Current Distribution Research Articles

Bioclimatic Modeling of Current Geographic Distribution and Future Range Shifts of Selected Edible Mushrooms in Nigeria

Mushrooms, as part of the fungal kingdom, are essential components in nutrient cycling and carbon retention in terrestrial ecosystems. Monitoring the impact of climate change on fungi in their natural habitat is difficult because most species reside below the soil surface. As a result of few reported occurrence records in Nigeria, we model the species distribution of two edible mushrooms, namely, Pleurotus ostreatus and Macrolepiota procera, using MaxEnt to predict the potential future range shifts under different climate change scenarios. In this study, we have calculated high model performances based on the Area Under Curve (AUC) values generated (0.778-0.873). In the modeling approach, the two species were predicted to have an expansion of their localized fundamental niches, pointing to the influence of precipitation as an important macroclimatic predictor. Highly suitable habitats for the two species were discovered primarily in Southern Nigeria, with less habitat suitability in the Northcentral zone in 2050. The predicted models in this study do not tell missing geographical information, which could be achieved through citizen science for occurrence records and biodiversity conservation. However, they may be used to explore potentialities, such as understanding the possible distribution patterns of the two mushroom species in Nigeria. This can serve as a useful baseline to enhance the utilization and conservation efforts of these macrofungi as a result of climate change, habitat loss, and rapid urbanization.

Longitudinal population dynamics of Mediterranean-Atlantic Arbutus during the last 30 ka

The current distribution of the genus Arbutus in the Old World prompts questions about its long-term population dynamics, location and extent of refuge areas, and modern vulnerability in relation to climate change and human activity. Our work aims to address these questions by combining modern occurrence data with a comprehensive survey of pollen and macrofossil records. Range maps of past distribution have been produced for the last 32 ka to investigate geographical trends in population dynamics and the timing of the appearance of Arbutus across different biogeographical regions. In the Atlantic domain, Arbutus has been consistently present during the last 32 ka, even during the Last Glacial Maximum. In the central and eastern Mediterranean regions, it progressively increased since the beginning of the Holocene, appearing along the coasts of the Black Sea and in the Levant during the Middle Holocene. In addition, the dynamics of Arbutus in a number of peripherals stands (Ireland, Canary Islands, Cyrenaica, Crimea, and Black Sea coasts) is discussed. The palaeobotanical evidence suggests that the delayed emergence of eastern populations and peripheral stands in the fossil record may be ascribed to a very low population density, rather than to a sequential migration process from the western sectors of the range. The comparison of fossil records and modern occurrences highlights an overall temporal continuity between long-term persistence areas and current centers of gravity and calls for density-weighted ecological models that may contribute to an informed assessment of conservation actions and strategies.

Analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic parameters of S-8BM (S-8B) electrolyzers in the modernization of aluminum smelters

The article aims to determine the magnetohydrodynamic parameters of an aluminum electrolyzer in order to compare different types of bus arrangements used in baths with a Soderberg anode. The electrical parameters of the electrolyzer (current distribution across blooms and anode studs) and magnetic field parameters were computed using the Blums V5.07 program (Polyfem, Russia). Data on circulation rates and skew of the metal in the electrolyzer were obtained using the MHD-Valdis program (developed by V. Boyarevich, University of Greenwich, UK). In the course of the studies, mathematical models of the C-8BM (C-8B) electrolyzer with various bus arrangements were built. Three bus arrangements were selected for testing the installation of a bridge designed to close the current distribution in the anode bus arrangement of the electrolyzer. These types of bus arrangements were realized in two variants: with and without a bridge. The obtained circulation rates and skew of the metal were used to evaluate the possibility of modernizing baths with a Soderberg anode without significant capital costs. When using the first type of bus arrangement, the best current distribution was achieved for the blooms with limits of ~757 A (for the variant without a bridge) and ~656 A (for the modernized variant with closed series), as well as for the anode studs having limits of ~1754 A and ~1609 A, respectively. With the use of the third bus arrangement variant, the current distribution was shown to slightly decrease following the installation of a bridge between the anode bus bars. The obtained results suggest that in the modernization of a C-8BM (C-8B) electrolyzer with different types of bus arrangements, current distribution across blooms and anode studs, magnetic field characteristics (By and Bz components), as well as circulation rates and skew of the metal, have no significant impact on the efficiency of this electrolyzer, which contributes to a faster transition to EcoSoderberg bath electrolysis without significant economic costs.

Predicting current and future habitat of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) under climate change

Climate change is among the greatest drivers of biodiversity loss, threatening up to 15–30% of described species by the end of the twenty-first century. We estimated the current suitable habitat and forecasted future distribution ranges of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) under climate change scenarios. We collected occurrence records of Indian pangolin using burrow counts, remote camera records and previously published literature in Pakistan during 2021–2023. We downloaded bioclimatic data for current (1970–2000) and future (2041–2060, 2061–2080, 2081–2100) climate scenarios from the WorldClim database using the Hadley Global Environment Model (HadGEM3-GC31-LL). We used MaxEnt software to predict current and future distributions of Indian pangolin, then computed the amount of habitat lost, gained, and unchanged across periods. We obtained 560 Indian pangolin occurrences overall, 175 during the study, and 385 from our literature search. Model accuracy was very good (AUC = 0.885, TSS = 0.695), and jackknife tests of variable importance showed that the contribution of annual mean temperature (bio1) was greatest (33.4%), followed by the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (bio-12, 29.3%), temperature seasonality (bio 4, 25.9%), and precipitation seasonality (bio 15, 11.5%). The maxent model predicted that during the current time period (1970–2000) highly suitable habitat for Indian pangolin was (7270 km2, 2.2%), followed by moderately suitable (12,418 km2, 3.7%), less suitable (49,846 km2, 14.8%), and unsuitable habitat (268,355 km2, 79.4%). Highly suitable habitat decreased in the western part of the study area under most SSPs and in the central parts it declined under all SSPs and in future time periods. The predicted loss in the suitable habitat of the Indian pangolin was greatest (26.97%) under SSP 585 followed by SSP 126 (23.67%) during the time 2061–2080. The gain in suitable habitat of Indian pangolin was less than that of losses on average which ranged between 1.91 and 13.11% under all SSPs during all time periods. While the stable habitat of the Indian pangolin ranged between 64.60 and 83.85% under all SSPs during all time periods. Our study provides the current and future habitat ranges of Indian pangolin in the face of a changing climate. The findings of our study could be helpful for policymakers to set up conservation strategies for Indian pangolin in Pakistan.

Design and analysis of a highly uniform five-band terahertz filter based on frequency selective surface

In this paper, a highly uniform five-band terahertz filter is presented, achieved by deforming two nested square ring structures. The metal pattern layer of the filter comprises a nested square ring structure with an inner and outer opening, and a metal strip connecting the inner and outer rings. Symmetrical openings divide nested square rings, breaking the current path and generating multiple metal bars of different lengths to excite dipole oscillations. Using metal strips to connect the inner and outer rings, the inner and outer resonant structures are integrated. Compared to a single resonant particle, the coupling of different single resonant particles amplifies the resonance of the combined structure, resulting in a wider stopband width and enhanced isolation between multiple passbands. A metal strip is also added to both ends of the outer ring opening to increase the equivalent capacitance of the outer ring, enhance the resonance, and improve out-of-band suppression. The transmission spectrum has five uniform passbands in the range of 1.3807–1.9917 THz, and the maximum passband ratio (MPR) of 3 dB bandwidth is about 1.16, and the ratio of 10 dB is about 1.17. The transmission coefficient of transmission zero is about 0.1, and the peak transmission coefficient of transmission peak is close to 1. The polarization of TE and TM incident waves is stable, and the filtering characteristics are good. Besides, the rectangular coefficients of the five passbands are all less than 1.33, showing excellent band selectivity. The resonance mechanism is explained by the Q value and electric field current distribution. The influence of structural parameter changes on filtering characteristics is also analyzed, and the main control parameters are found by using correlation analysis tools. From the changes in the MPR curve, it is verified that the structure parameters of the designed filter are in good condition. The multi-passband filter designed in this paper has uniform filtering characteristics, which is helpful to the development of terahertz multi-channel communication.

Unraveling goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) diversification: insights from phylogeography and species distribution modeling

Abstract The impact of climate fluctuations on the genetic diversity and distribution of species is of particular concern for large mammals that are already at risk of extinction. In this study, we investigated the genetic status of populations, the evolutionary relationships, and the current and future state of population dispersion of the goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, using 109 mtDNA sequences (cytb) and species distribution modeling. We assessed the impact of past (Last Glacial Maximum [lgm: 21 Kya] and Mid-Holocene [6 Kya]), current, and future (2070) climate on the phylogeography and spatial distribution of the species. Our results indicate evidence of divergence of two main clades (G. subgutturosa subgutturosa, and G. subgutturosa yarkandensis) (1.052 Mya) and a further split between two clades of G. s. subgutturosa (Middle Eastern and Central Iranian) in the middle Pleistocene. Historical species distribution models suggest the species’ range has not changed much across all periods examined, but there has been a decreasing trend from 21k to the current. Future climate projections (bcc-csm1 and ccsm4, rcp s 4.5 and 6 scenarios) predict a contraction of suitable habitat at the northern and southern edges of the species’ current distribution, shifting the range to the center of the study area. Biogeographic analyses suggest that vicariance and dispersal events have shaped the genetic structure of G. subgutturosa. Our findings suggest that the current genetic structure of the species is potentially related to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and refuges (Alborz, Zagros, and Kope Dagh Mountains) during cold periods. The study highlights the importance of understanding the genetic status of populations and their evolutionary relationships to effectively prevent further declines of species at risk of extinction.

An efficient method for electro-thermo-mechanical coupling effect in electrical contact on rough surfaces

In this study, a numerical strategy based on the boundary element method (BEM) is developed to simulate the electrical contact behavior on rough surfaces. By using the Fourier transform, the solutions of the electric potential, temperature rise, and displacement fields in the Fourier space are derived with finite boundaries, in which the electro-thermo-mechanical coupling effect is considered. With the consideration of the contact condition, an iterative algorithm is proposed to seek the solutions of rough surface electrical contact under a given contact force and total electric potential drop. The contact pressure, real contact area, electrical contact resistance, electric current, and temperature rise distribution are predicted. For the validation, the electrical contact results of a spherical punch-half space contact and a rough surface-elastic substrate contact are calculated based on the finite element method. The good agreement between the results from the BEM-based method and the finite element method indicates the accuracy of the presented method. Then, the effect of the total electric potential and the thermal expansion on the electrical contact behavior, the relationship between the contact conductance and contact stiffness, and the probability density function of the contact pressure and temperature rise distributions are evaluated using the proposed method.

The Impact of Dividend and Tax Avoidance on Earning Management of Companies

Using a sample covering practically all dividend-paying oil and gas companies companies in Pakistan during 2011–2020, we document that earnings management in these companies is driven by two concurrent forces: the willingness to pay (tax-exempt) dividends and avoiding unnecessary company income tax. Moreover, we show that the need for income increasing earnings management enabling current dividend distribution is mitigated by the amount of retained earnings from prior years. This article adds to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence for dividend and tax-driven earnings management in private oil and gas companies facing neither political pressures nor capital market incentives for earnings disclosures.

Predicting the current fishable habitat distribution of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) and its shift in the future under climate change in the Southern Ocean.

Global warming continues to exert unprecedented impacts on marine habitats. Species distribution models (SDMs) are proven powerful in predicting habitat distribution for marine demersal species under climate change impacts. The Antarctic toothfish, Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman 1937), an ecologically and commercially significant species, is endemic to the Southern Ocean. Utilizing occurrence records and environmental data, we developed an ensemble model that integrates various modelling techniques. This model characterizes species-environment relationships and predicts current and future fishable habitats of D. mawsoni under four climate change scenarios. Ice thickness, depth and mean water temperature were the top three important factors in affecting the distribution of D. mawsoni. The ensemble prediction suggests an overall expansion of fishable habitats, potentially due to the limited occurrence records from fishery-dependent surveys. Future projections indicate varying degrees of fishable habitat loss in large areas of the Amery Ice Shelf's eastern and western portions. Suitable fishable habitats, including the spawning grounds in the seamounts around the northern Ross Sea and the coastal waters of the Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea, were persistent under present and future environmental conditions, highlighting the importance to protect these climate refugia from anthropogenic disturbance. Though data deficiency existed in this study, our predictions can provide valuable information for designing climate-adaptive development and conservation strategies in maintaining the sustainability of this species.

ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS WITH UNIFORM PHASE SHIFT OF INVERTER CELLS

ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS WITH UNIFORM PHASE SHIFT OF INVERTER CELLS

Highly Sodiophilic Heterostructures Toward Dendrite‐Free Sodium Metal Batteries

AbstractThe utilization of Al current collector for the sodium deposition is considered ideal for achieving a low‐cost, high‐energy‐density sodium metal battery. However, the poor affinity between sodium and Al leads to uneven sodium plating/stripping, which poses a significant challenge in the pursuit of a stable sodium metal anode. Herein, a heterostructure (V/VOx)‐modified Al current collector is proposed, which effectively enables a highly reversible Na plating/stripping process, and inhibits Na dendrites growth. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the V/VOx@Al not only exhibits strong sodiophilicity, but also ensures a uniform current density distribution. Thanks to these merits, the assembled cells demonstrate excellent performances with low nucleation overpotential (11 mV at 1 mA cm−2), and long cycle life (2750 h) with minimal voltage polarization (13 mV at 1 mA cm−2). More impressively, the assembled full cell displays remarkable stability, sustaining 1400 cycles at 10 C. This work provides valuable insights for the development of more stable sodium metal batteries.

Metasurface-based polarization-insensitive absorber with dual-band tunable absorption intensity

In this paper, a polarization-insensitive absorber with dual-band tunable absorption intensity is proposed. Two absorption bands are generated by introducing external branches into a ring structure. Since the resistance of the loaded PIN diode changes with bias current, the reflectivity of two absorption bands can be dynamically adjusted from almost 0 dB to less than −10 dB at normal incidence. Inductors are loaded on both sides of the metal structure, which guarantees not only that the units are connected during DC feeding, but also the symmetry of the metal structure in RF band to ensure polarization insensitivity. The mechanisms of dual absorption bands and tunable absorption intensity are revealed through the detailed analysis of resonant modes, equivalent circuit model, surface current, and loss density distribution. A sample prototype has also been fabricated, and the measured results are well consistent with the simulated ones. The proposed absorber has the unique advantage of dynamic tuning of dual-band absorption intensity, making it a versatile choice in modern communication, radar, and stealth systems.

Dermacentor (Indocentor) auratus Supino 1897: Potential geographic range, and medical and veterinary significance

Dermacentor (Indocentor) auratus Supino, 1897 occurs in many regions of Southeast Asia and South Asia. In many regions of Southeast Asia and South Asia, targeted tick sampling and subsequent screening of collected D. auratus ticks have detected pathogenic bacteria and viruses in D. auratus. These disease-causing pathogens that have been detected in D. auratus include Anaplasma, Bartonella, Borrelia, Rickettsia (including spotted fever group rickettsiae), African swine fever virus, Lanjan virus, and Kyasanur forest disease virus. Although D. auratus predominantly infests wild pigs, this tick is also an occasional parasite of humans and other animals. Indeed, some 91 % of human otoacariasis cases in Sri Lanka were due to infestation by D. auratus. With the propensity of this tick to feed on multiple species of hosts, including humans, and the detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses from this tick, D. auratus is a tick of medical, veterinary, and indeed zoonotic concern. The geographic range of this tick, however, is not well known. Therefore, in the present paper, we used the species distribution model, BIOCLIM, to project the potential geographic range of D. auratus, which may aid pathogen and tick-vector surveillance. We showed that the potential geographic range of D. auratus is far wider than the current geographic distribution of this tick, and that regions in Africa, and in North and South America seem to have suitable climates for D. auratus. Interestingly, in Southeast Asia, Borneo and Philippines also have suitable climates for D. auratus, but D. auratus has not been found in these regions yet despite the apparent close proximity of these regions to Mainland Southeast Asia, where D. auratus occurs. We thus hypothesize that the geographic distribution of D. auratus is largely dependent on the movement of wild pigs and whether or not these wild pigs are able to overcome dispersal barriers. We also review the potential pathogens and the diseases that may be associated with D. auratus and provide an updated host index for this tick.

GUARANTEED ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY IN THE LOCAL POWER SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

The article is focused on the development of a method for determining the part of electricity generated by renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity flows in the branches of the electric grid. The method is based on a mathematical model of the electric grid, in which the coefficients of current distribution in the branches of the circuit from RES nodes and nodal voltages are used to determine the electricity flows in the branches of the electric grid. As a result, a matrix of power distribution coefficients of RES generation units to load nodes of the power grid is formed. This way, the component of the load power that depends on the power in the RES nodes is determined. The voltages used to form the RES power distribution matrix are determined based on the results of calculating the steady-state modes of the power grid or on the measurement data of the ACEMS. Since the forming of local electric power systems (LES) based on RES is actual, the article considers LES as a balancing group within the electric power system (EPS), which can operate as an autonomous system according to certain conditions. It is shown that for this purpose, a RES reservation system should be created in the power system due to their dependence on natural conditions and, accordingly, the instability of their electricity generation. When a transmission system operates as part of an EPS, a general system reserve is usually used (mainly maneuverable capacities of thermal and hydroelectric power plants). In order for the LES can operate as an autonomous one, it is proposed to use other means of power reserve available today: electrochemical energy storage, hydrogen and biogas technologies. An effective way is to coordinate the schedules of RES generation in the LES with the load schedules of active consumers. The example shows that in the case of a power deficit in the LES, RES located in the power grid can be used. The values of the necessary power at the LES connection node, power flows in the branches connecting the LES and RES grid, and power losses in them are determined by the offered method.

Authorship of Italian medical literature on neuroendocrine neoplasms: any gender gap?

While males have dominated the physician lines over the last decades the recent female doctors' number increasing might progressively reduce this gender gap. This might be not fully true in the academic/research area. We aimed to analyze the gender distribution of first/senior Italian authors on neuroendocrine neoplasm papers published on peer reviewed journals. Publications from January 2019 to September 2023 were reviewed; only papers with first and/or senior Italian authors were included. First/senior author gender, type of article, co-authorship with foreign authors were the variable analyzed. 742 papers with Italian first and/or senior authors were retrieved, 449 (60.5%) multicentric, 285 (38.4%) original articles. A female author was first and senior author in 386/742 (52%) and in 228/742 (31%) papers, respectively. 150 (20.2%) papers included foreign coauthors, being an Italian female researcher first author in 50 papers (33%), senior author in 28 (18.6%). The number of Italian female first/senior authors has been increasing over the years (22 in 2019, 113 in 2022; 16 in 2019, 62 in 2022, respectively). The first/senior female authors were mainly Oncologists/Endocrinologists/Pathologists rather than Gastroenterologists/Nuclear Medicine doctors/Surgeons/Radiologists. There has been an increase in the prevalence of female authorship of published research in the neuroendocrine setting over the last 5years, which partially reflects the current distributions in this field, taking into account that several specialties with different gender distribution are involved. However, senior authorship continues to be primarily men. Efforts should be made to improve proportionate gender representation in both clinical and academic/research setting.

Three leafhoppers newly recorded from the European mainland (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), with notes on their habitats

The leafhopper fauna of the Iberian Peninsula is the least studied in Europe. Recent surveys in agroecosystem areas of southern Spain, specifically in Andalusia, aimed to identify potential Auchenorrhyncha vectors of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. During these surveys, three previously unrecorded species of Cicadellidae belonging to the subfamily Deltocephalinae have been discovered. These newly recorded species are Balclutha incisa (Matsumura), Cicadulina (Cicadulina) bipunctata (Melichar), and Maiestas angustisecta (Linnavuori). Generally, these species were previously only known from American, African and eastern Palaearctic regions. This work is the first to record these species on the European mainland. Detailed descriptions of adult specimens have been provided, along with information on their current distribution and host plants. The potential role of these leafhoppers as potential vectors of plant pathogens is discussed, highlighting their importance in agroecosystems.

Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula L.): Central Europe's keystone species 'hiding in plain sight'.

Knowledge of Eurasian aspen's (Populus tremula L.) ecological and growth characteristics is of high importance to plant and wildlife community ecology, and noncommercial forest ecosystem services. This research assessed these characteristics, identified aspen's habitat optimum, and examined causality of its current scarce distribution in central Europe. We analyzed a robust database of field measurements (4,656,130 stands) for forest management planning over 78,000 km2 of the Czech territory. Our analysis we used GIS techniques, with basic and multivariate statistics such as general linear models, ordination, and classification. Results describe a species of broad ecological amplitude that has heretofore attracted little research attention. Spatial analysis showed significant differences between aspen and other forest non-forest cover types. Additionally, we found significant association between the proportion of aspen in a stand, the size of forest property, and the forest category. The results demonstrate historic reasons for aspen's widespread presence, though contemporary occurrence is limited. This study advances the concept of a quantitatively based aspen ecological optimum (niche), which we believe may be beneficial for numerous aspen associates in the context of anticipated warming. Irrespective of local ecology (i.e., the realized aspen niche), the study confirms that profit-driven policy in forestry is chiefly responsible for historic aspen denudation in central Europe. Even so, we demonstrate that ample habitat is present. Further solutions for improving aspen resilience are provided to support these keystone systems so vital to myriad dependent flora and fauna.

Predicted changes in distribution and grazing value of Stipa-based plant communities across the Eurasian steppe

The Eurasian steppe is one of the world's largest continuous areas of grassland and has an important role in supporting livestock grazing, the most ubiquitous land use on Earth. However, the Eurasian steppe is under threat, from irrational grazing utilization, climate change, and resource exploitation. We used an ensemble modeling approach to predict the current and future distribution of Stipa-dominated plant communities in three important steppe subregions; the Tibetan Alpine, Central Asian, and Black Sea-Kazakhstan subregions. We combined this with an assessment of the grazing value of 22 Stipa species, the dominant grassland species in the area, to predict how grazing value might change under future climate change predictions. We found that the effects of changing climates on grazing values differed across the three subregions. Grazing values increased in the Tibetan alpine steppe and to a lesser extent in Central Asia, but there were few changes in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan subregion. The response of different species to changing climates varied with environmental variables. Finally, our trait-based assessment of Stipa species revealed variations in grazing value, and this had major effects on the overall grazing value of the region. Our results reinforce the importance of trait-based characteristics of steppe plant species, how these traits affect grazing value, and how grazing values will change across different areas of the Eurasian steppe. Our work provides valuable insights into how different species will respond to changing climates and grazing, with important implications for sustainable management of different areas of the vast Eurasian steppe ecosystem.

Roles of Al and Mg on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Zn-Al-Mg Hot-Dipped Coated Steel.

In this work, a novel zinc-aluminum-magnesium (Zn-Al-Mg, ZM) coated steel was prepared using the hot-dip method. The microstructure and corrosion resistance of the ZM-coated steel were investigated. Compared to the conventional galvanized steel (GI), the ZM coating demonstrated a distinctive phase structure, consisting of Zn phase, binary eutectic (Zn/MgZn2), and ternary eutectic (Zn/Al/MgZn2). The corrosion resistance of the ZM-coated and GI-coated steels was evaluated by neutral salt spray test (NSST), polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicated that ZM-coated steel provided superior long-term corrosion protection in a NaCl environment compared to GI-coated steel. The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) proved to be an effective method for investigating the evolution of the anodic and cathodic on the local coating surface. GI-coated steel exhibited a potential and current density distribution between the cathodic and anodic sites nearly three orders of magnitude higher than that of ZM-coated steel, suggesting a higher corrosion rate for GI-coated steel.

Stabilization versus Penetration Dynamics Induced by Localized Concentration Polarization in Solid Polymer Electrolytes

While the onset of dendrites found inside solid polymer electrolytes was typically analyzed by the dilute solution theory, nonideal behaviors such as dendrites at underlimiting current densities were often reported. Here, we consider two critical factors that were often neglected in existing studies, the severe heterogeneous current distribution and the dynamic change of modulus during the polarization process. Polymers with different dynamic mechanical properties were assessed, exploiting the recently discovered mechanism of phase transformation inside low-salt-concentration polymers. Analyses of the operando images revealed two characteristic points on the potential curve, the local and total concentration depletion which each corresponded to the starting and stopping point of dendrites. We further assess these dynamics at different degrees of heterogeneity controlled by different electrode sizes. The penetration dynamics and Sand’s time scaling exponent were heavily affected by both the initial concentration and the electrode size, which stress the significance of interfacial dynamic heterogeneity in working batteries.