Current Citizenship Research Articles

„Állampolgárság 30”, avagy a magyar állampolgárságról szóló törvény elmúlt három évtizede

Aim: Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship celebrates the 30th anniversary of its entry into force. The purpose of this study is to pay tribute to the past three decades of the law and to describe the path leading to the adoption of the current law and the main changes that have taken place since then. The author also attempts to examine changes in citizenship law in the present days.Methodology: In presenting the path leading to the adoption of the current Citizenship Act, the author also drew on the work of the preparatory legislative process, and in describing the legislation and the changes that have taken place in the meantime, he has not only drawn on the available literature but also recorded his own professional experience, and after examining international citizenship jurisprudence, he has formulated innovative ideas.Findings: The new and modern legislation, reflecting the reality of a democratic, constitutional state and the rule of law, has fundamentally changed most of the legal procedures for citizenship. Its main values were the abolition of the deprivation of citizenship, the completion of the necessary moral reparation through the institution of acquiring citizenship by declaration, and the rational reorganisation of the naturalisation system based on international models. The most significant and comprehensive changes were made following the decision to adopt the so-called simplified naturalisation procedure, which in 2011 made the conditions for naturalisation significantly more favourable for descendents of former Hungarian nationals. The legislation, which has been amended several times with minor changes and is thirty years old this year, has therefore weathered the storms of time. Nevertheless, it is necessary to bear in mind that, in the context of migration and related social processes in the world, especially in Europe, with regard to certain persons with a migration background who may pose a risk to national security. The role and system of citizenship law is changing across the continent, or rather moving in a sanctioning direction.Value: The study praises the timelessness of the basic principles of Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship, while at the same time presenting the main changes in the law over the past thirty years. It also aims to draw attention to international trends in which the challenges posed by migration can be addressed at the level of citizenship law.

Evaluating the Legal Regime Governing Citizenship for Women in Tanzania: An Analysis of International and Domestic Laws for Conferring Citizenship to Foreign Spouses.

Purpose: This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Section 11(1) of the Tanzania Citizenship Act, which restricts Tanzanian women from conferring citizenship to their foreign spouses. By examining both domestic and international legal frameworks, this study aims to shed light on the discriminatory nature of this provision and proposes potential strategies to eradicate this issue.
 Methodology: The paper combines a detailed examination of domestic legislations and relevant international conventions to provide a robust analysis of the current legal regime in Tanzania. Furthermore, it highlights the need for reform and suggests potential approaches to address this matter.
 Findings: This paper aimed at making an assessment on the effectiveness of the current citizenship law in regard to the women of Tanzania and thus the research will be carried out in Mwanza region in Tanzania. The paper also analyzed the provisions of international treaties that protect and declare rights and interests of women with regards to protection of their spouses.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: finally, this paper finds and recommends for the amendment especially the provision of section 11 (1) of the Tanzania Citizenship Act and also suggests the adoption and incorporation of the dual citizenship which will help resolving the issues surrounding citizenship.

Examining citizenship regimes in Assam through a structural and cultural violence lens.

In this paper, we examine citizenship crisis in the Northeast Indian state of Assam through the lenses of structural and cultural violence. In 2019, close to two million people in Assam were disenfranchised by updating the National Register of Citizens (NRC). The vast majority of those disenfranchised are Miya people who have been subjected to legacies of persecution and violence since the early 19th century during British colonial rule. We map the contours of the citizenship crisis by centering the struggles of Miya communities who are most deeply impacted by violent citizenship regimes. Using a structural and cultural violence lens, we elucidate the linkages between colonial histories, (post)colonial policies, and institutional practices on the one hand and Miya people's everyday struggles on the other. Across these analyses, we demonstrate how current citizenship regimes operate as a form of state-sanctioned violence against Miya people. The implications of these analyses for rethinking contemporary notions of citizenship and belonging for community-engaged scholarship are discussed.

Ecological Citizenship Discourse: A Critical Study of Citizenship Education in Indonesia

The research discussed that global and ecological citizenship discourse became vital for all current citizenship models; apart from the relational needs between humans and the environment, nature also needed to be preserved for survival and efforts to increase civic values. However, this conceptual-theoretical debate about the development and influence of this discourse created an antinomy among the dominant theories that had a place in contemporary citizenship discourse. Qualitatively, the research contributed to exploring the development of global and ecological citizenship discourse and its influence on students’ experiences of citizenship in Indonesia. It was built on ‘theoretical eclecticism’ and focused on the respondent’s ‘cognitive response’ combined with a critical realism perspective to analyze data, which was obtained randomly in various places and students from various majors by prioritizing the main aspects: mental existence; external existence; and essence as a knowledge domain; awareness; and their experiences. Each meeting lasted between 30 to 45 minutes with 100 respondents. Descriptively, the research results indicate that the development of global and ecological citizenship discourse has not received attention and has a significant impact on the discourse of education and citizenship experience in Indonesia. The ecological dimension lacks or does not yet have a close relationship with all other dimensions in the citizen’s experience as a form of civic virtue, including knowledge, awareness, and actions, both economic, social, and political.

Different measures of international faculty and their impacts on global rankings

This study analyzed how the ranking status has changed at various higher education system levels by applying different definitions of international faculty. Among the four measures (birthplace, current citizenship, and the country of bachelor and doctoral education), this study found that international faculty measured by the country of doctoral studies produced significantly different international outlook scores and thus ranking status from that based on birthplace or citizenship. Specifically, major English-speaking systems such as the UK, Canada, and Australia hire a large number of faculty who are foreign citizens while non-English speaking systems (Italy, Portugal, China, Korea, and Brazil) hire more local academics who have earned their doctoral degree abroad. This suggests that these non-English speaking countries are systematically under-rated in their international outlook scores by the adoption of the birthplace-based or citizenship-based international faculty measures. As an alternative, this study proposes to update the international faculty measure using a combination of citizenship of employment and doctoral training to minimize this systemic bias.

Children at Risk of Statelessness in the Fight against Terrorism

The departure of ‘foreign fighters’ to join terrorist groups in armed conflicts abroad has led many countries to adopt a policy of citizenship deprivation. This paper demonstrates that citizenship deprivation measures do not have the desired effect for national security, while increasing the risk of statelessness for the children of ‘foreign fighters’. Citizenship deprivation laws in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK and the Netherlands are discussed, in order to view them against international obligations. It concludes that current citizenship deprivation measures are mostly problematic regarding the prohibition of arbitrary citizenship deprivation, the principle of non-discrimination and relevant children’s rights.

Match quality and divorce among naturalized U.S. citizens

AbstractThis research investigates the relationship between immigrants' current citizenship status, an observed measure of permanent legal status in the United States, and their likelihood of divorce. Using American Community Survey data, the research examines relatively young immigrants entering their first marriages in the United States as noncitizens. The study finds those who become naturalized U.S. citizens are at least 25% more likely to be divorced than comparable immigrants who remain noncitizens. The work explores whether immigrants with temporary visas value finding naturalized spouses in the marriage market. If so, the small resulting pool of potential spouses may increase the marginal cost of finding new partners at increasing compatibility levels. The immigrants' reservation match quality would then decrease, potentially resulting in suboptimal sorting along other partner compatibility dimensions. If the immigrants establish permanent residency after marriage, their unions might become less stable as the other compatibility characteristics become more important.

TÍCH HỢP GIÁO DỤC VĂN HOÁ SINH THÁI TRONG GIẢNG DẠY GIÁO DỤC CÔNG DÂN TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG

Currently, humanity is facing increasingly serious ecological disasters, eco-cultural education is one of the basic solutions to build ecological culture into a driving force for development sustainability of nations as well as of the future of humanity. Within the scope of this work, on the basis of systematic research on ecological culture, eco-cultural education, the role of eco-cultural education in raising the ecological culture level of the community, for the purpose of sustainable development, the article analyzes and clarifies the need, goals and some requirements in the design and organization of the curriculum teaching organization that integrates eco-cultural education in order to improve the effectiveness of eco-cultural education for high school students in the current citizenship education program.

International Travel for Liver Transplantation: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Impact on the United States Transplant System.

International travel for transplantation remains a global issue as countries continue to struggle in establishing self-sufficiency. In the United States, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) requires citizenship classification at time of waitlisting to remain transparent and understand to whom our organs are allocated. This study provides an assessment of patients who travel internationally for liver transplantation and their outcomes using the current citizenship classification used by UNOS. Adult liver UNOS data from 2003 to 2019 were used. Patients were identified as citizens, noncitizen, nonresidents (NCNR), or noncitizen residents (NC-R) according to citizenship status. Descriptive statistics compared demographics among the waitlisted patients and demographics and donor characteristics among transplant recipients. A competing risks model was used to examine waitlist outcomes. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards were used for posttransplant outcomes. There were significant demographic differences according to citizenship group among waitlisted (n = 125 652) and transplanted (n = 71 536) patients. Compared with US citizens, NCNR was associated with a 9% increase in transplant (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.18; P = 0.04), and NC-R was associated with a 24% decrease in transplant (SHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.72-0.79; P < 0.0001) and a 23% increase in death or removal for being too sick (SHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14-1.33; P < 0.0001). US citizens had significantly inferior graft and patient survival (P < 0.001). Though the purpose of the citizenship classification system is transparency, the results of this study highlight significant disparities in the access to and outcomes following liver transplantation according to citizenship status.

Citizenship Wanted, but Denied: The Racial Prerequisite Cases and Their Role in Institutionalizing Racism Against Asians

This article explores the racial prerequisite cases, which were dubious court decisions that attempted to rationalize pseudo-scientific evidence and common knowledge as reasons for who could and could not be considered for, and who was ultimately denied, U.S. citizenship. These cases are historical antecedents of the current anti-Asian racism that has become even more pronounced as a result of COVID-19. Social studies educators can leverage these court cases to teach about controversial and relevant issues that connect to current immigration and citizenship policies, as well as provide historical context for contemporary discussions about race and racism.

Citizenship Educational Policy: A Case of Russophone Minority in Estonia

In the contemporary era, societies are divided, and political polarization is increasing. One of the most powerful instruments the government can use is general standard education, specifically citizenship education. We will look at the case of Estonia, because Estonia’s main political cleavage is the ethnic cleavage between the Estonian and the Russophone community. Our main research question is as follows: How would it be possible to use democratic citizenship education to decrease in the future the socio-economic inequality between different communities in Estonia? We will outline the context of ethnic socio-economic inequality in Estonia and show how these differences have been at least partially influenced by the current education system in Estonia and how citizenship education can be used to reduce these inequalities in the future. We will conduct an empirical analysis of the curriculum, and this will be followed by semi-structured qualitative interviews. In the discussion, we will make suggestions to the current Estonian citizenship education policy and offer various insights into tackling this issue.

The Legal Aspect of The Implementation of Dual Citizenship In Indonesia: Demands Of The Diaspora

The demand of the Diaspora for the enactment of dual citizenship has not been fulfilled by the Indonesian Government since the state still subscribes to the principle of “one person one citizenship.” This single citizenship principle has been adhered to since the independence of Indonesia, stemming from the 1945 Constitution as the highest state law, Law no. 3 of 1946 on Citizens and Residents of the State, Law no. 62 of 1958 on the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, up until the Law no. 12 of 2006 as the current Citizenship Law of the Republic of Indonesia, which is currently applicable. In the present, the Government has issued a policy alternative in the form of Indonesian Overseas Card to ensure the civil rights of citizens and foreigners of Indonesian national descent who reside overseas so that they can enjoy facilities in Indonesia. This policy is also intended to revise the validity period for Visit Visa to be applicable for several visits and the period of residence permit, specifically for foreigners who are former citizens of Indonesia and their families, as a means of accommodating the diaspora’s demands. With the issuance of the policy, there is a recognition towards the existence of the Indonesian diaspora overseas as one of the non-state actors for international relations and as agents of change for their homeland.

Arabization and Islamization in the Making of the Sudanese “Postcolonial” State (1946-1964)

Scholars have depicted the Arabization and Islamization of Sudan either as two parallel, centuries-long processes or as a set of interrelated state policies in the postcolonial era. This article contributes new chronological and empirical insights into the growing conflation of Arabic, Arabness and Islam in twentieth-century Sudan. First, it locates state efforts at Arabizing and Islamizing the South one decade before independence (1956) within the context of British imperial retreat and Northern Sudanese empowerment. Second, it examines how language and religion were increasingly enmeshed in cultural representations and school practices, even if the two were strategically distinguished in political discourses. The article assesses Southern Sudanese experience of forceful Arabization and Islamization, suggesting that cultural definitions of the nation and the access to educational, political and economic resources remain at the heart of the current citizenship crisis in Sudan and South Sudan.

The Legal Aspect of Dual Citizenship Enactment in Indonesia: Demand of the Diaspora

The demand of the Diaspora for the enactment of dual citizenship has not been fulfilled by the Indonesian Government since the state still subscribes to the principle of “one person one citizenship.”This single citizenship principle has been adhered to since the independence of Indonesia, stemming from the 1945 Constitution as the highest state law, Law no. 3 of 1946 on Citizens and Residents of the State, Law no. 62 of 1958 on the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, up until the Law no. 12 of 2006 as the current Citizenship Law of the Republic of Indonesia, which is currently applicable. In the present, the Government has issued a policy alternative in the form of Indonesian Overseas Card to ensure the civil rights of citizens and foreigners of Indonesian national descent who reside overseas so that they can enjoy facilities in Indonesia. This policy is also intended to revise the validity period for Visit Visa to be applicable for several visits and the period of residence permit, specifically for foreigners who are former citizens of Indonesia and their families, as a means of accommodating the diaspora’s demands. With the issuance of the policy, there is a recognition towards the existence of the Indonesian diaspora overseas as one of the non-state actors for international relations and as agents of change for their homeland.

The ‘affective liminality’ of young immigrants in Belgium: from ruly to unruly feelings on the path towards formal citizenship

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on affective citizenship amongst young immigrants without formal citizenship. Citizenship studies use the ‘affective turn’ to address the central role of affect in current integration and citizenship policies of many Western nation-states, but the lived affective experiences of new immigrants without formal citizenship status concerning these policies remain poorly understood. We advance an analytical framework of ‘affective liminality’ for examining differences in the collectively patterned affects of young immigrants, according to their specific situations of liminal legality and in relation to governmental ‘feeling rules’. An ethnographic study in Belgium reveals that, in general, fear, frustration and hope are key features in the lives of these young people, reflecting the insecurities and ambiguities of their ‘in-between’ legal statuses. Different situations of liminal legality are entangled with different affective outcomes. Counter-intuitively, as young people progress along the path towards formal citizenship, their feelings become more ‘unruly’, and thus less likely to comply with the feeling rules of the state. In addition to being paralyzing or disciplining, their affective experiences might thus be emancipatory as well, inciting them to fight exclusion.

Teachers’ perceptions of preparing “good citizens” for the democratic development: Hong Kong case

ABSTRACT Universal suffrage is an essential component of Western democracy in the twenty-first century, but the role of education in supporting universal suffrage in Hong Kong is a challenge given its fractured political system and governance, societal divisions about political goals, and democratic aspirations within an authoritarian state. This study examines the views of teachers regarding the effectiveness of Hong Kong’s current citizenship education in cultivating students’ citizenship towards the development of a democratic society. The results revealed that current citizenship education does help students foster some characteristics of good citizenship, but doubt its efficacy towards the development of democratic principles such as universal suffrage. Hong Kong is unlike many post-colonial states and Hong Kong teachers face specific challenges in terms of democratic development. While this study focuses on Hong Kong, its results are relevant to educators in other places who face similar challenges and issues under polarised and pluralised societies.

Tuberculosis, involucramientos politicos y espacios biosociales en Bolivia

High tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Bolivia has been a major concern for the national health service as well as for the international health bureaucracy. Based on an ethnography of medical encounters conducted in Bolivia between 2009 and 2013, in this article I discuss the emergence of biosocial spaces in clinical contexts, focusing on those mediated by biomedical authority and technology where TB diagnosed patients engage in treatment. By looking at the intersections between medical discourses and associative practices linked to the scientific and biotechnological fields, I analyze the therapeutic experience of a highly pathologized population, such as the aymara indigenous peoples who suffer from TB, to suggest that healing becomes a process that questions current citizenship frameworks and sociality models. Furthermore, I propose that the biomedical developments of TB treatment show how a natural ““objective”” infectious disease is integrated into the national mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion by framing this illness within the social constructions of race and ethnicity.

Legalità e giustizia per un'etica della responsabilità. Percorsi possibili a scuola e in famiglia

This article aims to analyze the conceptions of legality, justice, democracy, citizenship, re-evaluating them in the light of an ethical vision inspired by responsibility or by a com-partecipation of experiences and meanings, of norms and values intimately and authentically perceived as good, healthy, fair, therefore legitimized, from the citizen to the collectivity, as fair and universal. Once again, school and family are the primary and fundamental agencies dedicated to educate young people to an open, critical and elastic mindset and to an inspired and oriented modus operandi aimed to responsible behaviours in co-responsibility with other social actors. Particularly in the family context, the conscious and responsible recovery of the exemplary and educational firmness of adults is essential for an action carried out with intentionality and planning. These aspects should characterize all the educators in any reference context. In the scholastic one, starting from the first attempts at the theorization and widespread dissemination of new ideas of democracy and citizenship, we will explore the current Citizenship and Constitution curriculum, which, ambitiously, includes students and teachers in a path that, starting from the early childhood, could evolve to contests, modalities, knowledges and skills along the ideal continuum that binds the various orders and degrees of schooling.&amp;nbsp;

The instrumental turn of citizenship

ABSTRACTInstrumentalism, I argued earlier [Joppke, Christian. 2010a. “The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship.” European Journal of Sociology 51 (1): 9–32.], is the heart of an ‘inevitable lightening’ of citizenship in liberal societies. This theme is further developed here, in two directions. Normatively, I argue that the Roman tradition of legal citizenship provides a better foil for understanding current citizenship developments than Greek political citizenship, which is predominant in political theory. Empirically, three cases of instrumentalism are highlighted: the selling of citizenship, expanding provisions of external citizenship, and the rapidly evolving European Union citizenship as a citizenship without identity. While states have always been strategists in matters of citizenship, particularly in inter-state relations, the novelty is to see individuals also in this role, seizing possibilities that states have often inadvertently created for them.

Citizenship, Community Mental Health, and the Common Good.

In this article, we address the issue of community mental health and the common good via an applied theory of citizenship to support the social inclusion, empowerment, and inclusion of persons diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. We begin by discussing citizenship, and the concept of the common good, in regard to historical conceptions of citizenship, including the historical exclusion of women, people of color, persons with mental illness, and others. We then review the development of our citizenship framework in response to the limitations of even the most innovative community mental health interventions, specifically the practice of mental health outreach to persons who are homeless. We review findings from three citizenship research studies - a community-level intervention, an individual- and group-level intervention, and development of an individual instrument of citizenship - along with brief comments on current citizenship research. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges of realizing both the individual and collective potential of, and challenges to, the citizenship framework in relation to current and future community mental health systems of care. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.