Current Collection System Research Articles

МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ СТРУМОПРИЙМАЛЬНОЇ ГОЛОВКИ ТРОЛЕЙБУСА

The article deals with the issue of improving the reliability of the existing fleet of passenger trolleybuses. One of the possible options for increasing the reliability of operation of the trolleybus fleet is presented. Based on the collected statistical data, the typical causes of trolleybus failures were identified. It has been shown that the largest number of trolleybus failures is associated with electrical equipment malfunctions. It is determined that one of the most promising ways to reduce the number of failures is to improve the reliability of current collectors. To this end, the general state of affairs in this field was analyzed. A method for improving the reliability of current collector operation in adverse weather conditions is proposed. To solve this problem, it is proposed to change the design of the current collectors. The existing ways of solving this problem are investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods are determined. The paper proposes a new constructive solution, which, according to the authors' idea, allows solving the problem. The essence of the solution is the simultaneous installation of two current-collecting inserts on the current collector rod. The current collecting inserts used have different physical properties and, when working together, improve the operating conditions of the trolleybus current collecting system. The proposed solution reduces the number of trolleybus current-collecting rod disconnections from the contact network. This leads to an increase in the stability of the trolleybus electrical system. At the same time, the operating conditions of the mechanical part of the trolleybus structure are improved. This leads to an increase in the stability of the trolleybus electrical system. At the same time, the operating conditions of the mechanical part of the trolleybus structure are improved. By reducing the number of forced braking of the trolleybus, the level of safety and comfort of passengers increases. Reducing the total number of failures of the current collector system and reducing the level of loads on the mechanical systems of the trolleybus allows to increase the overhaul mileage and reduce the level of costs in the operation of the trolleybus fleet

Assessment of waste management scenarios toward marine plastic debris mitigation and cost reduction

The increase in solid waste volume and change in composition due to urban development cause negative effects on the marine ecological environment. The aim of this study was to assess the amount of plastic waste leaking into the environment from the municipal solid waste (MSW) management system and propose mitigation measures towards sustainable development in Hue city, Viet Nam. The method of modelling MSW management system applying Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and simulating models through scenarios were used to propose strategic solutions to improve and develop the system. As a result, the implementation of segregation at source and improvement of the current collection system are urgently needed. Integrated treatment system including material recovery facility combined with transfer station, incineration, centralized and decentralized composting treatment can reduce the landfilled amount to 5% and the quantity of mismanaged plastic waste infiltrating the ocean has undergone a substantial reduction of several hundred-fold.

STRATEGIES AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PORT LOKO CITY

To create a framework for long-term, sustainable solid waste management, this paper examines the Port Loko municipalitys solid waste management plan and public involvement. It sets out: to examine the waste management tactics employed by the Port Loko City Council; to evaluate the methods used for solid waste management transportation; to investigate whether dustbins are available for collecting solid waste throughout the city; to determine whether land fill is available; to evaluate the degree of public involvement in the procedures related to solid waste management; to create a framework for long-term, sustainable solid waste management. The primary means of addressing the objectives was by means of semi-structured interviews and discussions with diverse stakeholders and members of the municipalitys community. The current solid waste management system was examined in the study, along with input from the general public, to determine its advantages and disadvantages. It was found that Port Loko Citys current solid waste management system is not sustainable. The separation of waste is not provided for. Waste is not being collected or transported in an appropriate or sufficient manner. Officially, recycling and composting of waste are not permitted. People are not involved in the decision-making process regarding solid waste because the majority of the waste is disposed of in open landfills. Additionally, the study examined the recently suggested solid waste management system. It was discovered that the recently suggested system, which includes a framework for a two-stream waste segregation system, is superior to the current system. The current waste collection and transportation system is not as good as the proposed one. A key component of the plan is the composting of biodegradable waste. But to create a solid waste management system that is sustainable, important issues were left out of the proposed system

Reimagining a U.S. Corporate Tax Increase as a Supplemental Subtraction VAT

The U.S. federal government raises tax revenue almost exclusively through income taxes, both corporate and individual, whereas its trading partners and competitors rely for their national revenue on both income taxes and “destination based” value added taxes (VATs), which are not imposed on exports but are imposed on imports. As a result, U.S. corporations, which are subject to U.S. corporate income tax, may be at a serious trade disadvantage to competitor non-U.S. corporations with respect to both U.S. domestic sales and foreign sales, if the U.S. corporate income tax exceeds the foreign country’s income tax imposed on those competitors. The Biden administration has proposed raising the tax rate on U.S. corporate income from its current 21 percent to 25 percent and perhaps even more likely to 28 percent. The proposed rate increase faces substantial Republican opposition. The opposition to the proposed rate increase argues that such an increase will chase business offshore and put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage in attracting business and selling products both in the U.S. and abroad that compete with foreign products. The problem, simply put, is that foreign countries rely on VATs and can afford to maintain lower corporate income tax rates than otherwise, but the U.S. does not have a supplemental source of revenue like a VAT. The issue of a competitive U.S. corporate income tax is not simply a current Biden/Republican tax rate disagreement about raising the U.S. corporate income tax. Rather, it is an issue about U.S. corporations having to compete with foreign corporations from countries that impose a lower income tax (and no VAT on exports) on those corporations than the U.S. imposes on its domestic corporations, and, further, that the U.S. cannot reciprocate by charging a lower income tax on its exports than on its domestic sales because of international treaty constraints. Thus, the issue reaches well beyond a proposed Biden administration corporate income tax increase, but rather to the structure of the U.S. business tax system of not having a VAT in some form as an integral part. This Article considers revenue raising alternatives to supplement the current business income taxes and recommends that a subtraction VAT should be added to the corporate income tax as, at the very least, a step in keeping the corporate income tax competitive with the U.S.’s trading partner countries, perhaps as the long-term solution but perhaps as a first step to the adoption of a credit VAT to supplement the corporate income tax. In doing the foregoing, the Article compares the two types of business-level consumption taxes, the credit method VAT and the subtraction method VAT, relating them back to the most basic consumption tax, the retail sales tax. The Article argues that the subtraction method VAT, although not adopted by any other country, should be the choice because it can be added to the corporate income tax as a supplemental tax and can most easily coexist and be coordinated with that tax. It thereby allows for the easiest transition and is likely to be most acceptable to the public, which is well used to the corporate income tax and, as many observers believe, would be unwilling to adopt a credit method VAT, seeing it as a refined retail sales tax, which is a consumption tax imposed on individuals. The Article then describes the proposed “Supplemental Subtraction VAT” that would supplement the tax on a corporation’s income and how it can be engrafted onto the existing corporate income tax to minimize the disruption to the current corporate income tax collection system. It then argues that the new supplemental subtraction VAT imposed on corporations, which would be destination-based, should be accepted as a VAT by the WTO and the U.S.’s trading partners for international tax and trade treaty purposes.

Reliability Evaluation of DC/DC Converter in Direct Current Collection System of Wind Farm Considering the Influence of Control Strategy

The DC collection system of wind farms can effectively solve the problems of harmonic resonance and reactive power transmission in large-scale wind power AC collection systems, and has broad development prospects. The DC/DC converter is critical equipment in the wind farm DC collection system, and its reliability is related to the entire collection system’s safe and stable operation. The reliability of DC/DC converters is affected by factors such as system operating conditions and control strategies. Based on this, a reliability evaluation model for boost full-bridge isolated (BFBIC) DC/DC converters is proposed from the device level to the submodule level and then to the equipment level, incorporating operating conditions and control strategies into reliability analysis. Firstly, in device-level reliability modeling, the impact of DC/DC converter operating conditions and control strategies on insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module losses and junction temperature fluctuations are considered. Secondly, fault tree analysis (FTA) is used to establish the reliability model of the BFBIC submodule and DC/DC converter. In the end, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed model through a numerical example, and provide solid data support for analyzing the reliability of the wind farm DC collection system.

Integrating equity frameworks into surgical quality improvement and health administrative databases: A narrative review

Ensuring safe, timely, and effective surgery is critical for high-quality healthcare and is the goal of surgical quality monitoring systems. At the heart of these systems are health administrative databases which house patient clinico-demographic information, healthcare processes and outcomes. Through analysis of monitoring systems outputs, we can identify gaps within healthcare delivery, patient experience, and surgical outcomes. However, gaps in our healthcare can only be measured by the variables we collect.Equity stratifiers are sociodemographic descriptors that can identify patient populations who experience differences in health and healthcare that may be considered unjust or unfair. They include age, education, gender, geographic location, income, Indigenous identity, racialized group, and sex at birth. These equity stratifiers represent measurable components of the social determinants of health housed within health administrative databases and allow for standardized analysis and reporting of health inequity. However, not all databases collect these stratifiers – making granular analysis of patient subgroups who may experience health inequity impossible to measure. Moreover, in databases that do collect this information, a wide range in the classification systems used makes for comparisons across jurisdictions challenging.The focus of this narrative review will be to apply the principles of the equity stratifier framework to examine what measures are collected in surgical quality improvement databases, cancer monitoring systems and provincial/state health administrative databases in the United States of America and Canada. The goal of this narrative review is to 1) inform researchers, surgeons, and policymakers of the current landscape of social variables collected within common health administrative databases. 2) Outline the pros and cons of the current collection system. 3) Issue a call to action for policymakers to incorporate health equity frameworks into the collection and reporting of data.

Centering patient perspectives to achieve injury-related health equity in trauma care systems: Improving trauma registry data

BackgroundLimitations in current data collection systems for patients who experience traumatic injury limit researchers’ ability to identify and address disparities in injury and outcomes. We sought to develop and test a patient-centered data-collection system for equity-related data indicators that was acceptable to racially and ethnically diverse patients being treated for traumatic injuries. MethodsHealth equity indicators included in this study were race and ethnicity, language, education, employment, housing, and injury address. We conducted interviews with 245 racially and ethnically diverse trauma patients who were treated at a level-1 trauma center in the US in 2019–2020. We first interviewed 136 patients to develop a culturally resonant process and options for the health equity indicators to be added to a revised data collection system for the electronic medical record. English and Spanish interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim; qualitative analysis was used to assess patient preferences. We then pilot tested the revised data collection system with an additional 109 trauma patients to assess acceptability. Acceptability was defined as having more than 95% of participants self-identify with one of the proposed options for race/ethnicity, language, education, employment, and housing. Injury address (to identify geographic disparities) was pre-defined as acceptable if at least 85% of participants could identify exact address, cross streets, a landmark or business, or zip code of injury. ResultsA revised data collection system, including culturally resonant indicators and a process to be used by patient registrars to collect health equity data, was pilot tested, refined, and considered acceptable. Culturally resonant question phrasing/answer options for race/ethnicity, language, education, employment, housing status, and injury address were identified as acceptable. ConclusionsWe identified a patient-centered data collection system for health equity measures with racially and ethnically diverse patients who have experienced traumatic injury. This system has the potential to increase data quality and accuracy, which is critical to quality improvement efforts and for researchers seeking to identify groups most impacted by racism and other structural barriers to equitable health outcomes and effective intervention points.

Environmental and economic assessment of waste collection and transportation using LCA: A case study

The present study is aimed to evaluate the environmental and economic burden associated with current waste collection practices in Dhanbad city, Jharkhand, India. In this study various alternatives were suggested to mitigate these impacts by optimizing resource utilization and maximizing material recovery using life cycle approach. The functional unit adapted is the daily collection service provided for 180 tonnes of municipal solid waste generated in the study area. GaBi 10.6.1 software was used for impact assessment and impacts were assessed for five scenarios in terms of five different impact categories. This study assessed the collection services and treatment options jointly. Baseline scenario (S1) representing the current collection system had the highest impacts on all the impact categories and landfilling contributed the highest (67%) to the overall impacts on the environment. Scenario S2 involved the provision of material recovery facility and considered recycling of plastic wastes having sorting efficiency of 75% which reduced the overall impacts significantly (∼971%) compared to the baseline scenario. Scenario S3 considered composting of food waste (80% food waste sent for composting) and offered further overall impacts reduction (∼1052%) compared to the baseline scenario. In scenario S4, use of electric tippers was accounted which did not offer any significant impacts reductions. Scenario S5 considered the future electricity mix at grid (2030) in India which increased the benefits of using electric tippers. S5 had the least environmental impacts providing overall reductions of ∼1063% compared to baseline scenario and provided maximum economic benefits. Sensitivity analysis results found that variation in recycling had significant change in the environmental impacts. Considering the decrease in recycling rate from 100% to 50%, the impacts on abiotic depletion fossil increased by 136%, acidification by 176%, global warming by 11%, human toxicity by 172% and terrestrial ecotoxicity by 56%.

Software Methodology for Data Control and Collection for Autonomous Monitoring Systems with a Large Amount of Generated Information on the Example of Software for a Hydrological Radiolocation System

Introduction . The current data monitoring and collection systems produce a growing amount of generated information. Such factors, as the increasing sampling rate of ADCs and the increasing speed of systems for primary processing, receiving, and transmitting information, etc., make the systems operate almost at the bandwidth limit of data transmission interfaces. In some applications, such a flow is redundant and can be optimized through the use of various algorithms for the primary processing of information. However, in some applications, reducing the data flow is impossible, since the received information is processed with a delay. Therefore, the development of a software methodology for controlling and collecting data in the system of automatic monitoring of the sea surface by a hydrological radiolocation system seems a relevant research task. Aim . To synthesize a methodology and to develop software for controlling the information system of radar monitoring of the sea surface. Materials and methods . System approach, software architectural and algorithmic design, software quality management methods, system analysis, Qt framework, C++ programming language. Results . A working methodology for designing software for controlling information and measurement technologies with a large amount of generated data was obtained. The effectiveness of the methodology and software quality were confirmed by control tests. A 3-month autonomous testing of the stability and reliability of the system was carried out. Detection of data loss in the system comprised less than 0.002 %, thus not exceeding the specified critical level of 0.5 %. Conclusion . The developed methodology can be used in designing software for controlling information and measuring systems generating a large amount of data. The approaches used to build a multithread software architecture with asynchronous data flow control has shown their high efficiency.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Practice, and Management of Solid Waste Segregation in Higher Educational Institutes: A Case Study in KSA

Solid waste management is highly considered in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for the protection of the environment, preserving resources, and producing energy. Solid waste is collected in bins from Qassim University (QU) as a mixture without any segregation processes. The key to obtaining university stakeholders’ involvement in the waste separation program is awareness coupled with participation. This study evaluates the stakeholders’ knowledge and practices related to solid waste separation at QU, KSA, as well as explores the current collection system of solid waste on the university’s campus. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to measure the knowledge and practices of QU stakeholders, as well as the existing management of solid waste in the University. The questionnaire consists of three sections; knowledge, practices, and actual waste management in QU. A total of corrected 437 responses were collected from QU demographic variables based on gender, language, age, and job. Frequency analysis, Chi-square test, t-test, and correlation test were utilized to estimate the average values and the association between the survey statements and demographic variables. The results revealed that the awareness level of respondents is high, and their application is good. Although fewer than 50% of the QU stakeholders have practiced waste separation at the generation site in specific bins, the majority are willing to do that with an agreement level of 98%. Additionally, the analysis proved that the solid waste is collected efficiently in QU but the waste separation at the generation point is poor. The responses of the participants implied that the most disposed of waste in QU is paper, followed by plastic. Teaching courses, workshops, and advertisements related to waste are recommended to increase awareness of the benefits of waste separation at the source, both economically and environmentally. The results of this study help the decision-makers in the programs’ implementation of sustainable development and resource reservation that is also consistent with KSA vision 2030.

Non-Conjugated Copoly(Arylene Ether Ketone) for the Current-Collecting System of a Solar Cell with Indium Tin Oxide Electrode

The mechanism of charge carrier transport in the indium tin oxide (ITO)/polymer/Cu structure is studied, where thin films of copoly(arylene ether ketone) with cardo fluorene moieties are used. This copoly(arylene ether ketone) is non-conjugated polymer which has the properties of electronic switching from the insulating to the highly conductive state. The dependence on the polymer film thickness of such parameters as the potential barrier at the ITO/polymer interface, the concentration of charge carriers, and their mobility in the polymer is studied for the first time. The study of this system is of interest due to the proven potential of using the synthesized polymer in the contact system of a silicon solar cell with an ITO top layer. The parameters of charge carriers and ITO/polymer barrier are evaluated based on the analysis of current-voltage characteristics of ITO/polymer/Cu structure within the injection current models and the Schottky model. The thickness of the polymer layer varies from 50 nm to 2.1 µm. The concentration of intrinsic charge carriers increases when decreasing the polymer film thickness. The charge carrier mobility depends irregularly on the thickness, showing a maximum of 9.3 × 10-4 cm2/V s at 210 nm and a minimum of 4.7 × 10-11 cm2/V s at 50 nm. The conductivity of polymer films first increases with a decrease in thickness from 2.1 µm to 210 nm, but then begins to decrease upon transition to the globular structure of the films at smaller thicknesses. The dependence of the barrier height on polymer thickness has a minimum of 0.28 eV for films 100-210 nm thick. The influence of the supramolecular structure and surface charge field of thin polymer films on the transport of charge carriers is discussed.

Dynamic Stray Current Measuring Methods in Urban Areas

In areas where urban tracks are used as public transportation, dynamic stray currents cause high maintenance costs for the tracks and metal structures near the tracks. S tray currents caused by rail vehicles depend on many factors (traffic density, vehicle speed, acceleration and deceleration, soil and track moisture), so it is very difficult to get a clear picture of the harmfulness of the stray current based on the results of a single field measurement. However, there are several measurement methods that can be used to determine the presence of stray currents and predict appropriate track maintenance actions. Some of these methods are described in this article, namely the use of stray current mapper, measurement of rail potential and rail current, measurement at the stray current collection system, and the use of non-destructive sensors. In track construction, measuring the electrical potential between rail and ground is one of the most common methods of detecting the damaging influence of stray current.

The Impact of Digital Economy on Tax Collection and Management System and Its Countermeasures

he digital economy has changed the trading mode and value creation means under the traditional economy, which makes industries highly related, creates numerous business models and value growth points, and affects the income sources of taxpayers from many aspects. Faced with the impact of new things, the current tax collection and management system can't keep pace in the process of adapting to the development of digital economy, resulting in many problems, such as vague identification of basic tax elements, lagging invoice system and difficult access to tax-related information, which hinder the improvement of collection and management efficiency. Based on this, by analyzing the impact of the digital economy on the current tax collection and management system, in order to solve the potential contradictions in the tax field, this paper puts forward reasonable countermeasures for tax reform, hoping that the tax collection and management system can meet the new requirements of the development of the digital era.

Separate collection rates for plastic packaging in Austria – A regional analysis taking collection systems and urbanization into account

According to the EU Circular Economy Package, recycling of plastic packaging waste (PPW) has to be enhanced significantly by 2025 and 2030. Although a set of measures will be required along the whole value chain of plastic packaging, the process of separate collection remains the backbone. Hence, a detailed understanding of the performance of current separate collection systems is crucial. As a case study, the separate collection of PPW was analyzed within a single country, Austria, where a variety of collection procedures are implemented. By using the method of material flow analysis, separate collection rates in terms of quantities and qualities were analyzed for separate collection systems of different settlement patterns, target fractions, and service levels provided. Results show that the highest performance was achieved in systems that cover mainly rural areas and where all plastic packaging wastes are collected through curbside collection, with separate collection rates of 74–77%. With additional collection via collection centers, these values increased to 78%-83%. In comparison, the results for urban areas showed the lowest separate collection rate of 56%. In the case that separate collection targeted plastic bottles only, maximum collection rates of around 50 % were observed, with the tendency towards higher collection rates if co-mingled with metals. To enhance separate collection, a general shift to the target fraction “all plastic packaging” instead of “plastic bottles only” is crucial. Modelling of optimized collection systems in all Austrian regions would lead to a theoretical total separation collection rate of 74%.

Effect of Surface Microparameters on Contact Temperature of Sliding Electrical Contact

Sliding friction pair composed of contact wire and pantograph slide is the key component of train current collection system. Contact temperature is one of the important factors affecting the current-carrying and wear performance of the friction pair. In this article, sliding electrical contact experiments under different experimental conditions were conducted. Based on the measured contour curve of the slide surface, two fractal parameters of the slide surface were calculated by using the structure function method. And the effect of contact current, contact pressure, and sliding speed on the fractal parameters was discussed. A temperature field simulation model of sliding electrical contact considering two rough contact surfaces was established with COMSOL Multiphysics software. The effect of surface roughness and fractal parameters on contact temperature was analyzed by simulation. When other simulation parameters keep constant, the contact temperature first drops and then rises as the average roughness height of the contact surface increases. The average roughness slope of the contact surface has little effect on the contact temperature under high speed and strong current conditions. The contact temperature continuously decreases with the increase of fractal dimension or the decrease of fractal roughness. The conclusions can be used as a basis for further research on the contact temperature characteristics of the friction pair to improve its electrical contact performance.

Development of Mobile Application for Water Concessionaire towards Efficient Account Monitoring and Service Delivery

Metro Roxas Water District (MRWD) is a Category B water district and Government Owned and Controlled Corporation in Capiz that provides safe and potable water for its concessionaires. The study aimed to develop an android mobile application for concessionaires of MRWD and evaluate its acceptability based on ISO 25010: 2011criteria. This utilized descriptive and developmental methods. Data were gathered using an evaluation form to evaluate the level of acceptability of the mobile application in terms of functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, maintainability, portability, and security. The android mobile application is a concessionaire centered app to deliver the services of MRWD to its clients anytime and anywhere. Viewing of the current bill feature was based on the existing paper water bill of MRWD. As soon as a bill is created via MRWD's current billing and collection system, the functionality that reminds users of their bill due dates automatically sends them alerts. Viewing of payment history feature shows the last 30 payment transactions of the user. In other incident features, the user is required to type a description, remarks, and details about the incident. The reinstallation and reconnection notification feature is a way of informing the user that a job order will be performed with their account. The link to payment apps feature is to open directly the GCash and PayMaya apps in accepting payments. The respondents evaluated the MRWD concessionaires’ android mobile application as very acceptable.

Survey paper on Garbage Collection Management System

Abstract: Smart cities integrate multiple mobile or websolutions to build a comfortable human habitation. One of these solutions is to provide an environmentally friendly, efficient and effective garbage management system. The current garbage collection system includes routine garbage trucks doing roundsdaily or weekly, which not only doesn't cover every zone of the city but its completely inefficient use of government resources. The proposed system, where admin manage the garbage app for full online based mointoring and analyze the system. Her admin handle bins, driver, complaints from user and work report from driver. This paper proposes a cost-effective mobile or web based system for the government to utilize available resources to efficiently manage the over whelming amounts of garbage collected each day, while also providing a better solution for the inconvenience of garbage disposal for the citizens. This is done by a driver, app will provide predictive and guide routes generated through for garbage trucks. Then driver update the status of work done will be data collected. An android or web app is developed for the work force and the citizens, which primarily provides the user create complatints available smart bin.

Optimization of schedules for early garbage collection and disposal in the megapolis

It is shown that due to the growth of waste generated by the metropolis, the processes of their removal and disposal must be more accurately accounted and controlled. If it is impossible to introduce “smart” control systems, it is proposed to search for reserves to increase the efficiency of the processes in their structure. A structural model of operations has been developed that can reduce time costs. The use of incomplete information on the accumulation and removal of garbage leads to unplanned mileage of trucks. In order to avoid unforeseen costs, it is proposed to use early garbage collection, which reduces the frequency of emptying containers. This leads to an increase in the number of truck arrivals to load, but eliminates unforeseen mileage due to inconsistencies in the loading forecast. It is shown that to effectively organize the work of garbage trucks on the transport network of the city, an active, shortest schedule of operations is required, which must be made for several periods. To develop an optimal cyclic schedule of garbage trucks, a method based on the ordering of mixed graphs is proposed. The mixed graph shows the set of garbage collection operations and the time relationships between their execution times. In order to develop an optimal schedule from such a graph, cycles must be removed from the graph. To do this, the “divide and conquer” method was used. The proposed algorithm for graph ordering is used to study the current garbage collection system. As a result of research, higher productivity of garbage trucks and timely removal of organic waste were achieved. The reduction of the weekly working time of 6 garbage trucks with the use of the 70 % container filling level reached 42 hours.

Improvement Measures through Analysis of the Collection System of Recyclable Resources Discharged from Apartment Houses in Korea

To improve recyclable waste collection system, this study conducted a survey of 123 apartments complexes and 229 local governments and suggested the measures to improve the current collection system based on the results of the survey. The survey revealed that respondents preferred public intervention collection. Currently, 80% of apartment complexes input the results of recyclable resources into the circular resource information center, but private collection companies are required to directly input them to simplify the administrative system of local governments. Most apartment complexes choose private collection companies based on down payment, which is likely to result in excessive competition. 97% of apartment complexes that implement the price linkage system set a one-year cycle, indicating that the effectiveness of the price linkage system is poor and measures to improve it are necessary. The public collection ratio of local governments was found to be 100% for detached houses, 48% for obligatory apartment, and 83% for non-obligatory apartment. The mixed collection ratio of detached houses and multi-use facilities is 50%, which is higher than the mixed collection ratio of apartment houses (38%), which is expected to reduce the effectiveness of the recycling system. Hence, it is necessary to establish a collection system based on the source. To establish public responsibility collection, it is necessary to strengthen the standards and the price linkage system for collection companies. To reduce the administrative burden of local governments, it is necessary to manage apartment at a regional level or to entrust local government work.

Aromatic cardo polyethers: film adhesives for solar cell current collecting system

Aromatic cardo polyethers: film adhesives for solar cell current collecting system