Prevalence Of Current Cigarette Smoking Research Articles

Trends in health behaviors over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to examine the trends in health behaviors in Korean population using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).METHODSThe subjects were 96,408 adults aged 19 years or older who participated in the first (1998) through seventh (2016-2018) KNHANES health interview. The prevalence of health behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity) and annual percent change (APC) were estimated using SAS and the Joinpoint program.RESULTSThe prevalence of current cigarette smoking in men decreased by 2.8%p (APC=-2.8, p<0.001) annually over the 20-year period, and the prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke at home substantially decreased compared to 2005 (APC=-8.8, p<0.001). Compared to 2005, the prevalence of current alcohol drinking in women, but not men, increased (APC=2.0, p<0.001), and the prevalence of binge drinking decreased in men (APC=-0.7, p<0.001) and increased in women (APC=2.4, p<0.001). The prevalence of aerobic physical activity decreased from 2014 in both gendersd (p<0.001). The prevalence of healthy behaviors practice (non-smoking, alcohol abstinence, and aerobic physical activity) was down-trending (APC=-5.3, p<0.001), especially among women (APC=-6.4, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONSOver the past 20 years, smoking behaviors improved. However, drinking behavior was unchanged and physical activity indicators markedly decreased. More active programs are necessary for improving health behaviors, which are major risk factors linked to chronic diseases.

Patterns and associations of smoking and electronic cigarette use among survivors of tobacco related and non-tobacco related cancers: A nationally representative cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundTobacco-use among cancer survivors leads to preventable morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare costs. We sought to explore the prevalence of smoking and e-cigarette use among survivors of tobacco and non-tobacco related cancers. MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2015–2018 National Health Interview Survey. Our primary outcome was the prevalence of current cigarette smoking or e-cigarette use among adults with self-reported history of tobacco related or non-tobacco related cancer. Logistic regression analysis was to assess the association of reported cancer type with cigarette smoking or e-cigarette use. Secondary outcomes included yearly trends and dual use. ResultsA total of 12,984 respondents reported a history of cancer, representing a weighted estimate of 5,060,059 individuals with a history of tobacco-related malignancy and 17,583,788 with a history of a tobacco and non-tobacco related cancer, respectively. Survivors of tobacco-related cancers had a significantly higher prevalence of current cigarette use (18.2 % vs 9.7 %, P < 0.0001), e-cigarette use (2.7 % vs 1.6 %, P < 0.0001) and similar rates of dual use. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among all survivors increased as time increased from the year of diagnosis up to 2 years post-diagnosis (P = 0.047). Odds of reporting current cigarette smoking use was higher for survivors of tobacco-related cancers, adjusted for sociodemographic factors (OR1.69, 95 % CI 1.44−1.99). ConclusionsSurvivors of tobacco-related cancers have a higher prevalence of current cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use compared to survivors of non-tobacco related cancers. There was a sequential increase in the prevalence of cigarette use during each subsequent year from the time of a new cancer diagnosis, underscoring the need for long term tobacco cessation support among newly diagnosed adults with cancer.

Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Brazil: 2006-2019.

Objectives. To analyze trends in cigarette smoking among Brazilian adults from 2006 to 2019.Methods. We performed a time-series analysis based on data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases Telephone Survey (n = 730 309). We calculated the annual prevalence of current cigarette smokers, heavy smokers, and passive smokers in the workplace and investigated linear trends using Prais-Winsten regression, for the entire period and for the past 5 years. We performed the analyses for the total population and according to the sociodemographic characteristics.Results. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, heavy smoking, and passive smoking in the workplace declined, respectively, an average of 3.99% per year, 5.65% per year, and 6.55% per year from 2006 to 2019. We observed this reduction regardless of gender, age, educational level, and geographic region. The magnitude of reduction in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking decreased in the past 5 years, while the magnitude of the change in heavy smoking increased.Conclusions. The prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased in the time period studied. The smaller magnitude of reduction for current cigarette smoking in the most recent years might indicate a fatigue with the current policy scenario.

Cigarette smoking prevalence and associated factors among college students, Amhara, Ethiopia.

Introductiontobacco is the only legal drug that kills many of its users when used exactly as intended by the manufacturers. It is estimated that of the 1.1 billion smokers worldwide, nearly 80% of them live in low and middle-income countries. This trend increases in college and university students with most smokers starting to smoke during adolescent. The aim of this study is to assess cigarette smoking prevalence and associated factors among a select group of college of teachers´ education students.Methodsa cross-sectional study was conducted. Multistage sampling was used to select 605 study participants from across the eight departments of the Injibara College of Teachers´ Education. Each subject was selected by simple random sampling technique after proportional allocation to each class. EpiData version 4.2 was used for data entry and Stata version 14 was used for data cleaning and analysis. Variables with p-value < 0.2 in bi-variable analysis were selected for multi-variable analysis. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported to show the strength of association.Resultsthe current prevalence of cigarette smoking is 6.8% amongst the Injibara College of Teachers´ Education students. Males [AOR: 2.84 (95% CI: 1.13, 7.14)], divorced marital status [AOR: 7.27 (95% CI: 1.23, 42.85)], food source in hostel [AOR: 11.62 (95% CI 3.23, 41.71)] and exposure to family/other smokers [AOR: 6.17 (95% CI: 2.17, 16.06)] were statistically significant factors for cigarette smoking.Conclusionthe prevalence of cigarette smoking was relatively low. Male, marital status, source of food, and exposure to family/other smokers were identified associated factors. Policy makers and health regulatory body are strongly encouraged to consider this evidence and the associated factors for smoking in their efforts to develop and implement tobacco control laws.

Association of Cigarette Use and Substance Use Disorders among US Adults with and without a Recent Diagnosis of Cancer.

Background: Few studies have examined substance use disorders (SUDs) in cancer patients and it is unclear whether SUDs differentially impact cigarette smoking in patients with vs. without cancer. This study used epidemiological data to estimate current cigarette smoking prevalence and quit ratios among US adults with and without SUDs by cancer status. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2015–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 170,111). Weighted current smoking prevalence and quit ratios were estimated across survey years by SUDs (with vs. without) and by cancer status (with vs. without). Results: Among those with cancer, current smoking prevalence was higher for those with vs. without SUDs (47% vs. 13%, p < 0.001) and quit ratios lower for those with vs. without SUDs (45% vs. 71%, p = 0.002). A similar pattern was observed in adults without cancer, with higher smoking prevalence (56% vs. 21%, p < 0.001) and lower quit ratios (23% vs. 51%, p < 0.001) observed for those with vs. without SUDs, respectively. In adjusted logistic regressions, the SUD × cancer status interaction was not significant for smoking prevalence or quit ratios (AOR = 1.2; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.1, p = 0.56; AOR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.5, 2.0, p = 0.91, respectively), though smoking prevalence was lower and quit ratios higher for adults with vs. without cancer (ps < 0.05). Conclusions: Among US adults with and without cancer, individuals with SUDs evidenced higher cigarette smoking and lower quit ratios than those without SUDs. Addressing SUDs and their impact on smoking cessation is critical in cancer patients with implications for improving health and treatment outcomes.

Tobacco Product Use Among Adults - United States, 2019.

Cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States (1). The prevalence of current cigarette smoking among U.S. adults has declined over the past several decades, with a prevalence of 13.7% in 2018 (2). However, a variety of combustible, noncombustible, and electronic tobacco products are available in the United States (1,3). To assess recent national estimates of tobacco product use among U.S. adults aged ≥18 years, CDC analyzed data from the 2019 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In 2019, an estimated 50.6 million U.S. adults (20.8%) reported currently using any tobacco product, including cigarettes (14.0%), e-cigarettes (4.5%), cigars (3.6%), smokeless tobacco (2.4%), and pipes* (1.0%).† Most current tobacco product users (80.5%) reported using combustible products (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes), and 18.6% reported using two or more tobacco products.§ The prevalence of any current tobacco product use was higher among males; adults aged ≤65 years; non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults; those whose highest level of educational attainment was a General Educational Development (GED) certificate; those with an annual household income <$35,000; lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) adults; uninsured adults and those with Medicaid; those with a disability; or those with mild, moderate, or severe generalized anxiety disorder. E-cigarette use was highest among adults aged 18-24 years (9.3%), with over half (56.0%) of these young adults reporting that they had never smoked cigarettes. Implementing comprehensive, evidence-based, population level interventions (e.g., tobacco price increases, comprehensive smoke-free policies, high-impact antitobacco media campaigns, and barrier-free cessation coverage), in coordination with regulation of the manufacturing, marketing, and sale of all tobacco products, can reduce tobacco-related disease and death in the United States (1,4). As part of a comprehensive approach, targeted interventions are also warranted to reach subpopulations with the highest prevalence of use, which might vary by tobacco product type.

Smoking characteristics and lung functions among university athletes

Cigarette smoking has negative effects on the respiratory system, particularly pulmonary functions. This study aimed to determine smoking prevalence and characteristics among university athletes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of Thammasat University athletes in Thailand from July to October 2018. Demographic and smoking data were recorded. Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels and lung function data were analysed. A total of 433 subjects (56% men) were included. Mean age was 19.8 ± 1.3 years. Asthma was reported in 5.5%. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 23.8%. Tobacco use was 3.0 ± 3.2 cigarettes per day. The Fagerstrom score for nicotine dependence was 0.76 ± 1.47. Compared to non-smokers, smokers were predominately males (70.6% vs 29.4%, P < 0.001), had higher exhaled CO levels (3.75 ± 3.08 ppm vs 2.18 ± 0.73 ppm, P < 0.001), higher FVC (89.65 ± 17.61% vs 83.22 ± 15.72%, P = 0.001), higher FEV1 (92.60 ± 15.36% vs 87.77 ± 11.23%, P = 0.002), but lower FEV1/FVC (78.21 ± 5.38% vs 79.70 ± 5.60%, P = 0.015). Moreover, athletes who smoke, were more likely to: drink alcohol, have a family member who smokes, have a friend who smokes or have a university instructor who smokes. In conclusion, smoking prevalence among university athletes was relatively high, although low nicotine addiction level and good lung functions were found. Home and institute environments had important influences on cigarette use in students.Trial registration: TCTR20180917001

REPRINT OF: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys: I. State-Specific Prevalence Estimates of Behavioral Risk Factors

Editor's Note: This article is a reprint of a previously published article. For citation purposes, please use the original publication details: Marks JS, Hogelin GC, Gentry EM, et al. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys: I. State-specific prevalence estimates of behavioral risk factors. Am J Prev Med. 1985;1(6):1-8. The prevalence of most behavioral risk factors varies substantially among states. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking ranges from 22 percent to 38 percent. Estimates of alcohol use show geographic clustering, with lower rates in the southeastern states. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, uncontrolled hypertension, overweight, and seatbelt use differs markedly among states. These findings represent an initial step toward the analysis of state-specific baseline risk-factor data for use in developing state programs aimed at reducing the leading causes of death in the United States.

Longitudinal transitions of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems among adolescents: Construction of a retrospective cohort using recall data from a cross-sectional sample.

INTRODUCTIONA major concern regarding non-cigarette tobacco or nicotine products (NCTNPs) is whether they facilitate or mitigate overall tobacco or nicotine use. We examined longitudinal transitions of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) by constructing a retrospective cohort based on the recall data of a cross-sectional sample.METHODSUsing the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, we constructed crosssectional data of 59576 adolescents into retrospective cohort data. Participants were categorized into 4 mutually exclusive tobacco or nicotine use states. We used a multistate Markov model to identify transitions between the states to calculate transition intensity ratios (TIRs), and examined the current use of tobacco or nicotine products to assess both gateway effects to cigarettes, and whether ENDS use helps adolescents quit cigarette smoking.RESULTSCompared with never use, use of ENDS was associated with an increased risk of initiation of cigarette use (TIR=6.8; 95% CI: 4.5–10.2). The risk of transitioning from cigarette ever use to ENDS, compared with never use to ENDS, was even more pronounced (TIR=44.1; 95% CI: 34.1–56.9). The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was higher among those who started ENDS then cigarettes, compared to those who began cigarette use without experimenting with ENDS (43.1% vs 35.8%). Moreover, 27.8% (95% CI: 23.6–32.0%) of adolescents who experimented first with cigarettes then moved to ENDS were current users of cigarettes, and 46.4% (95% CI: 42.1–51.1%) of these adolescents were current users of both cigarettes and ENDS.CONCLUSIONSBased on the recall data of a cross-sectional sample, we demonstrate that ENDS experimentation increases the likelihood of cigarette smoking initiation. A significant proportion of these adolescents continue to use cigarettes. Moreover, those who experimented with cigarettes then ENDS also continue smoking cigarettes or both cigarettes and ENDS. We suggest comprehensive tobacco control policies for all tobacco/nicotine products and monitoring the timing of NCTNP initiation in cross-sectional surveys.

Impact of Caregiving During Emerging Adulthood on Frequent Mental Distress, Smoking, and Drinking Behaviors: United States, 2015-2017.

Objectives. To examine associations between caregiving mental or behavioral health outcomes among emerging US adults, defined as persons aged 18 to 25 years.Methods. The study sample included emerging adult respondents to the 2015-2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's caregiving module. Exposures were caregiver (n = 3087), expectant caregiver (n = 2303), and noncaregiver (n = 12 216) status. Expectant caregivers were defined as persons not currently providing care but anticipating doing so within the next 2 years. Outcomes included frequent mental distress (FMD), drinking (binge or heavy), and current smoking (cigarette or e-cigarette use). We used robust Poisson regression to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We adjusted all models for income.Results. Caregivers had a similar prevalence of FMD when compared with both expectant caregivers (APR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.28, 2.17) and noncaregivers (APR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.23, 1.82). Caregivers had a higher prevalence of current cigarette smoking compared with noncaregivers (APR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.71).Conclusions. Among emerging adults, providing care is associated with poorer mental health. Point estimates looking at FMD were higher when we compared caregivers with expectant caregivers, suggesting a difference in exchangeability between comparison groups.Public Health Implications. This study highlights the importance of including emerging adults in caregiving research.

Trends in youth e-cigarette and cigarette use between 2013 and 2019: insights from repeat cross-sectional data from the COMPASS study

ObjectivesE-cigarettes are an increasingly popular product among youth in Canada. However, there is a lack of long-term data presenting trends in use. As such, the objective of this study was to examine trends in e-cigarette and cigarette use across various demographic characteristics between 2013 and 2019 among a large sample of secondary school youth in Canada.MethodsUsing repeat cross-sectional data from a non-probability sample of students in grades 9 to 12, this study explored trends in the prevalence of ever and current e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking between 2013–2014 and 2018–2019 in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec. Trends in ever and current e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking were studied across demographic variables among students in Ontario.ResultsThe prevalence of e-cigarette ever and current use was variable across province and increased over time, particularly between 2016–2017 and 2018–2019. In contrast, the prevalence of current cigarette smoking was relatively stable over the study period, decreasing significantly in Alberta and Ontario between 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. In Ontario, the prevalence of ever and current e-cigarette use increased among all grades, both genders, and all ethnicities.ConclusionConsistent with data from the United States, the prevalence of e-cigarette use among our large sample of Canadian youth has increased substantially in a short period of time. Surveillance systems should continue to monitor the prevalence of tobacco use among youth. Additional interventions may be necessary to curb e-cigarette use among Canadian youth.

Assessment of Trends in Cigarette Smoking Cessation After Cancer Diagnosis Among US Adults, 2000 to 2017

Continued cigarette smoking after cancer diagnosis has been shown to adversely alter the cancer survivor's health outcomes and quality of life. Although considerable progress has been made in reducing cigarette smoking in the United States over the last decades, trends in cigarette smoking cessation among cancer survivors have not yet been fully investigated. To evaluate temporal trends in cigarette smoking cessation and their sociodemographic and behavioral correlates in the US population of adult cancer survivors. This investigation was a serial cross-sectional study of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 2006 to 2018, a household survey of civilian US residents who were 18 years or older. Data analysis was performed from June to October 2019. The NHIS is population based and representative of the US population. Included in this study were 381 989 respondents to the NHIS in 2006 to 2018. The primary outcome was the probability of quitting cigarette smoking after first cancer diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were factors associated with quitting cigarette smoking after cancer diagnosis. Data on 381 989 adults (weighted N = 239 114 051; mean [SD] age, 48.96 [18.28] years; 211 508 [55.37%] female; 61.90% non-Hispanic White, 13.97% non-Hispanic Black, and 16.22% Hispanic individuals) 18 years or older were analyzed from the 2006 to 2018 NHIS, of whom 8.80% (n = 35 524; weighted n = 21 016 720) were diagnosed with cancer. Among cancer survivors diagnosed between 2000 and 2017, the age-adjusted prevalence of current cigarette smoking at the time of first cancer diagnosis was 24.45% (n = 4054; weighted n = 2 395 173). The probability of reporting a cigarette smoking cessation event after first cancer diagnosis statistically significantly increased with each year of cancer diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08), indicating upward trends in the prevalence of quitting cigarette smoking over time. Older individuals (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), individuals diagnosed as having a smoking-related cancer (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.54), individuals with an undergraduate degree (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.08-1.79) or a postgraduate degree (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.18-2.20), and individuals with obesity (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63) had a higher probability of reporting a cigarette smoking cessation event after cancer diagnosis, whereas individuals living below the poverty level (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48-0.81) had a lower probability of reporting a cigarette smoking cessation event after cancer diagnosis. In this nationally representative survey of the US adult population, the likelihood of cigarette smoking cessation among cancer survivors increased with the year of cancer diagnosis from 2000 to 2017; however, the improvement is incremental, and the prevalence of smoking remained high among this population. Considering the projected increase in the population of cancer survivors in the United States, urgent action is needed to increase cigarette smoking cessation rates in this high-risk population.

Smoking Behaviors in Survivors of Smoking-Related and Non–Smoking-Related Cancers

The population of cancer survivors is rapidly growing in the US. Tobacco smoking is associated with many cancers; however, whether cigarette smoking behaviors among cancer survivors vary according to cancer type-that is, smoking-related cancers (SRCs) vs non-smoking-related cancers (NSRCs)-remains unclear. To examine cigarette smoking prevalence and behaviors (ie, continuing or quitting smoking) among cancer survivors and to compare them between survivors of SRCs and NSRCs. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey, a household survey of civilian US residents who were aged 18 years or older. The National Health Interview Survey is population based and is representative of the US population. Data analysis was performed from June to October 2019. The primary outcomes were prevalence of current cigarette smoking among cancer survivors and prevalence of continuing smoking and quitting smoking after a cancer diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included factors associated with continued smoking vs quitting smoking after a cancer diagnosis. A total of 26 742 respondents (mean [SD] age, 50.97 [18.61] years; 14 646 women [51.76%]) to the 2017 National Health Interview Survey were included in this study. Of the 3068 individuals (9.42%) in the study population who had cancer, 589 (19.96%) were SRC survivors, 2297 (74.50%) were NSRC survivors, 168 (4.96%) were survivors of both SRC and NSRC, and the remaining 14 (0.58%) had missing information about the type of cancer. Four hundred forty-nine SRC survivors (54.08%) were women, compared with 1412 NSRC survivors (54.30%). Ninety-six SRC survivors (15.69%) and 151 NSRC survivors (7.99%) were younger than 45 years. Overall, 372 cancer survivors (13.16%) were current smokers. Current smoking prevalence was higher among survivors of SRCs (145 survivors [19.78%]) compared with NSRC survivors (251 survivors [10.63%]). Among cancer survivors, 309 current smokers at cancer diagnosis (43.96%) reported having successfully quit smoking and 372 (56.04%) reported continuing smoking. Among the continuing smokers, 176 (56.49%) reported an unsuccessful quit attempt in the last 12 months. After cancer diagnosis, SRC survivors had higher odds of continued smoking compared with NSRC survivors (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% CI, 1.12-3.93; P = .02). Men (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.05-3.57; P = .04), those with angina pectoris (OR, 5.40; 95% CI, 1.33-21.91; P = .02), and those with chronic bronchitis (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.05-6.19; P = .04) had higher odds of continued smoking, whereas Hispanic participants (compared with non-Hispanic white participants: OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05-0.68; P = .01) and married participants (compared with never married participants: OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12-0.96; P = .04) had lower odds of continued smoking. These findings suggest that compared with NSRC survivors, SRC survivors may be at higher risk of being cigarette smokers at cancer diagnosis and of continuing smoking afterward. Although smoking cessation interventions are critically important for all cancer survivors, special efforts should target survivors of SRCs.

Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among health occupations students in Iran

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the smoking behaviour and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among the students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS).&#x0D; Methods: This survey was conducted using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire mainly based on the Persian version of the Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) questionnaire. The students of eight disciplines (Dentistry, Environmental health engineering, Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, and Public health) of SBUMS were invited to participate in this study. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression served for statistical analyses. The P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: A total of 290 students (151 male) participated in the study. About 1.4% of the participants were 15-18 years old, 85.5% were 19-24, 8.6% were 25-29, 3.4% were 30 or older, and 1.0% of them did not report their age. Among all the disciplines, dental students reported the highest prevalence (52.0%) for current cigarette smoking while public health students reported the lowest (0.0%). Regarding the prevalence of exposure to ETS, nutrition students reported the highest (96.4%), and nursing students reported the lowest (57.1%). Current cigarette smoking was reported by 34.4% of the participants. This rate was significantly higher in men when compared to women (P˂0.001). Among participants, 78.6% had been exposed to ETS. The frequency distribution of exposure to ETS was statistically significantly different between males and females (P ˂ 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of current cigarette smoking and/or the prevalence of exposure to ETS among the students of SBUMS were alarming. These results have further highlighted the importance and necessity of planning to reduce tobacco use and increase awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco products on overall health among the students of SBUMS.

Cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among male south Asian migrants in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundFew data were available on smoking and smokeless tobacco use in South Asian migrants in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study aimed to identify the prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use in male South Asian migrants in the UAE.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional study to recruit a random representative sample of male South Asian migrants, including Indian (n = 433), Pakistani (n = 383) and Bangladeshi (n = 559) nationalities. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify significant correlates of cigarettes smoking and smokeless tobacco use.Results1375 South Asian migrant adult males participated in the study (response rate 76%) with a mean age of 34 years (SD ± 10). The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 28% (95%CI 25–30%) and smokeless tobacco use was 11% (95%CI 10–13%). The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 21, 23, and 37% among participants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, respectively. The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco use was 6, 12, and 16% for Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi participants, respectively. Among study participants, Bangladeshi nationality, hypertension, and alcohol use were significant correlates of current cigarette smoking. Significant correlates of smokeless tobacco use included increased age, less than college level education, alcohol use, and Pakistani or Bangladeshi nationality.ConclusionsCurrent smoking and smokeless tobacco use in South Asian migrants represent a significant public health burden in the UAE. Effective public health measures are needed to reduce tobacco use in this migrant population.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Current Cigarette Smoking among Ethiopian University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Although tobacco use is highest in high-income countries, most tobacco-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries with the highest number of deaths recorded in East Africa. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the pooled prevalence and associated factors of current cigarette smoking among Ethiopian university students. Methods The authors searched databases from PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Web of Sciences. The publications included in the analysis were inclusive, the literature was searched from January 2011 to December 2018. The JBI-MAStARI critical appraisal tool was applied to 13 publications identified by the database search. I2 statistics were used to indicate heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using the visual funnel plot. A p value < 0.1 was considered as indicative of statistically significant publication bias. A random effect meta-analysis model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking, and the variables associated with cigarette smoking were examined. Results The meta-analysis of 13 studies showed that the pooled prevalence of current cigarette smoking was found to be 12.55% (95% CI: 10.39–14.72; I2 = 94.0%) with no publication bias according to Egger's test (p = 0.007) for cigarette smoking by 2.05 (95% CI: 1.52–2.75). Factors associated with cigarette smoking were peer influence 2.79 (95% CI: 1.62–4.82; I2 = 35.7), khat chewing (95% CI: 2.81–15.26; I2 = 82.5), and alcohol use 11.16 (95% CI: 7.46–16.71). Conclusion Our findings indicate a high prevalence of cigarette smoking among Ethiopian university students as compared to the general population. Gender, peer influence, khat chewing, and current alcohol use were significantly associated with cigarette smoking. The authors recommend promoting antismoking campaigns, emphasizing health hazard public service announcements about cigarettes, and integrating health education on smoking in youth-friendly services, especially targeting higher educational institutions.

Disparities in current cigarette smoking among US adults, 2002–2016

BackgroundTo assess disparities in current (past 30 days) cigarette smoking among US adults aged ≥ 18 years during 2002–2016.MethodsNine indicators associated with social disadvantage were analysed from the 2002 to...

State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Cessation Treatments and Barriers to Accessing Treatments - United States, 2008-2018.

The prevalence of current cigarette smoking is approximately twice as high among adults enrolled in Medicaid (23.9%) as among privately insured adults (10.5%), placing Medicaid enrollees at increased risk for smoking-related disease and death (1). Medicaid spends approximately $39 billion annually on treating smoking-related diseases (2). Individual, group, and telephone counseling and seven Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications* are effective in helping tobacco users quit (3). Comprehensive, barrier-free, widely promoted coverage of these treatments increases use of cessation treatments and quit rates and is cost-effective (3). To monitor changes in state Medicaid cessation coverage for traditional Medicaid enrollees† over the past decade, the American Lung Association collected data on coverage of nine cessation treatments by state Medicaid programs during December 31, 2008-December 31, 2018: individual counseling, group counseling, and the seven FDA-approved cessation medications§; states that cover all nine of these treatments are considered to have comprehensive coverage. The American Lung Association also collected data on seven barriers to accessing covered treatments.¶ As of December 31, 2018, 15 states covered all nine cessation treatments for all enrollees, up from six states as of December 31, 2008. Of these 15 states, Kentucky and Missouri were the only ones to have removed all seven barriers to accessing these cessation treatments. State Medicaid programs that cover all evidence-based cessation treatments, remove barriers to accessing these treatments, and promote covered treatments to Medicaid enrollees and health care providers could reduce smoking, smoking-related disease, and smoking-attributable federal and state health care expenditures (3-7).

Prevalence and determinants of current cigarette smoking and secondhand smoking among Greek adolescents: the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2013 study

ObjectivesSmoking prevalence in Greece is considered high within the European Union and the collection of evidence on tobacco use among adolescents is of vital importance in order to develop effective...

Will Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) use reduce smoking disparities? Prevalence of daily ENDS use among cigarette smokers.

Many smokers reported using Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS, e.g., electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes) to quit cigarette smoking. Previous studies suggested that daily ENDS use may promote cigarette smoking cessation. We assessed variations in the prevalence of daily ENDS use among adult smokers by demographics and implications for cigarette smoking disparities. Data were from a nationally representative sample of US adults who participated in the 2014–2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (n = 163,920). Participants reported socio-demographics, current cigarette smoking, current ENDS use, and past-year cigarette smoking cessation attempts. We estimated the prevalence of current cigarette smoking in the full sample by socio-demographics. We also estimated the prevalence of daily ENDS use among current smokers (n = 23,232) and those who attempted to quit smoking in the past year (n = 9,341) by socio-demographics. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between daily ENDS use and socio-demographics. Prevalence of daily ENDS use was low: 1–6% among current smokers and 2–9% among those who made a past-year quit attempt, across socio-demographics. Hispanic (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29–0.69) and non-Hispanic black smokers (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.23–0.61) were less likely than non-Hispanic white smokers to use ENDS daily. Similar associations were observed among current smokers who made a past-year quit attempt (p < 0.05). Low prevalence of daily ENDS use suggests that ENDS may only promote smoking cessation in a small fraction of smokers. Lower prevalence of daily ENDS use among non-Hispanic black smokers may worsen race-related cigarette smoking disparities.