Current Deposition Research Articles

Sputter deposition of high electrical resistivity Au-Ta alloy coatings on rotating substrates

Sputter deposition of gold-tantalum alloy coatings is a key process for manufacturing hohlraums for magnetically-assisted inertial confinement fusion implosions. Here, we describe direct current magnetron sputter deposition of ∼10−μ∼10−μm-thick films of Au-80 at.% Ta onto rotating sphero-cylindrical hohlraum and planar Si witness substrates. Emphasis is given to how film microstructure and properties are affected by main deposition parameters, including argon working gas pressure, substrate bias, and the source composition (a single alloyed target compared to co-sputtering from two elemental targets). Experimental findings are correlated with distributions of landing energies and incident angles of depositing species calculated by Monte Carlo simulations of ballistic collisions and gas phase atomic transport. Deposition conditions characterized by low energetics of depositing species favor the formation of a β-Ta-like phase. Implications of these results to hohlraum fabrication are discussed.

Bank Deposit Flows to Money Market Funds and ON RRP Usage during Monetary Policy Tightening

Using the historical experience from past monetary tightening cycles and the market-expected path of the federal funds rate for the current tightening cycle, we project that the flows from bank deposits to money market funds (MMFs) would be relatively small, at about $600 billion through the end of 2024, or about 3 percent of current bank deposits. Of these potential inflows to MMFs, about $100 billion are projected to flow into the overnight reverse repo (ON RRP) facility, or about 7 percent of MMFs’ recent take-up. Other factors such as the private demand for repo funding and the net supply of Treasury bills are expected to have more substantial effects on MMFs’ take-up at the ON RRP facility than the inflows from bank deposits.

Development of rhodium coatings by electrodeposition for photocatalytic dye degradation

Research and complete representation of Rhodium (Rh) noble metal on SS304 substrate (Stainless steel) prepared by direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) have been conducted. Various deposition circumstances were investigated, including current density, pH, deposition rate, and temperature. The films were characterized by SEM, EDX and AFM. XRD was used to examine the crystal structure of the Rh coatings. Rh deposited samples show enhanced photocatalytic activity towards methylene blue (MB) and compared its worthy efficacy with various parameters such as pH, dye concentration, oxygen reactive species and scavengers. The dye degradation performance of the PC coated sample is superior to the DC coated sample because of grain size and uniformity and it was tracked with the help of a UV–Vis spectrophotometer.

Rigorously conservative charge and current deposition in 3D cylindrical PIC

Rigorously conservative charge and current deposition in 3D cylindrical PIC

Floating perovskite-BiVO4 devices for scalable solar fuel production.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) artificial leaves hold the potential to lower the costs of sustainable solar fuel production by integrating light harvesting and catalysis within one compact device. However, current deposition techniques limit their scalability1, whereas fragile and heavy bulk materials can affect their transport and deployment. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of lightweight artificial leaves by employing thin, flexible substrates and carbonaceous protection layers. Lead halide perovskite photocathodes deposited onto indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate achieved an activity of 4,266 µmol H2 g-1 h-1 using a platinum catalyst, whereas photocathodes with a molecular Co catalyst for CO2 reduction attained a high CO:H2 selectivity of 7.2 under lower (0.1 sun) irradiation. The corresponding lightweight perovskite-BiVO4 PEC devices showed unassisted solar-to-fuel efficiencies of 0.58% (H2) and 0.053% (CO), respectively. Their potential for scalability is demonstrated by 100 cm2 stand-alone artificial leaves, which sustained a comparable performance and stability (of approximately 24 h) to their 1.7 cm2 counterparts. Bubbles formed under operation further enabled 30-100 mg cm-2 devices to float, while lightweight reactors facilitated gas collection during outdoor testing on a river. This leaf-like PEC device bridges the gulf in weight between traditional solar fuel approaches, showcasing activities per gram comparable to those of photocatalytic suspensions and plant leaves. The presented lightweight, floating systems may enable open-water applications, thus avoiding competition with land use.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF PLACING FUNDS OF INDIVIDUALS AND LEGAL ENTITIES ON BANK DEPOSITS

The purpose. The work is dedicated to the analysis of the peculiarities of placing funds of individuals and legal entities on bank deposits in foreign countries in order to use the acquired results in domestic practice. Methods. In the process of writing the articlesuch methods as method of theoretical generalization, method of economic analysis withthe usage of a graphical method, as well as methods of comparison, systematization and logical generalizationwere used. TheResults.In thearticle the approaches to pricing of deposit products in commercial banks of foreign countries were decomposed by analyzing the dynamics of interest rates on deposits of individuals and legal entities during 2020-2021. The presence of both positive and negative interest rates on deposit products was defined. Thus, during the analyzed period, commercial banks of countries of the European Union offered legal entities to open accounts with a rate from -0.5% to 0.86%, and individuals – from -0.22% to 1.56%. The main types of deposit products offered by commercial banks for individuals were identified. Thus, the authors present and describe the following types of deposits: savings, term and indexed deposits, deposits opened remotely for individuals that are moving to the country for permanent residence or study, deposit products for customers of VIP segment, newborns, and deposit products with registration of the certificate of deposit. The peculiarities of taxation of deposits of individuals in the countries of the European Union were outlined and the absence of taxation of deposits in the Eastern countries was revealed. The current deposit insurance systems of individuals and legal entities in the countries of the European Union and in the United States of Americawere analyzed and a comparison with the existing domestic system was made. The practical significance. The results of the study of deposit activities of foreign commercial banks can be used by commercial banks of Ukraine in developing deposit products and improving existing deposit policy, as well as by scientists, specialists and graduates from higher education institutions in future research on deposit activities of commercial banks.

Pengaruh Giro Wadiah, Tabungan Wadiah, Dan Deposito Terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba Bersih Di PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia

PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia is one of the Islamic banking which has an important role almost the same as other banks and is tasked with collecting funds and distributing them to the public in the form of financing. Changes in profit can be influenced by deposit funds (wadiah current accounts and wadiah savings), and time deposits, assuming that wadiah demand deposits, wadiah savings, and time deposits. This study aims to determine how much influence Wadiah Current Account, Wadiah Savings, and Time Deposits on Net Profit Growth at PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia. The type of research used in this research is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The results showed partially that there was an effect of wadiah demand deposits on net income growth with a significance value of 0.001, there was an effect of wadiah savings on net income growth with a significance value of 0.050, and there was an effect of deposits on net income growth with a significance value of 0.018. Then simultaneously shows that there is an effect of wadiah demand deposits, wadiah savings and time deposits on the growth of net income at PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia of 45.2% with a significance value of 0.005.

Effects of different WAAM current deposition modes on the mechanical properties of AISI H13 tool steel.

In this work, AISI H13 tool steel build-ups were produced through wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The cold metal transfer (CMT), low spatter control (LSC) and pulsed synergic (PS) current deposition modes were compared. Similar deposition strategy was employed in order to attempt to evaluate the influence of energy input on geometrical and mechanical properties of the deposits. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the deposits, hardness and tensile tests were carried out. Microstructures were analysed in optical microscope. As a result of the intrinsic characteristics of each current waveform and adjustments of the heat source used to perform the deposits, the heat input value was similar for CMT and PS mode and lower for the LSC mode. The CMT deposit was the tallest and widest. Temperatures were higher using the PS deposition mode. The hardness values for all deposits were higher than the usual ones for this tool steel. The microstructure was composed by hard phases, and the precipitates at grain boundaries were responsible for the brittle fracture observed in tensile specimens.

Islamic Banks Between the Jurisprudence of Leading Theorists and Application

The last half of the twentieth century witnessed the birth of Islamic banks. Since their inception, these banks have announced - through their theoreticians - their intention to achieve economic and social development based on their commitment to the principles and provisions of Islamic Sharia. The theoreticians' interests were towards long-term investment and partnership-based contracts as a foundation for mobilizing and using financial resources to achieve development. The paper studies the performance of Islamic banks by collecting data from six Islamic banks in six of the major Muslim countries that engage in Islamic finance. Some of the main conclusions are as follows: The Islamic banks' practice reveals that the thoughts of leading theorists have become absent, as these banks have shifted from the long-term investment method to the short-term commercial method in search of liquidity and profitability. As a result, Murabaha became an alternative to credit on the output side. In turn, current deposits dominated the input side, thus transforming Islamic banks into a form similar to commercial banks. The matter was made worse by the resorting of some Islamic banks to the application of organized 'tawarruq,' which reflects the tendency of some current theorists and implementers to follow the path of traditional banks and enter the tunnel of the jurisprudence of reprehensible tricks. Also, the social role hoped for by Islamic banks has become closer to stagnation than to hoped-for mobility. Keywords; Islamic Banks, Muslim Theorists, Islamic Jurisprudence, Bank Practice, Financial Facilities

Modelling mercury concentration in Ghanaian soil

Mercury usage in Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining is a major anthropogenic source of mercury in the environment. In this study, mercury pools and fluxes have been established for Ghana, which has a large ASGM sector, based on estimated losses of mercury to the environment, deposition calculated with GLEMOS, a global long-range transport model for mercury in air, and mercury measured in soils and water in Ghana. A model for mercury in soils and water of Ghana with a resolution of 5 × 5 km2 and a monthly or yearly time step has been developed to assess the regional increase in soil and water concentrations that can be attributed to anthropogenic sources and to simulate scenarios into the future. The model has been calibrated to reproduce present-day mercury concentration in the soil (average 0.0193 mg kg−1) with current deposition calculated with the long-range transport model and past years’ deposition based on a scenario for the historic development of the mining activity. This calculation gives an average increase in soil concentrations from anthropogenic sources of 22%. The model gives a fair description of the regional differences in soil concentrations but underestimates concentrations in regions with intense mining activity and overestimates concentrations in regions with less mining when using deposition from the long-range model as input.

Potential for critical mineral deposits in Maine, USA

An analysis of the potential for deposits of critical minerals and elements in Maine presented here includes data and discussions for antimony, beryllium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, niobium, platinum group elements, rhenium, rare earth elements, tin, tantalum, tellurium, titanium, uranium, vanadium, tungsten, and zirconium. Deposits are divided into two groups based on geological settings and common ore-deposit terminology. One group consists of known deposits (sediment-hosted manganese, volcanogenic massive sulphide, porphyry copper-molybdenum, mafic- and ultramafic-hosted nickel-copper [-cobalt-platinum group elements], pegmatitic lithium-cesium-tantalum) that are in most cases relatively large, well-documented, and have been explored extensively in the past. The second, and much larger group of different minerals and elements, comprises small deposits, prospects, and occurrences that are minimally explored or unexplored. The qualitative assessment used in this study relies on three key criteria: (1) the presence of known deposits, prospects, or mineral occurrences; (2) favourable geologic settings for having certain deposit types based on current ore deposit models; and (3) geochemical anomalies in rocks or stream sediments, including panned concentrates. Among 20 different deposit types considered herein, a high resource potential is assigned only to three: (1) sediment-hosted manganese, (2) mafic- and ultramafic-hosted nickel-copper(-cobalt-platinum group elements), and (3) pegmatitic lithium-cesium-tantalum. Moderate potential is assigned to 11 other deposit types, including: (1) porphyry copper-molybdenum (-rhenium, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, platinum group elements); (2) chromium in ophiolites; (3) platinum group elements in ophiolitic ultramafic rocks; (4) granite-hosted uranium-thorium; (5) tin in granitic plutons and veins; (6) niobium, tantalum, and rare earth elements in alkaline intrusions; (7) tungsten and bismuth in polymetallic veins; (8) vanadium in black shales; (9) antimony in orogenic veins and replacements; (10) tellurium in epithermal deposits; and (11) uranium in peat.

Bimodal Holocene flank eruptions at Lanín composite volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes: Characterization of their deposits and controls on the vents array

The Pleistocene to Holocene Lanín composite volcano, in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes, has summit and flank eruptions of Holocene age. We present here a characterization of flank vents and their deposits produced during the most recent eruptions of the Lanín volcano. Volcanic facies analysis indicates four unreported Holocene eruptive units sourced from flank vents. The associated deposits have basaltic, basaltic andesitic and trachytic compositions, and were formed mainly by low-volume effusive and mainly Strombolian-like explosive eruptions. Pyroclastic deposits were identified at the NE, E and SW volcano flanks, and correspond to concentrated and diluted pyroclastic density current deposits, in addition to non-welded to welded fall deposits. Basaltic lava flows of pahoehoe morphology were produced in a purely effusive episode. An analysis of the distribution of Lanín's flank vents (dyke's orientation and vent alignments) along fault-kinematic analysis in basement rocks were carried out with the aim of assessing the basement anisotropies that may have controlled the location and orientation of dykes, eruptive fissures and vent alignments. Contrary to expectations, the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault System does not constitute a first-order control on the orientation of dykes and vents alignments in Lanín. The vents arrangement may be partly influenced by pre-Andean crustal scale fault zones, such as the Mocha-Villarica Fault Zone, and local basement structures. The predominance of flank vents over summit eruptions strongly suggests that the load of the volcanic edifice is a controlling factor.

Obtaining Thin Films of ZnO Through Thermal Evaporation in Vacuum and Oxidation

The paper presents the obtaining of thin films out of ZnO by thermal evaporation and oxidation, in a conventional furnace, at various temperatures between 350-550 oC of films from pure Zn deposited. The influence of current intensity, deposition time and oxidation temperature on film structure and transparency was monitored.

Anti-infective DNase I coatings on polydopamine functionalized titanium surfaces by alternating current electrophoretic deposition

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) can cause serious problems due to the difficult-to-treat nature of the biofilms formed on the implant surface. In mature biofilms, the matrix, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and extracellular DNA (eDNA), forms a protective environment for the residing bacteria, shielding them from antibiotics and host defenses. Recently, the indirect prevention of biofilm growth through the degradation of eDNA using an enzyme, such as deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I, has gained attention and is regarded as a promising strategy in the battle against IAIs. In this study, coatings of DNase I were applied on titanium implant materials and their anti-infective properties were investigated. First, the effectiveness of alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC-EPD) as a novel processing route to apply DNase I on titanium was examined and compared with the commonly applied diffusion methodology (i.e. classic dipping). For the same processing time, the use of AC-EPD in combination with a polydopamine (PDA) coupling chemistry on the titanium electrode surface significantly increased the protein deposition yield as compared to classic dipping, thereby yielding homogeneous coatings with a thickness of 12.8 nm and an average surface roughness, Sa, of ∼20 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of peptide bonds on all DNase-coated substrates. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry detected a more dense DNase I layer in the case of AC-EPD for electrodes coupled as anode during the high-amplitude half cycle of the AC signal. The enzyme activity, release kinetics, and shelf life of DNase I coatings were monitored in real-time using a quantitative qDNase assay. The activity of DNase I coatings produced using AC-EPD was three time higher than for coatings prepared by classic dipping. For both deposition methods, a high initial burst release was observed within the first 2 h, while some activity was still retained at the surface after 7 days. This can be explained by the stable attachment of a small fraction of DNase to the surface through covalent bonding to the PDA layer, while superimposing DNase deposits were only loosely bound and therefore released rapidly upon immersion in the medium. Interestingly, coatings prepared with AC-EPD exhibited a prolonged, gradual release of DNase activity. The AC-EPD DNase coatings significantly reduced biofilm formation of both Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa up to 20 h, whereas DNase coatings prepared by short classic dipping only reduce S. epidermidis biofilm formation, and this to a lesser extent as compared to AC-EPD DNase coatings. Overall, this study indicates that AC-EPD allows to rapidly concentrate DNase I on PDA-functionalized titanium, while maintaining the enzyme activity and anti-infective ability. This highlights the potential of AC-EPD as a time-efficient coating strategy (as opposed to the much slower dip-coating methodologies) for bioactive molecules in a wide variety of biomedical applications.

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AS DRIVERS OF RETAIL 4.0 – HOW RFID COULD IMPROVE RETURNABLE BOTTLE LOGISTICS IN THE GERMAN BEVERAGE INDUSTRY

This research paper discusses how RFID technology could improve current deposit bottle logistic processes in food retailing and which obstacles impede successful implementations. Research Methodology include desk research: Library, EBSCOhost, wiso.net, Google Scholar, Scientific Journals, Statista, SpringerLink. Implementation of RFID is potentially beneficial, but same obstacles remain outlook. To validate the conclusion further studying and practical proof of concept are necessary. Contributions: supply chain management, return logistics, food retail, beverage industry.

The Impact of Fine-Scale Present and Historical Land Cover on Plant Diversity in Central European National Parks with Heterogeneous Landscapes

As the human population grows, the transformation of landscapes for human uses increases. In recent homogeneous and predominantly agricultural landscapes, land-cover and management changes are considered the main drivers of vascular plant diversity. However, the specific effects of land-cover classes across whole heterogeneous landscapes are still insufficiently explored. Here, we investigated two floristic surveys realised in 1997 and 2021, accompanied by fine-scale land-cover classes detected in 1950, 1999 and 2018, to reveal the impact of historical and present land cover on the pattern of species composition and species richness in the bilateral Podyjí and Thayatal National Parks. Multi-dimensional analyses revealed that the species composition was driven by the fine-scale historical land cover, the overall species richness was mostly affected by the river phenomenon and the present richness was mostly affected by increased soil nutrients. In well-preserved protected areas, it is especially desirable to restore disappearing land-cover classes with traditional or compensatory management to retain plant species richness, which is a key factor of biodiversity. However, management plans should also take into account the increasing amount of nitrogen in soils from long-term continual deposition, which can strongly impact the species richness, even in national parks with low current deposition.

Laminated Cu-GO-Cu composite foils with improved mechanical and thermal properties by alternating DC electro-deposition and electrophoresis

Cu-graphene oxide (GO)-Cu laminated composites foils with a “brick-mud” structure were designed and fabricated by an alternating methods of direct current deposition and electrophoresis. The effects of processing parameters and laminated structure on its micro-structure and mechanical/thermal properties were investigated, and the grain nucleation and growth behavior on GO during the electro-deposition was analyzed. The results revealed that compared with pure Cu foils, the maximum tensile strength increased from 237 MPa to 308 MPa. While, the thermal conductivity of Cu-GO-Cu laminated composites with optimized condition increased 11% to 439.60 W m−1 K−1. The existence of loose GO made it easier for copper ions to pass through and form more denser network structure, so that the performance of composite foils can be optimized. The enhanced mechanical and thermal properties are attributed to favorable interfacial bonding and well-designed laminated structure of Cu-GO composites.

ATTRACTING DEPOSIT FLOWS AS THE MAIN RESOURCE OF INVESTMENTS IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The article on "Attracting deposit flows as the main resource of investment in the economy during the Covid-19 pandemic" is devoted to finding methods and ways to stabilize the financial condition of the bank during the crisis, namely by attracting deposit flows, which is the main investment resource. The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for the introduction of deposit flows as the main resource for investment in the economy during the pandemic Covid-19. The study of the formation of the bank's deposit policy revealed the main reasons for banks to attract funds from individuals, namely: a stable resource (the nature of deposits depends on the types of lending operations, and accordingly the amount of profit); commercial banks can attract sufficient resources of this kind; relatively cheap resource for banks compared to interbank loans and other financial instruments; private deposits are beneficial for banks (current deposits show less activity in the movement of funds than in the funds of enterprises). The principles of banking strategy are studied and the classification of intrabank principles and their distribution taking into account the economic situation into: general (principle of scientific substantiation; principle of system integrity; principle of integrated approach; principle of optimality and efficiency; principle of unity of elements) and specific (principle of ensuring optimal cost level; principle) security; the principle of reliability; the principle of unity of elements). The banking market is considered, the leaders in terms of profitability of a banking institution are identified. The state of deposit policy in some banks is analyzed and the problems of deposit policy of Ukrainian banks during the Covid-19 Pandemic are identified. The directions and ways of their decision are offered. Based on the study, ways to attract depositors to banks during the Covid-19 pandemic as the main investors, whose funds are a source of economic development.

Effect of Ti-Based Thin Solid Films on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of AL7075-T7351

Aluminum alloy itself does not provide sufficient wear resistance for structural parts. Therefore, there is need to protect against the wear issue in practical applications. The objective of this study is to investigate different parameters wear characteristics of direct current (dc) magnetron sputtered titanium films on Al7075-T7351 using a wear test. Each parameter has three levels which include the direct current (DC) power, deposition time, and substrate surface roughness. The thickness of the coatings was measured using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) from approximately 0.5 μ m to 4.4 μ m . The titanium thin film coatings were then evaluated using a PD102 wear tester under conditions of 60 rpm, 2N, 30 minutes. As a result, the coefficient of friction of the coating was reduced, and the wear resistance of the coating was improved as the applied power and deposition time increased. The hardness of titanium-coated specimens is increased significantly up to 272 HV, while the hardness of uncoated specimens was 160 HV.

Pulsed direct-current reactive sputtering of high Young's modulus [002] oriented aluminum nitride thin films

This work reports a process-parameter optimization of [002] oriented high Young's modulus aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films deposited by pulsed direct current (DC) reactive sputtering method. Properties of deposited AlN films are mainly determined by the material's microstructure and morphology, which can be modulated by the process parameters. Commonly explored process parameters of reactive sputtering of AlN are substrate temperature, process pressure, gas composition, substrate type, etc. Process pressure and nitrogen concentration have the most significant influence on the topography and morphology of the film, deposited by the pulsed DC reactive sputtering method. DC pulse parameters such as pulse frequency and pulse duty cycle also influence the properties of deposited AlN films, which have been addressed in this work. The pulse frequency of 100 kHz and a duty cycle of 80% was found to be the most suitable pulse parameters. This paper also reports the voltage and current behavior and deposition rate dependence under varying process parameters and pulsed properties. Optimization of process parameters is commonly done by characterizing the deposited AlN films’ crystallinity, surface roughness, and residual stress. This work addresses the influences of process and pulse parameters on Young's modulus besides other characteristic properties of the film. The AlN films deposited with the optimized method and pulse parameters yield Young's modulus of up to 335 GPa while dropping the surface roughness to 1.2 nm.