Current Cost Research Articles

Busbar Design for High-Power SiC Converters

Busbars are critical components that connect high-current and high-voltage subcomponents in high-power converters. This paper reviews the latest busbar design methodologies and offers design recommendations for both laminated and PCB-based busbars. Silicon Carbide (SiC) power devices switch at much higher speeds compared to traditional silicon devices, making them more susceptible to parasitic elements within the busbar. In high-frequency SiC converters, using thicker copper offers limited improvement in high-frequency current handling due to the reduced skin depth at such frequencies. PCB busbars, however, provide several advantages, including reduced loop inductance, enhanced high-frequency current capacity, simplified assembly, and lower costs. Additionally, they enable the integration of components such as sensors, capacitors, and resistors, which can further optimize overall system performance. This paper also presents optimized busbar designs for both module-based and discrete device-based SiC high-power converters, comparing various SiC power module packages and offering design insights. Finally, this paper showcases a 75 kW three-phase inverter utilizing a PCB busbar, demonstrating its potential for achieving high power density and cost-effectiveness in discrete SiC device-based high-power converters.

Could the Inflation Reduction Act Maximum Fair Price Hurt Patients?

Background: The Inflation Reduction Act's Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program allows the federal government to negotiate caps for select medications. These price caps may reduce revenue for the pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) that negotiate the actual price paid for medicines in the U.S. To offset the resulting pressure on their profit margins, it is possible that PBMs would, in turn, increase patients' out-of-pocket costs for medicines with capped prices. The model presented here evaluates how increased out-of-pocket costs for the anticoagulants apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto) could impact patients financially and clinically. Methods: Copay distributions for all 2023 prescription fills for apixaban and rivaroxaban managed by the 3 largest PBMs, CVS Caremark, Express Scripts International, and Optum Rx, were used to approximate current copay costs. Increased out-of-pocket costs were modeled as a shift of all apixaban and rivaroxaban prescriptions to the highest copay tier. The known linear relationship between copay costs and treatment abandonment was used to calculate the potential resulting increase in treatment abandonment. Known rates of morbidity and mortality due to abandoning anticoagulants were used to estimate resulting increases in morbidity and mortality. Results: If the 3 largest PBMs all shifted costs onto patients by moving all apixaban and rivaroxaban prescriptions to the highest formulary tier, Tier 6, patients' copay amount would increase by 482 million for apixaban and 206 million for rivaroxaban. Such an increase could lead to 169 000 to 228 000 patients abandoning apixaban and 71 000 to 93 000 abandoning rivaroxaban. The resulting morbidity and mortality could include up to an additional 145 000 major cardiovascular events and up to 97 000 more deaths. Conclusion: The Medicare Price Negotiation Program could impact patients negatively if it causes PBMs to increase patients' out-of-pocket costs for medicines. Policymakers should closely monitor changes in overall affordability, including all patient out-of-pocket expenditures, for medications in the program. Preemptive measures should be considered to ensure that the most vulnerable citizens are not placed in precarious situations, leading to poorer health outcomes.

Willingness to pay for broadband: A case study of Wisconsin

As broadband expansion efforts in the U.S. continue with historic investments, consumer demand for residential broadband services is of first-order importance. Several past broadband willingness to pay studies estimate the value of broadband to be low, compared to the current national average cost of internet subscriptions being around $65 per month. Additional estimates of household's willingness to pay for broadband are needed to provide more insight into how much households value these services and what type of support would be most efficient in increasing broadband adoption to close the digital divide. These estimates are helpful for policymakers, internet service providers, and community leaders working on broadband subsidy programs, trying to bring ISPs to communities, and setting service prices. Using choice experiment data from a 2022 broadband survey in Wisconsin, I find households are willing to pay $45-$334 per month to go from not having internet at home to having speeds between 25 Mbps and 1,000 Mbps and are willing to pay $10-$38 for greater reliability, depending on household income level. While consumers are willing to pay more for speed than reliability, the value consumers place on speed is diminishing. Connection is valuable to people, but getting connected at a much faster speed is not seen as worth a lot more. These estimates suggest households place a high value on home internet and are willing to pay at least, if not more, than prices already available on the market in many places.

Techno-economic analysis of diesel, natural gas, electric and hydrogen buses

Abstract Many regions and cities are implementing Electric (BEB – Battery Electric Bus) and hydrogen (FCB – Fuel Cell Bus) buses instead of the diesel (Diesel) and natural gas (CNG – Compressed Natural Gas) traditional ones. Many papers and reports compare the different Total Cost of Ownership of these buses but not always clarify mission, powertrain and context data. This study, starting from literature analysis, referring to a specific typical urban bus mission (17 km/h average speed per 12 h daily service), quotes techno-economic-environmental buses (purchase, maintenance, energy consumption and CO2 emissions costs), powertrains (combustion engine, battery, fuel cells, hydrogen storage) and context (diesel, CNG, electricity, hydrogen costs) data. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is carried out considering different operational scenarios based on high or low consumptions, high or low electricity costs, three hydrogen production ways and current (current, batteries and hydrogen technologies costs) and future (15% increase of diesel and CNG costs and decrease of batteries and hydrogen technologies costs) so evaluating 24 scenarios. The results shows that TCO is mainly constituted by every year costs (i.e. maintenance plus emissions and energy consumption,) respect to the one-time cost (so divided by the lifetime, i.e. purchase costs) except in the more competitive hydrogen scenarios where these 3 costs correspond equally to a 30% of the overall TCO. Thus, the bus choice, have to be made on the specific technologies and energies context costs instead on the international buses purchase cost. In fact, it is not possible to define a best technology for any scenario, especially for the future scenarios (so with a variation of diesel, CNG, battery, fuel cells, electricity and hydrogen costs). The best technology will depend on the specific context, and so specific analysis have to be made before to choose the technology to be applied. Indeed, CNG in the current scenarios is always the best technology followed by diesel, but CNG and diesel have emission costs and fossil fuel cost are expected to increase. BEB in the current and future scenarios are never the best technologies but it can be the best technology in scenarios with lower autonomy. FCB in the future scenarios are the best technology for 10 of the 12 scenarios analysed, that it is possible to say that FCB, taking into account the great possibilities of hydrogen production and the flexibility in power and energy respect the electric, even with the lower powertrain efficiencies respect to electric, is a technology that can be applied in many different contexts.

Healthcare performance for patients with heart failure in Iran: addressing the tip of the iceberg.

Chronic diseases, such as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), remain significant factors in the healthcare burden in Iran. Healthcare systems must have comprehensive data on the current usage, costs, and quality of care to tackle these challenges and formulate strategic plans effectively. The study included 209 patients with a mean age of 58 years (SD = 16.5) who met the inclusion criteria of having an ejection fraction of less than 40% and a confirmed diagnosis of HFrEF. This study used nationally representative data to assess the healthcare usage, costs, and quality of HFrEF management in Iran. The most used services were medication dispensing (76%) and outpatient visits (53%), while rehabilitation (3%) and homecare (2%) were used less frequently. The annual per-patient direct medical cost was $1,464, with $308 (21%) paid out-of-pocket (OOP). Hospitalization accounted for most of the total cost (68%), and pharmacy expenses comprised the largest portion of OOP payments (46%). Echocardiography was performed for 91.1% of patients upon admission. Only 71.6% of patients had arrangements for a cardiology visit within seven days following hospital discharge. Additionally, only 67.5% of patients received prescriptions for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and 85% were prescribed beta-blockers. Patients with heart failure in Iran face challenges in accessing adequate cardiac care, including a lack of care continuity and advanced cardiac services. The study provided an essential benchmark for future healthcare reform.

INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF ENTERPRISE: CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL APPARATUS AND ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF VALUATION

The article is devoted to the study of the innovative potential of the enterprise, in particular, the conceptual and categorical apparatus and the development of the economic-mathematical evaluation model. The work analyzes the essence and components of innovative potential, which include financial, organizational, personnel, technical and technological, and intellectual resources. It was established that the innovative potential of the enterprise is a resource that not only determines its possibilities for creating innovations, but also requires a complex approach to management to ensure long-term development. Particular attention is paid to the definition of innovation potential through the prism of its influence on the development and implementation of innovations that allow enterprises to achieve competitive advantages and ensure sustainable development in the conditions of a changing market environment. It was determined that the innovative potential of the enterprise is a set of tangible and intangible resources that ensure the ability of the organization to develop and implement new products, processes and services. It has been established that innovative potential is an important element for achieving the strategic goals of the enterprise, developing and maintaining competitive advantages in the market. It was found that the main factors affecting the innovative potential of the enterprise are the presence of highly qualified personnel, the development of intellectual capital, the ability to implement the latest technologies and established partnership relations with external business entities. The article examines the methods of evaluating innovation potential using economic and mathematical models that allow determining the effectiveness of using available resources and identifying potential opportunities for their development. It has been established that an important aspect of the management of innovation potential is the availability of sufficient funding for the implementation of innovations, as well as the creation of an innovative climate in the organization. As part of the study, a model for determining the level of innovation potential was proposed by analyzing the financial resources of the business entity for their availability to cover current costs and the formation of reserves to ensure innovative activity.

Costs Analysis of Kidney Transplantation in Spain: Differences Between Regional Health Services

Background: For our society, chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem associated with high mortality, morbidity, reduced quality of life and a progressive increase in health costs. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the current cost of kidney transplantation (KT) and kidney–pancreas transplantation (KPT) among the different Regional Health Services (RHS) in Spain. Methods: A descriptive comparative study analyzing the public prices of RHS in Spain. The Official Gazette of the different communities was consulted, where the latest available order on this type of cost was sought. A descriptive analysis was made of the stipulated cost of the KT and KPT, for each degree of severity, RHS, year of publication and cost calculation method. Mean cost and standard deviation were calculated. Results: KT prices were found for 15 of the 18 RHS (83.33%). The average cost of KT in Spain was EUR 33,926.53 ± 6950.053 (range from EUR 23,140.37 in the Canary Islands to EUR 48,205.75 in Catalonia). For KPT, costs were found for 5 of the 18 RHS (27.8%). The mean cost of KPT was EUR 65,792.38 ± 11,273.12 (ranging from EUR 49,418.81 in Navarra to EUR 78,363.20 in Andalusia). Conclusions: There is a large variability in KT and KPT costs in Spain between RHS. Our study underlines the importance of adopting standardized and updated costing methods for KT and KPT.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of Tumor Treating Fields treatment in Chinese patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

The LUNAR trial demonstrated the significant efficacy and safety of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) plus standard-of-care (SOC) [immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and docetaxel (DTX)] for patients with previously treated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC). However, it remains uncertain as to whether the high costs are justified by the corresponding survival benefits. Here, the cost-effectiveness of using TTFields plus SOC for treating mNSCLC was evaluated from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. A Markov model with a 15-year time horizon was established and used to comparedeveloped to enable the simulation of treatment-associated costs and patient outcomes when comparing TTFields plus SOC to SOC alone. Primary outcomes for these analyses included total costs, life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) values. The impact of paramere uncertainty on model outcomes was evaluated through sensitivity analyses. Additional subgroup and scenario analyses were also performed to extend these results. While TTFields plus SOC exhibited a $74,688 increase in total costs relative to SOC ($96,092 vs. $21,404), it was associated with 0.38 additional QALYs (1.08 vs. 0.82 QALYs) for an ICER of $284,490/QALY. This value exceeded the $35,983/QALY willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold selected for these analyses by a wide margin. Relative to ICI and DTX treatment, the incremental costs of TTFields plus ICI and TTFields plus DTX were $78,115 and $71,307, respectively, with corresponding gains of 0.42 and 0.13 QALYs, yielding ICERs of $187,434/QALY, and $546,386/QALY. The parameter that most strongly impacted the results of these analyses was the cost of TTFields. The results indicated that given current treatment costs, TTFields plus SOC was insufficiently cost-effective in treating patients with mNSCLC in China, although TTFields plus ICI yields substantial health benefits.

Cost Reduction in Blood Transfusions After Implementation of Decision Protocol Based on Hemoglobin and Anemia Symptoms: A Pre-Post Analysis.

BACKGROUND Blood products are an expensive resource. The study aimed to assess the cost spent on red blood cell (RBC) transfusions before and after implementing a 2-factorial RBC transfusion decision protocol and the current cost of an RBC transfusion procedure in the local healthcare system. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six-month periods before and after the implementation of the decision protocol were compared. The cost components considered included RBCs, laboratory tests, labor of healthcare workers involved in the procedure, and management of transfusion reactions. RESULTS Following the implementation of the decision protocol, there was a decrease in transfusion costs by €51,411 (56.4%) in our low transfusion rate setting. Inappropriate RBC transfusions amounted to €25,0146 (62.9% of all transfusions costs). The cost of a leucodepleted RBC transfusion increased in the periods being compared, from approximately €109 to €126 in the local healthcare system. CONCLUSIONS Implementing an RBC transfusion decision protocol based on a 2-factorial approach can lead to a more than 2-fold reduction in cost spent on RBC transfusions in a low transfusion rate setting. Even after the implementation of the protocol, further education of clinicians is required, as there may still be potential to reduce costs associated with inappropriate transfusions. The non-RBC acquisition cost of an RBC transfusion procedure approximates the cost of a blood component itself in the local healthcare system.

Quantifying cost-savings in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Aotearoa New Zealand.

To estimate the cost-impact if faricimab were approved for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in New Zealand. A retrospective, single-centre cost-analysis study. Data on intravitreal agent and injection intervals were obtained and statistically compared. Cost estimates were based on internal facility and publicly available data. The current costs of care were compared to two scenarios: one where all eyes receive faricimab, and another where eyes receiving aflibercept switch to faricimab. A total of 352 eyes from 292 patients were analysed. Present values locally over 10 years were estimated at -$6,776,340 for the first scenario and $5,015,922 for the second, releasing 252 and 176 hours of clinical time per year, respectively. Nationally, the savings extrapolated to -$187,925,737 and $139,104,706, respectively. The analysis indicates significant direct cost savings for the health sector and potential reductions in patient harm due to fewer injections. The approval of faricimab for the treatment of nAMD could result in substantial direct cost savings for the health sector. Additional benefits include reducing patient harm and improving ophthalmic health inequalities for Māori and Pacific peoples. Further research in diverse patient populations across multiple centres is needed to estimate the magnitude of cost savings more accurately. This study highlights the potential of faricimab to alleviate the treatment burden and provide a more sustainable healthcare option for nAMD in New Zealand, especially in cases of recalcitrant nAMD, if used in a tailored and patient-specific manner alongside the existing armamentarium of treatments.

Ground-breaking approach to enabling fully solar renewable energy communities

Renewable Energy Communities are an important strategy of the EU, to promote and optimize the distributed deployment of renewable generation systems. At current incentives and costs, RECs that share the energy produced by PV/battery systems are expected to take the lion's share of distributed generation. In this paper, we highlight some important critical issues in electric system management that could result from the deployment of RECs if PV/battery system generation cannot meet the entire community demand. Thus, we show how a flexible PV system (PV/battery systems able to provide firm/dispatchable generation) can be cost-effectively dimensioned to supply 24/365 96%–97 % of the demand of a residential users' community. We demonstrate that flexible PV systems of 1/10 MWp with 1.2/12 MWh of storage capacity can supply communities of 142/1420 residential users at a least production cost of 0.12/0.096 €/kWh. We further provide two business models based on power purchase agreement to demonstrate that, at these production costs, fully solar RECs are currently techno-economically feasible and provide mutual benefits to both flexible PV producers and REC members. Suitable virtual corporate PPAs can reduce the electric bill of the REC members by 11%–5% without requiring any investments and increase the producer incomes by 18%–22 %.

Application of the Clinical Outcomes, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Related Costs Model in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Introduction: The change in prevalence and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) led to changes in outcomes and costs. We aimed to assess current clinical outcomes, resource utilisation, and costs in COPD. Methods: Retrospective, observational study of a cohort of consecutive COPD patients who visited the emergency department (ED) of a large tertiary hospital in 2018. The study measured baseline characteristics, 30-day and 1-year mortality, readmission, re-ED visit rates, and costs using the Clinical Outcomes, HEalthcare REsource utilisatioN, and relaTed costs (COHERENT) model, validated for heart failure. This model, featuring a colour graphic system, tracks time spent in different clinical situations (home, ED, hospital), considering vital status, healthcare resource use, and related costs. Results: In 2018, 2,384 patients with a primary COPD diagnosis visited the ED. The average age was 76 years, with 40% women. Observed mortality rates were 7.6% in-hospital, 8.5% at 30 days, and 23.4% at 1 year. The readmission rates were 9.9% and 36.1%, respectively. The cohort’s 1-year cost was approximately EUR 14.6 million (USD 15.95 million), with a median cost per patient of EUR 3,298 (USD 3,603.96). Hospitalisation incurred the highest costs, with initial hospitalisation and readmissions accounting for 44.7% and 42.6% of expenditures, respectively. Conclusion: One-year mortality and readmission rates for patients with COPD visiting the ED remain high with a significant economic impact on the health system. This burden justifies special programs to improve their care.

Recyclability level and quantity decisions of electronic manufacturers under four recycling systems of extended producer responsibility

Some electronic manufacturers and groups have left or are planning to leave the default recycling system that regulates their responsibilities for end-of-life (EoL) products. A legislative menu in the extended producer responsibility (EPR) framework allows manufacturers to choose the rate or cost model freely. In this paper, we model four potential recycling systems to study how two firms with brand differentiation should choose legislative models. We analyze the effect of take-back rate and brand differentiation on the firms’ equilibrium decisions, identify the condition in which firms leave the default plan, and further compare economic and environmental outcomes among all recycling systems. We find that only the cost system creates free-riding avenues because the current cost allocation mechanism by market shares does not concern the environmental contributions of members. We also find that the hybrid system (which includes rate-cost and cost-rate systems) provides higher design incentives than the basic case (which includes rate and cost systems), contrasting to the conventional wisdom in which the rate system has superior design incentives. Finally, our results demonstrate that the rate-cost system performs better economic and environmental benefits due to the perfect match between differentiated manufacturers and legislative models.

Radiographs are of limited use and low cost-effectiveness when combined with ultrasound for abdominal restaging in dogs with solid, soft tissue tumours.

The purposes of this study were to assess the frequency of detection of clinically relevant findings by abdominal radiographs and abdominal ultrasound during restaging of solid, soft tissue tumours in dogs and to determine the cost per clinically relevant finding for both modalities. The medical records of 159 dogs which underwent a total of 223 restaging episodes following a diagnosis of a solid, soft tissue tumour within, or with potential for metastasis to, the abdomen were reviewed. Data collected from the sample dogs were reviewed for clinically relevant findings, including local recurrence, lymph node or intra-abdominal metastasis, and other changes that would influence prognosis or management. The clinically relevant findings were compared between abdominal radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. The cost per clinically relevant finding was calculated per modality based on current hospital costs. Clinically relevant findings were observed in 158 restaging episodes. Ninety-two clinically relevant findings were detected with ultrasound alone, and 65 clinically relevant findings were detected with a combination of both modalities. Only one dog had a clinically relevant finding detected with radiographs alone. Findings were identified significantly more frequently with ultrasound than radiographs. Cost per clinically relevant finding was 495 USD (approx. 373 GBP/448 EUR) for abdominal radiographs and 323 USD (approx. 242 GBP/292 EUR) for abdominal ultrasound. Abdominal radiographs were of minimal use beyond abdominal ultrasound for restaging in this study, despite a higher cost per clinically relevant finding than abdominal ultrasound. This study does not support routine use of abdominal radiographs during routine restaging of solid, soft tissue tumours.

Development of a novel full thyristors hybrid DC circuit breaker combining vacuum and gas integrated series switch

In order to accelerate the fault current transfer rate of hybrid DC circuit breaker (HDCCB) and reduce the cost. A novel full thyristors HDCCB combining vacuum and gas integrated series switch is proposed in this paper, which accelerates the fault current transferred. Moreover, the breaking of higher current levels and lower cost by using the full thyristors to replace the IGBT and other power electronic (PE) devices are realized. The operation of proposed HDCCB is analyzed in detail, and the theoretical numerical model is derived. With the key parameters optimized in terms of the operation HDCCB, the breaking current capability and the effectiveness are verified by the simulation model. Based on this, preliminary tests from a developed low-power prototype are presented and verified the performance of the proposed novel HDCCB.

Fueling Costa Rica’s green hydrogen future: A financial roadmap for global leadership

This study evaluates the financial viability and scalability of green hydrogen production in Costa Rica, focusing on solar and wind energy. The research analyzes seven key provinces using Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and wind speed data to assess energy potential. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV), hydrogen production costs, and economic sustainability over multiple project lifetimes. Guanacaste, with solar irradiance of 5.49 kWh/m2/day and wind speeds of 6.59 m/s, emerges as the most favorable region. The analysis reveals an NPV of $1,519.79 USD for onshore wind and $2,320.24 USD for offshore wind over 10 years. These values increase significantly for longer lifetimes, with 25-year NPVs of $3,687.40 USD for onshore wind and $5,890.72 USD for offshore wind, and 50-year NPVs reaching $7,456.21 USD and $11,560.38 USD, respectively. Hydrogen production costs are estimated at $49,696.75 USD from solar and $14,923.19 USD from wind energy. Despite its potential, high costs remain a challenge, requiring policy incentives, international cooperation, and green bonds to drive down costs and scale production. The study offers crucial insights for policymakers, investors, and researchers to support Costa Rica’s leadership in the global green hydrogen economy.

Dimensional Accuracy in 3D Printed Medical Models: A Follow-Up Study on SLA and SLS Technology

Background: With the rise of new 3D printers, assessing accuracy is crucial for obtaining the best results in patient care. Previous studies have shown that the highest accuracy is achieved with SLS printing technology; however, SLA printing technology has made significant improvements in recent years. Methods: In this study, a realistic anatomical model of a mandible and skull, a cutting guide for mandibular osteotomy, and a splint for orthognathic surgery were replicated five times each using two different 3D printing technologies: SLA and SLS. Results: The SLA group had a median trueness RMS value of 0.148 mm and a precision RMS value of 0.117 mm. The SLS group had a median trueness RMS value of 0.144 mm and a precision RMS value of 0.096 mm. There was no statistically significant difference in RMS values between SLS and SLA technologies regarding trueness. Regarding precision, however, the RMS values for SLS technology were significantly lower in the splint and cutting guide applications than those printed with SLA technology. Conclusions: Both 3D printing technologies produce modern models and applications with equally high dimensional accuracy. Considering current cost pressures experienced by hospitals, the lower-cost SLA 3D printer is a reliable choice for point-of-care 3D printing.

Cost of operating a human milk bank in the UK: a microcosting analysis

ObjectiveGlobally, demand for donor human milk (DHM) is increasing with WHO guidelines recommending DHM as the first line nutrition for premature infants in the absence or shortfall of maternal milk....

Analysis of the Current Situation of Cost Management and Control of Highway Construction Projects

The highway engineering process is complex, coupled with a relatively long construction period, hence requires increased coordination between participating units to prevent economic disputes and efficiency losses. The main body of the construction project needs to strengthen the management and control of funds. In this regard, this paper analyzes the importance of cost management in highway projects by clarifying and analyzing the current cost management status quo problems and causes. The highway engineering cost control strategy and implementation methods are summarized to provide references for improving the quality of highway engineering.

Cost-effective operation strategies to secure drinking water accompanied by low emissions by water safety plans

ABSTRACT Inadequate energy management leads to more emission exposure, which causes climate change, severe environmental contamination, and human health risks. Therefore, the World Health Organisation (WHO) monitors universal efforts to prevent emissions and encourages governments to develop industries to transform the green economy. During the current study, the energy and cost variation was observed through three years (2020, 2021, and 2022) at a surface water plant in southern Egypt. Consistent with applying operation strategies that met convenient standard operating procedures (SOPs) during 2021 and 2022. Energy consumption was reduced by 13% to 17%, and the cost decreased by 5% to 12% for 2021 and 2022, respectively. These energy and financial savings should be considered as an influence of the water safety plans (WSPs). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was utilised to identify the mechanism of energy consumption and its impact on the cost during the study period. The finding proves that the energy and cost rise is related to increased water demand during the summer months, periodic/emergency maintenance, and comprehensive cleaning activities. WSPs were applied to control biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and oil and grease (O & G) that show increasing values than Egyptian law.