178 questionnaires that include six different ethical scenarios. This paper also uses the accounting ethical dilemma instrument that is developed by Thorne (2000) to measure the ethical reasoning of Egyptian auditors.FindingsThe findings are threefold. First, this study finds that the general level of deliberative ethical reasoning of auditors working in the Central Auditing Organization (CAO) and small firms are categorized in the post-conventional level, while auditors working in big and medium firms are categorized in conventional level. Second, the result suggests that there is a negative relationship between ethical reasoning and audit firm size in Egypt. Finally, the results show that ethical reasoning levels decrease when the position of auditors increase except for auditors working in CAO.Originality/valueThis study adds to the scarce literature in developing countries that measure auditors’ ethical reasoning. The findings suggest that auditors’ ethical reasoning depends on auditor’s firm size and the position the auditor holds within the firm. These findings will aid policymakers and regulators, especially in developing countries, to avoid any potential risk regarding professional misconduct and in evaluating the adequacy of the current code of ethics.

Etická dimenze profese pedagoga volného času

The paper defines the importance and the resources of professional ethics in education. The general principles are applied to leisure educators, as they are understood and embedded in the Czech legislation. The attempts to establish professional conduct outlines also for leisure educators led to establishing codes of ethics in several leisure-time and out-of-school centers. The aim of the present study is to point out the specific features of the ethical dimension for this profession, and to attempt to answer the question whether the current codes of ethics of the mentioned centers can be considered suitable tools for enhancing the ethical competence of leisure educators they employ. Based on the analysis of both the content and the origin of these codes of ethics, the author concludes that the mere creation of these documents is not sufficient in increasing the sensibility of leisure educators towards the ethical issues within their profession.

Analysis of diagnosis announcements in Abidjan pediatric oncology unit 2 years after introduction of the African Pediatric Cancer Announcement Guideline

IntroductionAnnouncing the diagnosis allows the therapeutic alliance between physicians and patients to be sealed and it prevents abandonment of treatment. To compensate for the deficit in information received by the families, the Franco-African Group of Pediatric Oncology (FAGPO) has published an “African Pediatric Cancer Announcement Guide” for the group's pediatric oncology units. ObjectiveTo analyze the announcements made to parents and children 2 years after the provision of this guide. MethodsCross-sectional survey conducted from March to July 2016. In total, 69 parents of children followed up in the pediatric oncology unit of Abidjan were interviewed regarding the characteristics of the announcement that was made to them and the information given to the sick child. ResultsOf all the accompanying individuals, 91% reported having benefited from the announcement made with empathy, mainly by a physician. In approximately one quarter of the cases the information had been given to a third party. The main barriers to information were: the negative experiences of parents, the medical terminology, and communication problems. The sick child was rarely informed. DiscussionThe information given was in accordance, in content and form, with the data from Western and African literature. The lack of information given to the child has a dual explanation: the primacy of the community over the individual advocated by African culture and the non-integration of the rights of children in the current code of ethics. ConclusionThe information provided could be improved by practical training of physicians in the technique of breaking bad news to patients and their families and the use of a code of ethics in accordance with the principle of autonomy.

Transparency for Sponsored Content: Analysing Codes of Ethics in Public Relations, Marketing, Advertising and Journalism

ABSTRACTAs sponsored content is gaining ground globally, the boundaries between strategic communication, advertising and journalism are blurring. As sponsored content becomes more common, it raises novel ethical concerns that no industry alone can answer, such as How much disclosure is needed for transparency? Self-regulation via codes of ethics has been suggested as a remedy to meet the rising transparency expectations, and this article analysed 40 codes of ethics in the fields of communication, advertising, and journalism (United States and Finland) related to sponsored content. The results indicate that there remains excessive variation within the codes of ethics of how transparency of sponsored content is addressed. According to our analysis, most of the codes deal with transparency and the separation between commercial and editorial content only vaguely, and only eight of the total 40 guidelines take sponsored content into account. Therefore, we believe that the strategic benefit of sponsored content is threatened as long as no joint codes of ethics exist for sponsored content. To the degree that sponsored content is practiced across professions, we call for a joint code of ethics for sponsored content transparency, as the current codes of ethics fail to answer this emerging need.

FIFA Has Made the 'Beautiful Game' Ugly

This article provides background for a discussion of the criminal proceedings against 14 individuals and 25 co-conspirators connected with the international “soccer” umbrella organization FIFA, the Federation Internationale de Football Association. A discussion of the U.S. federal Indictment filed May 20, 2015 is included.To enhance understanding of the state of corruption at FIFA, which serves as the basis for the indictment, the article also deals with the stunning selection by FIFA in December 2010 of Russia and Qatar as the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup championship games.The selection of Russia and Qatar led to an immediate storm of public protest and, once again, to allegations of corruption at FIFA. FIFA responded to this criticism by once again reorganizing its Ethics Committee and commencing an investigation into the 2018/2022 selection process to determine if it had been “compromised.” The Investigatory Branch of the Ethics Committee, hired a prominent former United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Michael Garcia, as its head. Garcia conducted a 13 month investigation into the 2018/2022 selection process. He produced a 450-page report of findings. This report was provided to the Adjudicatory branch of the Ethics Committee, headed by German judge, Hans-Joachim Eckert. Eckert prepared a 42-page Statement dealing with Garcia’s Investigatory Branch report. Eckert’s Statement announced, inexplicably, that the Ethics Committee had concluded that the FIFA selection process resulting in the choice of Russia and Qatar as World Cup hosts had not been compromised.Garcia immediately objected, demanding the public release of his report. Eckert refused to publish this report, even in redacted form. As a result Michael Garcia resigned as head of the Investigative Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee.Also attached to this brief article are the important documents relevant to the FIFA criminal proceeding. These include the full text of the Indictment, the criminal laws charged, the FIFA Statutes (its constitution) and FIFA’s current Code of Ethics.

Nepalese context: Should physician treat themselves and their family members?

Physicians are individuals with families and friends and it is their duty as well as moral and social obligation to look after their friends and relatives when they become sick. But what should be their role in looking after one’s own sick family members or friends? As far as it is not as a treating physician there should be no problem but if physicians are to take responsibility of treating their family members as a physician, a number of ethical issues arise. Medical advice and medical treatment of family members is a subject of debate. The current codes of ethics of in many countries advise physicians not to treat their family members except in emergency situations and for minor illnesses. What should Nepalese physicians do?Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, Oct.-Dec., 2014Page: 174-176

Journalism and the Politics of Hate: Charting Ethical Responses to Religious Intolerance

A series of international controversies involving religious offense have manifested the clash of values between freedom of expression and respect for religious identity. Such conflicts pose an ethical dilemma for media. Journalists need to assert freedom of expression, but they should also understand how hate speech can be used to repress targeted groups, and not turn into unwitting facilitators of such campaigns. They should also appreciate that the taking of offense, and not just the giving of it, can be engineered by leaders of religious communities to secure a political advantage. Journalists appear underprepared for handling such events. While not attempting a revision of current codes of ethics, this paper draws on legal discourse to suggest a framework and a language through which journalists can deliberate their ethics to respond to an urgent global challenge.

A highly efficient method for generation of therapeutic quality human pluripotent stem cells by using naive induced pluripotent stem cells nucleus for nuclear transfer.

Even after several years since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we are still unable to make any significant therapeutic benefits out of them such as cell therapy or generation of organs for transplantation. Recent success in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) made it possible to generate diploid embryonic stem cells, which opens up the way to make high-quality pluripotent stem cells. However, the process is highly inefficient and hence expensive compared to the generation of iPSC. Even with the latest SCNT technology, we are not sure whether one can make therapeutic quality pluripotent stem cell from any patient’s somatic cells or by using oocytes from any donor. Combining iPSC technology with SCNT, that is, by using the nucleus of the candidate somatic cell which got reprogrammed to pluripotent state instead that of the unmodified nucleus of the candidate somatic cell, would boost the efficiency of the technique, and we would be able to generate therapeutic quality pluripotent stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cell nuclear transfer (iPSCNT) combines the efficiency of iPSC generation with the speed and natural reprogramming environment of SCNT. The new technique may be called iPSCNT. This technique could prove to have very revolutionary benefits for humankind. This could be useful in generating organs for transplantation for patients and for reproductive cloning, especially for childless men and women who cannot have children by any other techniques. When combined with advanced gene editing techniques (such as CRISPR-Cas system) this technique might also prove useful to those who want to have healthy children but suffer from inherited diseases. The current code of ethics may be against reproductive cloning. However, this will change with time as it happened with most of the revolutionary scientific breakthroughs. After all, it is the right of every human to have healthy offspring and it is the question of reproductive freedom and existence.

Reducing the Ecological Impact of Field Research

Researchers and students at biological field stations, especially in remote areas, are subject to leaving "footprints," as we conduct research, work, and live in sensitive ecosystems. These footprints include travel, personal trash and waste, and field equipment (e.g. flagging, tree markers, plot markers, trail markers, monitoring devices, etc.). In this commentary, we argue that the field of primatology's commitment to minimum impact research should be more explicitly and visibly integrated into our ethical protocols with regard to field research and instruction in sensitive environments. We review current ethical codes and potential solutions to reducing our "researcher footprints" while conducting fieldwork. Using Costa Rica as an example, we address how sustainable fieldwork differs among varying cultural contexts and argue that researchers should be made responsible and accountable for how our presence, research, and teaching might impact the environment. We conclude by recommending a set of guidelines to be added to ethical protocols regarding research design, station policies, and the conduct of research and teaching in the field.

Socially responsible ethnobotanical surveys in the Cape Floristic Region: ethical principles, methodology and quantification of data

A broad overview of published and unpublished ethnobotanical surveys in the Cape Floristic Region (the traditional home of the San and Khoi communities) shows that the data is incomplete. There is an urgent need to record the rich indigenous knowledge about plants in a systematic and social responsible manner in order to preserve this cultural and scientific heritage for future generations. Improved methods for quantifying data are introduced, with special reference to the simplicity and benefits of the new Matrix Method. This methodology prevents or reduces the number of false negatives, and also ensures the participation of elderly people who might be immobile. It also makes it possible to compare plant uses in different local communities. This method enables the researcher to quantify the knowledge on plant use that was preserved in a community, and to determine the relative importance of a specific plant in a more objective way. Ethical considerations for such ethnobotanical surveys are discussed, through the lens of current ethical codes and international conventions. This is an accessible approach, which can also be used in the life sciences classroom.

Psychotherapist and Wiccan Clergy: The Ethics of a Dual Relationship

Wiccan clergy psychotherapists encounter complex ethical dilemmas due to dual roles. In an attempt to understand the extreme complexity of the multiple roles, this discourse begins with an examination of current ethical codes of the professional societies. Recent literature related to dual relationships in rural and small communities is surveyed, as well as decisionmaking models effective in these situations. Common ethical complexities experienced by clergy psychotherapists are reviewed. Informal communication with Wiccan clergy psychotherapists confirms the multidimensional nature of the ethics. Options for Wiccan clergy psychotherapists are considere