Current Citizenship Research Articles

Análisis del sector agroindustrial (alitnentos procesados) una tnirada retrospectiva de las Pytnes en Bogotá

Los alimentos se convierten hoy en día en la columna vertebral para las economías tanto emergentes como desarrolladas. La mayoría de alimentos que se consumen, son procesados. Incluso, los que se preparan en cada hogar familiar, se acaban de procesar. Todos los procedimientos necesarios para transformar los alimentos idóneos para su consumo el cual se incluye en el procesamiento, hacen que sean consumibles. En el marco industrial, implica la aplicación de tecnología más preparada. Sin estos métodos, no sería posible suplir las necesidades alimentarias de la ciudadanía actual ni se proporcionaría la gran variedad actual de alimentos.

The Critical Global Educator: Global Citizenship Education as Sustainable Development by Maureen Ellis. New York: Routledge, 2016. 246 pp. $163.00 (cloth). ISBN 978-1-138-88780-0.

<i>The Critical Global Educator: Global Citizenship Education as Sustainable Development</i> by Maureen Ellis. New York: Routledge, 2016. 246 pp. $163.00 (cloth). ISBN 978-1-138-88780-0.

Internationally mobile academics: concept and findings in Europe

ABSTRACTInformation on the international mobility of persons in charge of teaching and/or research at institutions of higher education is by no means abundant. Most official statistics provide only information on their current citizenship. A closer look reveals that international mobility can be enormously varied – for example, migration initiated by their parents or other factors, periods of training and short-term employment abroad, short visits, and last but not least long-term or permanent professional mobility. Surveys have been undertaken addressing modes and sequences of international mobility during the life-course. They suggest that more than a quarter of academics in Europe have spent a substantial period of their life in other countries than that of their current employment and more than half at least short periods abroad. This seems to have some beneficial effects on their international views and activities as well as beyond their academic life. However, in some respects the effects are small, and a relatively large proportion of academics believe that international mobility have not boasted their academic employment situation and career in general. Future research might show whether internationality of academic life is on the way to become so much common that career advantages cannot be expected anymore.

After Postnational Citizenship: Constructing the Boundaries of Inclusion in Neoliberal Contexts

AbstractProfound changes in global exchanges of goods, ideas, and labor in the 20th century required scholars to critically engage with notions of citizenship, belonging and inclusion. Scholars of globalization initially posited the development of a postnational citizenship, wherein rights are attached to individuals as human beings rather than as members of particular nation‐states. This article questions these theories in light of the evolution of neoliberalism in global markets and the worsening problems of the displaced and rightless. We show that, with the prioritization of market participation as a condition of full inclusion, personhood is not sufficient for belonging or claims‐making. We highlight the effects of the new ‘market citizenship’ on both migrant groups and native‐born minorities, whose inclusion is increasingly based on economic success rather than legal citizenship. We consider the literature on the ways that neoliberalism builds upon historical economic inequalities to distribute citizenship rights to those individuals deemed productive within the current economic system. Finally, we demonstrate that the current citizenship regime, while not anchored in the nation‐state, is very different from early formulations of postnational citizenship. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The Social Psychology of Citizenship: Engagement With Citizenship Studies and Future Research

In this article we review the argument outlined in the opening article in this special thematic section: that the current social psychology of citizenship can be understood as the development of longstanding conceptualisations of the concept within the discipline. These conceptualisations have contributed to the current social psychological study of the constructive, active and collective (but often exclusive) understandings of citizenship in people’s everyday lives, as evidenced by contributions to this thematic section. We consider how this emerging body of work might fit with current citizenship studies and in particular how it may contribute to the current trend towards conceiving citizenship as an active practice embedded in everyday social life. Specifically, we highlight three areas of future research that we think are particularly promising: citizenship and recognition; displays and enactments of citizenship in public space; citizenship and lived coexistence. Although this is far from an exhaustive list of possibilities, we propose that research in these areas could enable the way for social psychology to articulate a distinct, recognisable and valuable contribution to citizenship studies.

The Three Levels of Citizenship within the European Union

European Union citizenship is derived from Member State nationality. This fact often has been considered a “birth defect” to be overcome by either disconnecting EU citizenship from Member State citizenship or by reversing the relationship in a federal model so that Member State citizenship would be derived from that of the Union. I argue in this essay that derivative citizenship in a union of states can be defended as a potentially stable and democratically attractive basic feature of the architecture of the EU polity where EU citizenship is perceived of as one layer in a multi-level model of democratic membership in a union of states such as the EU. This perspective is not a defense of the status quo, but rather allows for—or even requires—a series of reforms addressing a number of inconsistencies and democratic deficiencies in the current citizenship regime.Most academics writing about Union citizenship tend to compare it to that which they know best: Nation State citizenship. It then comes as no surprise when they conclude that the current construction of EU citizenship is internally incoherent, externally not sufficiently inclusive, and also lacking in democratic legitimacy. To a certain degree, I agree with this criticism; however, such authors often apply the wrong standard of comparison and therefore are likely to promote faulty solutions. As the EU Treaties clearly have spelled out since the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam, EU citizenship is complementary or additional to Member State nationality without replacing it. National citizenship is a constitutive element of EU citizenship and therefore cannot serve as an external standard of comparison.

Serbia: Elusive Citizenship in an Elusive Nation-State

This paper focuses on the current citizenship regime in Serbia, with an emphasis on the problematic nexus between citizenship, nation-formation, and state-building. Starting with an overview of main historical developments (with special attention placed on the controversial 1996 Law on Citizenship of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the study moves toward a thorough analysis of the current citizenship regime. Of particular significance is the return to an ethnic framework in the 2006 Serbian Constitution and the current Serbian Law on Citizenship, and the implications this may have for Serbia’s relationships with its neighbours, especially in those states with a considerable Serb minority. At the end, the report sheds more light on current debates regarding an ethnocentric definition of citizenship, dual citizenship, Kosovo residents, and refugees.

The Bosnian Triangle: Ethnicity, Politics and Citizenship

This paper aims to analyse contemporary citizenship issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the context of transition, conflict and identity politics. It tries to contextualize the development of citizenship policies and practices in historical perspective and to assess the current state of affairs. It extends the claim that citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been set within a triangle of social and political relations in which ethnic identity and politics play the other two sides. This triangle - citizenship, ethnic identity and politics - represents key anchor points around which discussions on the Bosnian statehood revolve. The paper also provides a historical overview of citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina in different phases, including a detailed account of the current citizenship regime.

Macedonia’s Nationals, Minorities and Refugees in the Post-Communist Labyrinths of Citizenship

The paper provides an overview of the evolution of the Macedonian citizenship regime in view of the political and social transformation processes since 1945 and in particular after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. By arguing that the different stages in the development of the citizenship regime were significantly conditioned by the wider context and external international factors, the paper seeks to capture the interplay between the internal socio-political and institutional changes, regional developments and the understanding of citizenship. This paper includes a historical account of citizenship policies on the territory of Macedonia since the Ottoman Empire, a detailed analysis of the current citizenship regime, as well as an overview of the current citizenship-related political debates.

A Tale of Two Citizenships: Citizenship Revocation for 'Traitors and Terrorists'

Amending Canada’s citizenship laws to provide for denaturalization of “traitors and terrorists”, as proposed by the current federal government, is an idea consumed with legal flaws. To comply with international law on the prohibition of citizenship deprivation that would result in statelessness, any such amendments would have to apply only to individuals with dual citizenship. However, targeting those individuals would be very hard to defend against equality-based challenges under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In addition, denaturalization of “traitors and terrorists” might well be perceived as a punitive measure, whose impact and stigma would call for constitutional procedural protections far stronger than those set out in the current Citizenship Act and the proposed revisions to it. Such denaturalization also seems unlikely to advance any clear Canadian national security interest, and would accomplish less than can be done through other laws, including the Criminal Code.

A DREAM Disrupted: Undocumented Migrant Youth Disidentifications with U.S. Citizenship

The choices DREAMers participating in Citizen Orange's “DREAM Now” letter-writing campaign made to appeal for passage of the DREAM Act in the United States in 2010 provide insight into how disidentificatory strategies can be used by marginalized groups seeking belonging. DREAM activists adopted disidentification as a tactic to develop and deliver their intentions for national belonging without radically subverting current citizenship structures or entirely assimilating to them. In doing so, DREAMers altered the conditions of national inclusion by engaging in a practice of disidentification that demonstrated the possibility for creating coalitional subjectivity, and how it might be used to facilitate social change.

Effect of adopting host-country nationality on perinatal mortality rates and causes among immigrants in Brussels

ObjectivesPerinatal mortality rates vary between ethnic groups but the relation with immigrant status is unclear. Previous research suggested that birth outcomes may either improve or deteriorate with duration of residence, depending on the migrant group. The objectives of this study are to describe and measure inequalities in pregnancy outcomes, perinatal mortality and causes of perinatal deaths according to current citizenship versus national origin of the mother, in Brussels. Study designThis is a population-based cohort study using data from linked birth and death certificates from the Belgian civil registration system. The data relate to all babies born between 1998 and 2008, whose mothers were living in Brussels, irrespective of the place of delivery. We used a logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for the association between mortality, causes of deaths and nationality. ResultsWomen from Morocco, sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey experience an 80% excess in perinatal mortality (p<0.0001) compared to Belgians, but this excess of perinatal mortality is not observed for mothers with Belgian citizenship at delivery. For sub-Saharan African women, this excess is caused mainly by immaturity-related conditions and reflects a high rate of preterm deliveries, low birth weight and a low socio-economic level. Moroccan and Turkish mothers have favourable pregnancy outcomes that persist after adopting Belgian nationality, but they experience a strong excess of perinatal mortality, mainly due to congenital anomalies and asphyxia or unexplained deaths prior to the onset of labour. ConclusionIn Brussels, perinatal mortality varies according to nationality but those differences do not persist after adopting Belgian nationality. The explanation of this positive effect is probably due to a mix of determinants such as acculturation, use of health services or cultural contexts. Further analysis should help to better understand the results observed.

Birthright Citizenship, Undocumented Immigrants and the Slavery Analogy

The current controversy over territorial birthright citizenship in the United States links unauthorized immigration with slavery. Where ever one stands on birthright citizenship for US-born children of undocumented immigrants, everyone recognizes that the controlling legal standard was enunciated in the Fourteenth Amendment’s Citizenship Clause – itself a response to the iconic Dred Scott decision denying that people of African descent were, or could ever be, citizens. The jus soli rule in the U.S. has an earlier common law provenance, but because it was explicitly constitutionalized in the wake of the slavery conflict, the fate and meaning of today’s birthright citizenship controversy in the U. S. is necessarily refracted through the nation’s slavery experience. Certainly, disagreements abound about what exactly the Citizenship Clause has to say about extending citizenship to children born in the US of unauthorized immigrants, but the debates take as given that our current discussions over assignment of territorial birthright citizenship issue from the Fourteenth Amendment, thereby traversing the ground of the nation’s struggle over slavery and its aftermath. This geneology distinguishes the birthright citizenship controversy in the United States from debates on the subject in other national settings. In Ireland, for example – a country which recently eliminated birthright citizenship by constitutional amendment – a history of slavery does not figure as specific horizon or constraint. But other than recognizing the particular path dependency of the debate, what do we take from this fact? What is the significance of this historical sequencing? Are the institutions of slavery relevant to the current birthright citizenship debate in any internal, analytical sense? In other words, is their convergence by way of the Citizenship Clause simply a temporal happenstance which now distracts rather than enlightens, or does the slavery question represent something which – analytically and normatively – properly informs our approach to the citizenship question today? This essay is part of larger project on the specific nature of undocumented alien status in the liberal democratic polity.

Biometric citizenship

The article considers the issue of citizenship in light of the recent developments in biometric identification techniques. It aims to answer the question as to what kind of citizenship is the ‘biometric citizenship’. Drawing on several empirical examples including the Iris Recognition Immigration System scheme, identity cards and current citizenship reform plans in the UK, I argue that biometric citizenship is at once a ‘neoliberal citizenship’ and a ‘biological citizenship’. The neoliberal aspect of biometric citizenship is demonstrated through the rearrangement of the experience of border crossing in terms of the neoliberal ethos of choice, freedom, active entrepreneurialism and transnational expedited mobility. At the same time, these are enacted alongside the exclusionary and violent measures directed at those who are considered as risky categories illustrating the constitutive relationship between the ‘biometric citizen’ and its ‘other’. As regards its biological aspect, biometric citizenship is embedded within rationalities and practices that deploy the body not only as a means of identification but also as a way of sorting through different forms of life according to their degree of utility and legitimacy in relation to market economy. This aspect also carries a racial and national dimension exemplified in both the national identity card scheme and the very technical infrastructure of biometric technology. Overall, what these two features have in common is the reduction of the principle of citizenship to processes of identity management and technical procedures without, however, purging it altogether from its all too familiar national and race-based components.

Citizenship in an Emigrant Nation-State: The Case of Albania

This paper explores the emergence and transformation of citizenship in Albania since the country’s independence in 1912, with a particular focus on the developments in the aftermath of the fall of communism in 1991. It argues that only after the fall of communism, which was followed by massive waves of emigration, and the subsequent liberalisation and democratisation of the Albanian state did citizenship in its modern and liberal sense slowly start to enter the political agenda in Albania. The paper also provides a detailed account of the current citizenship legislation in Albania, which reflects the country’s attempts to democratise and achieve EU membership.

Learning by dispossession: democracy promotion and civic engagement in Iraq and the United States

This paper brings together two ongoing research projects on current citizenship learning programs in Iraq and the United States, both of which draw from the theoretical ground of Marxist-feminist perspective. A particular strength of this paper is its comparison between two American citizenship education programs in the context of neoliberalism, war and imperialism. Many claim that citizenship learning is always an ideological project promoting a particular set of beliefs or values. However, this research reveals that citizenship education programs are also ideological in their methods—a process Mojab has termed ‘learning by dispossession’—that serve to abstract learners from material conditions in order to promote a particular vision of liberal democracy that legitimates the very material conditions learners struggle to overcome.

Italiani nuovi o nuova Italia? Citizenship and attitudes towards the second generation in contemporary Italy

Italy is host to a growing population of second-generation immigrants, children of immigrants born and raised in Italy. The current citizenship regime privileges Italian descent and makes naturalization very difficult, even for those born on Italian soil. This relegates a large population of second-generation immigrants to a marginal position, excluded from political, educational and labor integration upon their eighteenth birthday because of their citizenship status. Using data from group interviews, this paper investigates Italians' willingness to grant citizenship to second-generation immigrants. Three major themes emerged: how Italians define citizenship, the idea of conditional citizenship, and the significance of race in imagining the future of Italian society. This paper seeks to understand the dynamics underlying the debate about citizenship and gauge support for reforms to the current citizenship regime.

Diaspora and Citizenship: Introduction

The majority of current citizenship debates focus on the ways in which diasporic and migrant communities affect the citizenship regime in their country of settlement. In contrast, the articles in t...

Dialogue and its Conditions: The Construction of European Citizenship

The Council of Europe's White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue provides an example of the way in which dialogue has become part of the current mode of governance in Europe. Throughout current policy, the terms ‘dialogue’ and ‘voice’ inform the introduction of practices and tools that constitute the citizen, or active learning citizen. Notions of voice and dialogue operate through educational and social practices today that are constitutive of a particular mode of subjectivation that renders the individual – through their freedom to speak, to participate and to be critical – governable. Current policy frames citizenship as a learning problem. In order to facilitate the development of competences for lifelong learning and active citizenship such policy seeks to establish ‘a common language’. The concern with seeking a common language in respect of education and of citizenship is taken up in the discussion in this article, which places the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue into the context of current related European policy, and indicates how dialogue operates in the current mode of governmental subjectivation. Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault and Stanley Cavell, this article draws attention to the governance of dialogue itself – the inculcation of the individual in to a language of culture, citizenship and democracy that is depoliticised and which, it is argued, denies disagreement and conflict as central aspects of political life.

Citizenship and Belonging in Serbia: In the Crossfire of Changing Nationhood Narratives

Drawing on the idea that politics of citizenship mirror specific ideas of nationhood, this paper aims to show how the changing citizenship regimes in Serbia translate the varying narratives and perceptions of nationhood into the realities of political community. The first part of the paper offers a short historical overview of the citizenship regimes practiced in Serbia, with an emphasis upon the socialist regime and the Milosevic regime of the 1990s. Apart from providing necessary historical context, this section offers an insight into the important themes and topoi of Serbian nationhood narratives and their legal and political emanations. The second part deals with post-2000 Serbia and changes within the legal framing of citizenship status as well as the changes (or, in some respects, only partial changes) in the overall political climate. The third section of the paper shows how the current citizenship regime and dominant political narrative imagine Serbia’s political community and accordingly manage groups and identities. Finally, the last segment of the paper briefly discusses the impact of Europeanisation taken both as a process of a political transformation and as a new emerging transformative discourse.