Current Employment Status Research Articles

Frequency of going outdoors and health-related quality of life among older adults: Examining the moderating role of living alone and employment status.

Going outdoors more frequently is beneficial for maintaining and improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among older adults. However, individual differences can alter the effects of going outdoors. The present study aimed to examine whether relationships between going outdoors and HRQOL were moderated by living alone and employment status. The present study was a secondary analysis of 14-month prospective data (n = 613). Variables used in this study were baseline data on the frequency of going outdoors, HRQOL (physical and mental component summary scores assessed using the Japanese version of the Medical Outcomes study Short Form 8-Item Health Survey), living alone, employment status, potential confounders (sex, age, educational level and instrumental activities of daily living) and follow-up data on HRQOL. Mixed models showed that the interaction term of going outdoors and currently living alone on both the physical and mental component summary and that of going outdoors and current employment status on the mental component were significant. Stratified analyses showed that going outdoors more frequently predicted the physical and mental component summary among those who lived with others, and the mental component summary among those who were unemployed. These results show that the influence of going outdoors on HRQOL was moderated by living alone and employment status. Going outdoors more frequently might be important for the maintenance of HRQOL, especially among unemployed older adults living with others. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 640-647.

Correlates of employment interest among adults with schizophrenia

Background/Aims: Role functioning is an important part of recovery and psychiatric rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia. However, little is known about why some people and not others return to socially valued roles such as employment. While the demographic and clinical correlates of employment have been extensively studied, little is known about how employment interest forms and develops into actual employment activity. The aim was to compare demographic and clinical correlates of employment interest to correlates of actual employment participation. Methods: A community sample of 255 working-age adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were interviewed about their current employment status and current employment interest. Univariate logistic regression was used to examine the demographic and clinical correlates of both employment interest and participation. Findings: Age, employment history and severity of current hallucinations were associated with both employment interest and participation, while illness severity pattern, illness course, severity of disability, and severity of avolition were associated only with employment participation. Conclusions: Resilience of employment interest to the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia is a promising finding. Those with more severe illness patterns and more impaired functioning can remain good candidates for vocational rehabilitation, because interest and motivation for employment may be unaffected.

Self-care agency, lifestyle, and physical condition predict future frailty in community-dwelling older people.

The purpose of this 2 year longitudinal study was to identify the relationship between self-care agency, lifestyle, physical condition, and frailty among community-dwelling older people in a rural area of Japan. The participants were 133 older individuals aged 65 years or above. Data collection was conducted via face-to-face interviews using self-administered questionnaires. Background information, such as age, sex, current employment status, family structure, medication use, comorbidities, and knee and lower back pain, were assessed. The definition of frailty was based on the Frailty Checklist. Self-care agency, lifestyle habits, and locomotive syndrome were assessed using specific assessment scores. Logistic regression analysis showed that locomotive syndrome, knee and lower back pain, and stroke are risk factors for frailty. Among the factors associated with frailty, current employment, regular exercise, and self-care agency were recognized as preventive factors of depression, decreased cognitive function, and being housebound. Our findings suggest that enhancing self-care agency, regular exercise, and self-management skills for chronic illness and disability may decrease the progression of frailty among older people.

87 Assessing Compassion Fatigue Among Emergency Department Professionals

Research has shown that burnout is negatively associated with work performance. Due to the nature of emergency medicine, physicians and other emergency department (ED) health care professionals are often faced with challenges of assisting others. Compassion fatigue is the negative aspect of working as helpers. The concept of compassion fatigue stands on the premise that there is more than one area that contributes to job satisfaction. Compassion fatigue is measured using the Professional Quality of Life (ProQoL) scale. The ProQoL scale has three areas: Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Trauma which are measured independent and should not be combined to create an overall score. The purpose of this pilot study was to (1) determine the degree of compassion fatigue among ED health care professionals (2) compare the frequency of compassion fatigue experienced among groups, and (3) identify factors associated with compassion fatigue. This prospective observational cohort study conveniently sampled health care professionals from a single academic ED. All participants were ≥18 years-old and currently employed as an attending, resident, nurse, or technician within the ED. Each person who did not meet the previous criteria were ineligible. The primary data collection tool was the validated ProQoL v. 5. Demographic data (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status) and professional information (reason for working in emergency medicine, career satisfaction). Participants completed the survey using an online or paper-based survey. Statistical analysis were conducted using IBM’s SPSS. We performed a Cronbach alpha to test the reliability of scales. Descriptive statistics were used to report characteristics. Independent t-test and ANOVA were conducted to measure and compare compassion fatigue. 100 ED health care professionals participated in this study. Females accounted for 60% of the sample. The highest level of education for 46% of the sample was a medical degree. Approximately 55% of the sample reported that they are currently working in emergency medicine because it was their chosen career path. About 4% reported that compensation and emergency medicine being the only job they could find as the reason for their current employment status. Overall, ED health care professionals reported average compassion satisfaction (mean 39.4; SD 7.83) and burnout (mean 23.6; SD 6.30) and low secondary traumatic stress (mean 20.5; 6.15). There was a statically significant difference among all groups and compassion satisfaction (p=.03). Emergency medicine career satisfaction and compassion satisfaction were significant (p< .001). Job satisfaction was significant with burnout (p< .001). Feeling hopeless at work was significant with all scales (burnout, p< .001; compassion satisfaction, p< .001; and secondary traumatic stress, p =.002). Pleasure from work was significant with burnout (p< .001) and compassion satisfaction (p< .001). Preliminary results from this pilot study revealed that ED health care professionals experience compassion fatigue at different levels. Further research is needed to uncover specific factors that contribute to compassion fatigue. In-depth qualitative interviews could potentially inform researchers on ways to implement interventions and strategies to reduce burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and increase compassion satisfaction.

Dalit Youths’ Perception towards Their Current Employment in Nepal

This study intends to identify the current employment status of educated Dalit youths and the employment perception of employed Dalit youths in Nepal. A descriptive and exploratory design, with both qualitative as well as quantitative approach, was framed for the study. A random sample of 400 educated Dalit youths was taken for a quantitative study from Dalit Employability Enhancement Database (DEED) project of the NGO named Professional Research and Development Centre in Kathmandu. In addition, focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with 50 educated Dalit youths. The employment scenario of the Dalit youths is not too encouraging. Female Dalits stay more unemployed in comparison to males, despite having similar educational qualifications and competencies. It may be indicative of non-engagement or empowerment of Dalit women towards employment in the country. Majority of the Dalit youths were found to be satisfied with their current jobs. Those who were dissatisfied with their jobs were so mainly due to their salaries, lack of job security, lack of opportunities to career progression and mismatching in working areas.

Getting together: Social contact frequency across the life span.

Frequent social interactions are strongly linked to positive affect, longevity, and good health. Although there has been extensive research on changes in the size of social networks over time, little attention has been given to the development of contact frequency across the life span. In this cohort-sequential longitudinal study, we examined intraindividual changes in the frequency of social contact with family and nonfamily members, and potential moderators of these changes. The data come from the 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study (N = 36,716; age range: 17-85 years). Using latent growth curve analysis, we found that the frequency of in-person contact with family members remained relatively stable across the life span. In contrast, the frequency of visits to and from nonfamily members (neighbors, friends, and acquaintances) declined following a cubic trajectory and dropped below the frequency of family visits when respondents were in their mid-30s. Relationship status and gender had a slight effect on both of these relationship trajectories. Subjective current health status and employment status influenced the life span trajectory of nonfamily social contact only. Changes of residence and the birth of a child, both of which constitute major turning points in the life course, did not affect the life span trajectory of either family or nonfamily in-person contact. The findings are discussed here in the context of earlier findings and in relation to socioemotional selectivity and social convoy theory and the evolutionary life history approach. (PsycINFO Database Record

Bring Time Back into Worker’s Preference: A Longitudinal Study of Standard and Nonstandard Work

We argue that despite the debate on whether nonstandard employment provides advantages by allowing more options and preparing one for entering standard employment, individuals prefer standard employment over nonstandard employment at any point in time, and switching between employment status over time is not as easy as thought. With a French national longitudinal survey of 10961 youth over ten years after leaving school from 1998 to 2008, we examine within-individual relationships between employment status and individuals’ responses to their work situations over time and how their current employment status predicts later employment status over time. Our multi-wave results suggest that individuals prefer standard employment in that those with standard employment are more satisfied with their pay, feel more professionally accomplished, more optimistic about their professional future, and less likely to be looking for a job at any given time over time. Furthermore, confirming the “stickiness” of employment status, individuals’ employment status in a given time t positively predicts the likelihood of being in the same employment status in the next time t + 1 over time. Finally, both the preference for standard employment and stickiness of employment status vary across individuals’ education levels.

Beyond education and income: Identifying novel socioeconomic correlates of cigarette use in U.S. young adults.

Young adulthood is defined by transitions in family life, living situations, educational settings, and employment. As a result, education and income may not be appropriate measures of socioeconomic status (SES) in young people. Using a national sample of young adults aged 18-34 (n=3364; collected February 2016), we explored novel socioeconomic correlates of ever cigarette use, past 30-day cigarette use, and daily cigarette use, weighted to account for non-response. Measures of SES assessed current education, household income, employment status, and subjective financial situation (SFS) and childhood SES (maternal and paternal education, SFS during childhood, parental divorce before age 18). Parental smoking during childhood was examined in sensitivity analyses. The highest prevalence of ever cigarette use was in young adults whose parents divorced before age 18 (57% vs. 47% overall). In general, current education, subjective financial status, and parental education were inversely correlated with past 30-day and daily cigarette use in bivariate analyses. In multivariable Poisson regression models controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and other SES measures, lower education and poorer SFS were most strongly correlated with ever and past 30-day cigarette use. Lower maternal education emerged as the strongest correlate of daily smoking, conferring a twofold higher prevalence of daily smoking compared to maternal education of a Bachelor's degree or greater. Current household income was not a strong predictor of any cigarette use outcome. Novel measures like SFS may improve estimates of socioeconomic disadvantage during this developmental stage.

Young female vascular surgeons more likely to enter academia

ObjectiveIn the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of women entering vascular surgery. Our goal was to evaluate the differences in career paths based on gender and to determine some of the factors that influence career decisions among young vascular surgeons. MethodsA 17-item web-based survey focusing on current employment status, reasons for choosing academic vs nonacademic positions, and career satisfaction was distributed to 900 members of the Society for Vascular Surgery who completed vascular surgery training in the past 10 years. ResultsA total of 199 individuals responded to the survey (22.1%). The cohort included 49 (24.6%) women and 149 (74.9%) men. The majority of the respondents were non-Hispanic white (66.3%). Sixty-four percent of all respondents were younger than 40 years. Overall, 72.9% of women had applied to academic positions after their training compared with 58.8% of men. Women were more likely to apply for and to work in an academic setting (P = .0266 and P = .0198, respectively) and cited mentorship more frequently (P = .0474) as the reason for choosing an academic practice. Women respondents were less likely to have a spouse or children (P = .0269 and P < .001, respectively). More than 87.4% of all respondents were very satisfied or somewhat satisfied with their careers. However, men were more likely to be very satisfied compared with women (P = .0345). ConclusionsCareer satisfaction remains high among young vascular surgeons. In this cohort of vascular surgery graduates, we found that women were more likely to pursue academic positions than men, with mentorship, ability to teach, and complexity of cases commonly cited as reasons for this career choice. However, whether young women stay in academia and what factors affect academic retention will need further evaluation.

First Insights into Scope of Practice and Salary of Physician Assistants, A New Healthcare Profession, in Germany

In 2010, the first government-approved physician assistant (PA) program was introduced at the Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University Karlsruhe (DHBW). There are not sufficient data regarding the scope of practice and salary of our graduates. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to obtain information regarding these. The survey included all graduates (2 classes, n=27). A specific questionnaire was developed, including 37 questions e. g. on the current employment status, scope of practice, salary and job satisfaction regarding the PA program and career. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS. 25 graduates participated in the survey (96.1%); the average age of participants was 32.2 years (25-53 years). 88% (n=22) were employed as a PA, most of them worked in internal medicine (n=11) or surgery (n=9). Responsibilities that are often or very often assigned to the PAs are preparing final documents, taking over a coordinating role in the therapeutic team, as well as participation in taking patient medical history and conducting physical examinations. In two-thirds of respondents, the gross monthly base salary (full-time position) was about 3000 euros. 77.3% (n=17) of graduates were generally satisfied or very satisfied with their current situation. It appears that graduates of the DHBW are well integrated into the staff structure of hospitals, as far as the scope of practice and average salary are concerned. Further studies on the integration of this new profession in Germany and on their extended scope of practice in comparison to established healthcare professions will be conducted.

Descriptive study of adjustment disorders in a mental health unit.

IntroductionAdjustment disorders are a common psychiatric disorder in primary care and mental health units, with point prevalence estimates ranging from 0.9% to 2.3%. These disorders have been recently defined as a stress response syndrome in the fifth edition of the DSM, causing emotional and social difficulties and also a large economic burden on society.ObjectivesThe aim of this descriptional study was to analyse the socio-demographic characteristics and treatment of the patients diagnosed with adjustment disorders in the first visit in a mental health unit.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 128 patients admitted for a psychiatric consultation in a mental health unit in Alicante (Spain) from their primary care physician, between February and July 2016. Variables of gender, age, current employment status, diagnosis and treatment were measured. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software.ResultsThe data from 31 patients who were diagnosed with adjustment disorders meant a 24% of the sample. The median age was 47 years old in the adjustment disorders group. Among those with adjustment disorders, 61% were women, and 52% of them were unemployed. Almost 60% of them had at least one pychotropic prescription and only 22% were derived to psychology.ConclusionsAdjustment disorders are considered as an intermediate category between no mental disorder and affective disorders. Most authors recommend to start with a psychotherapeutic intervention. Despite starting with medication has not proved effectiveness in the studies, most of the patients had at least one psychotropic prescription before the psychiatric evaluation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Upper limb impairment is associated with use of assistive devices and unemployment in multiple sclerosis

BackgroundIndividuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently suffer from impaired sensory function, reduced strength and tremor in the upper limbs, which may interfere with upper limb function. However, upper limb impairment in MS is under-recognized and understudied. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of upper limb impairment in a large sample of persons with MS; the association between upper limb function and employment status in MS; and the frequency of use of assistive devices aimed at addressing upper limb impairments. MethodsWe surveyed participants in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) Registry regarding upper limb function using the ABILHAND questionnaire, and asked about use of assistive devices intended to improve the performance on upper limb activities. We evaluated the association between ABILHAND scores and current employment status using multivariable logistic regression analysis, and the association between ABILHAND scores and the use of an assistive device. ResultsOf 7463 eligible respondents, 5846 (78.3%) were female and mean (SD) age of 57.4 (10.2) years. The median (IQR) score on the ABILHAND was 45 (39–46). Higher levels of disability, as measured by the PDDS, correlated moderately with lower (worse) scores on the ABILHAND (r=−0.50; 95%CI: −0.48, −0.52). Over half of participants reported that they possessed an assistive device to aid upper limb function (3914, 56.0%). Older age, female sex, greater ambulatory disability, higher levels of fatigue, sensory impairment, spasticity and cognitive impairment, and visiting an occupational therapist were independently associated with increased odds of using an assistive device. After accounting for disability, perceived cognitive impairment, and fatigue, impaired upper limb function was associated with decreased odds of being employed (OR/1 point rise in ABILHAND 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96, 0.98). ConclusionsUpper limb impairment is common in older MS patients, and adversely affects the ability to perform many common daily activities.

Development of a Predictive Model for Drug-Related Problems in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Drug-related problems (DRPs) are associated with increased rates of infection, rejection, and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. This study aimed to develop a model to predict which patients are at highest risk of DRPs to streamline pharmacists' workflow in a chronic kidney transplant clinic. Prospective observational study. Chronic kidney transplant clinic at a large, tertiary care, academic hospital. Two hundred thirty-seven adults seen in the kidney transplant clinic between September 16, 2015, and November 30, 2015, who were at least 90 days posttransplantation at the time of their clinic visit. Prospective data detailing DRPs and a survey assessing baseline characteristics and patient-related outcomes were used to generate a predictive model to identify patients at risk of having six or more DRPs; the cutoff of six DRPs provided a threshold for identifying a subset of high-risk patients on whom the transplant pharmacists could focus their efforts. DRPs were categorized as nonadherence, overdosing or underdosing, duplication of therapy, preventable adverse drug reaction, missing medication, erroneous medication, conflicting provider information, undermonitoring or lack of monitoring, and wrong medication received. In total, 865 unique DRPs were identified, and the most common were erroneous medication, missing medication, and nonadherence, accounting for 38%, 21%, and 16% of the DRPs, respectively. A nine-variable model with a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 66.7% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.720) was developed to identify patients at risk of having six or more DRPs. The model included the following variables: age, Medicaid for prescription insurance, current employment status, medication affordability, difficulty or lack of difficulty obtaining medications from the pharmacy, negative impact of medications on quality of life, medication nonadherence, poor rating of current health status, and moderate or poor medication understanding. These results demonstrated that a straightforward, 5-minute survey completed by renal transplant recipients prior to their clinic visit may be capable of effectively determining those at risk of having six or more DRPs, potentially allowing use as a screening tool for transplant pharmacists' workflow prioritization. External validation is needed before this tool can be used in the outpatient setting.

Características personales y de los centros educativos en la explicación de la satisfacción laboral del profesorado

Recent studies show that teacher job satisfaction declined in Spain over the last decade. Also, it is significantly lower in secondary education than in previous educational levels. In this paper we identify variables that contribute to the explanation of teacher job satisfaction in secondary education. We use the Spanish sample (192 schools and 3339 teachers) participating in the 2013 edition of TALIS (Teaching and Learning International Study), sponsored by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Employing hierarchical linear models, we assess the importance of teacher variables and schools variables as predictors of job satisfaction. Self-efficacy, control of classroom discipline, age, sex, years of work experience at the current school and employment status are personal factors explaining the teacher job satisfaction. Among institutional factors, the important effect of teacher-students relations stands out.

The Role of Personal Characteristics and School Characteristics in Explaining Teacher Job Satisfaction

Recent studies show that teacher job satisfaction declined in Spain over the last decade. Also, it is significantly lower in secondary education than in previous educational levels. In this paper we identify variables that contribute to the explanation of teacher job satisfaction in secondary education. We use the Spanish sample (192 schools and 3339 teachers) participating in the 2013 edition of TALIS (Teaching and Learning International Study), sponsored by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Employing hierarchical linear models, we assess the importance of teacher variables and schools variables as predictors of job satisfaction. Self-efficacy, control of classroom discipline, age, sex, years of work experience at the current school and employment status are personal factors explaining the teacher job satisfaction. Among institutional factors, the important effect of teacher-students relations stands out.

Factors Affecting Academic Performance of University Evening Students

Factors Affecting Academic Performance of University Evening Students Maruzzella Rossi Abstract Most of the literature analyzing the factors which affect academic achievement in higher education focuses on the performance of students enrolled in full-time undergraduate programs. Although most of the universities have increased their supply of part-time and evening undergraduate programs in order to attract mature students who are currently working, there is little research analyzing the performance of this type of students. Using a survey of 808 students from evening undergraduate programs, I analyzed the effects of current employment status and former socioeconomic status on academic performance. Although that most of the research focused on full-time students have found a positive correlation between academic performance and family socioeconomic status, and a negative relationship between academic performance and working, I find that there is no such relationship in the case of evening students. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jehd.v6n1a10

The Impact of the Learning Effectiveness on Alumni Employability: A Case Study of a T/I Department in Taiwan

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In recent years, the number of translation and interpretation courses offered in Taiwan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; has increased rapidly&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, but &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;few studies has looked at&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; the employability of their graduates. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;T&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;his paper &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;is aimed to&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; investigate the direct effects of curriculum on the professional careers of alumni as reflected in their current employment status &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; level of academic advancement. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;A &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;questionnaire&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; survey was carried out to&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; evaluate multiple aspects of teaching, including learning effectiveness&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;core competency&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, c&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;urriculum design and repay the society. Through an analysis of 150 named and 300 anonymous questionnaires, this study analyz&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ed &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;the learning effectiveness as the mediator for the careers of alumni, using the Amos statistical package for Structural Equation Modeling&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(SEM), along with other related techniques, such as Confirmatory Factor Analysis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(CFA)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;. The analyses have &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;produce&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; parameter estimates and goodness-of-fit indices, which could be useful for many purposes, such as examining longitudinal data and comparing groups. It is hoped that this brief study may provide a better understanding and a basis for future studies.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The meaning of employment from theperspective of persons with spinal cordinjuries in six European countries.

People with spinal cord injuries (SCI) are underrepresented in the labour force. To examine the meaning of employment, as it is understood in the context of participation and integration in society, among persons with SCI in six European countries. We ask how SCI relates to employment, for the functions of employment, alternatives to employment, and its obstacles. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 74 persons and qualitatively analysed using a grounded theory approach. Employment was ranked as very important independent of the participants current employment status. We identified three main functions of employment: 1) employment contributes to the creation of personal and collective identity and social recognition; 2) employment enables structuring of time and distracts from impairment and pain; 3) employment is as an important social arena that facilitates interaction with other people. Voluntary work and domestic work did not fully replace the social functions of employment, nor correspond to the design of the disability compensation systems. This study illustrates the high value of employment and a need to pay more attention to a broader range of productive work. It also reveals the interdependencies between employment status and income mediated by the disability compensation schemes.

Inequities and psychiatry disability in transition among the elderly population from 1987 to 2006 in China: Data based on national surveys.

The world will be facing huge population aged 65 and older, accounting for 13% of the total population in the future. Significant disabilities rates reflect an accumulation of health risks. Psychiatry disability is one of the most significant disabilities, because it manifests in cognitive, affective, and behavior disorders that limit one's daily life and restrict their participations. Very few studies have explored the 20 years associations between demographic factors and psychiatry disability among older people in China.In this study, we investigated psychiatry disability transitional association behind China rapid development from 1987 to 2006 among the 60 and older population. Data used 2 nationally represented, population-based data from the China National Sample Surveys on Disability, conducted in 1987 and 2006. The sample size of the current study was 140,008 in 1987 and 354,859 in 2006, respectively. Associations between socioeconomic factors and psychiatry disability were determined by using a logistic regression model.The prevalence of psychiatric disabilities increased from 1987 to 2006. In both surveys, the most common psychiatric disabilities were schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders, and they presented the same associations with age increase. Socioeconomic inequities, such as current employment status and marital status, were associated with psychiatry disability in both surveys. These associations remained even after these 2 surveys were combined.The rapidly rising prevalence of psychiatric disorders expected warrants strategies to reduce the burden of these disabilities among females and rural residents.

Determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia: further analysis of the 2011 Ethiopian demographic and health survey

Childhood anemia is the major public health problem in Ethiopia. It has been implicated with growth retardation, impaired motor and cognitive development, and childhood morbidity and mortality. Thus this study aimed to identify determinants of severity levels of anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months in Ethiopia. The study was further analysis of the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 7636 children aged 6 to 59 months with complete information on the selected predictors were included in the analysis. Proportional odds model of ordinal logistic regression was used to identify determinant factors. Chi-square test of parallelism was used to evaluate the appropriateness of proportional odds assumption. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The Chi-square test of parallelism showed that the odds ratios were constant across all cut-off points of childhood anemia status at 5 % level (p-value = 0.071). Of the total children sampled, 28.6 and 21.7 % of them were severely/moderately and mildly anemic, respectively. Wasting, Stunting, religion, and age of the child, current employment status of the mother, educational status of the partner, number of under-5 children in the household, source of drinking water and mother’s anemia status were found to be statistically significant determinants of severity levels of childhood anemia. The likelihoods of being severely/moderately anemic as compared to being mildly/non-anemic, and being severely/moderately/mildly anemic as compared to being non-anemic were similar for a given variable keeping all others. Long term and short term nutritional status of young aged children, access to health and nutritional education, and access to safe drinking water should be improved by the concerned body.