Current Transactions Research Articles

Impact of PI Network (PINET) And PINFT Over Premium Domain Parking

Pi Network is a cryptocurrency project that aims to create a decentralized network for digital currency transactions. It was created by a team of Stanford graduates and launched in 2019. Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Pi Network does not require mining and instead allows users to earn Pi coins by participating in the network and validating transactions. To earn Pi coins, users need to download the Pi Network app, create an account, and start mining. Mining on Pi Network is done by simply opening the app once a day to confirm that you are a real person and not a bot. This process is designed to be energy-efficient and does not require the use of computational resources like traditional mining. Pi Network is still in the development phase, and its future success will depend on its ability to build a strong and active community. It is also observed that NFTs are also used to promote the Pi Network could be a creative way to engage the community and generate interest in the cryptocurrency. These NFTs could represent unique digital assets or experiences related to the Pi Network ecosystem, such as exclusive access to events, special features within the Pi Network app, or even limited edition digital collectibles. By leveraging NFTs, the Pi Network could potentially attract more users and create a sense of exclusivity and value within its community. It could also provide a new way for users to participate in the network and be rewarded for their contributions. Present research is presenting impact of popularity of PINET and PINFT over premium domain parking.

Indonesia’s Efforts in Supporting ASEAN Digital Economy by Expanding the Use of QRIS in Southeast Asia

Indonesia’s Efforts in Supporting ASEAN Digital Economy by Expanding the Use of QRIS in Southeast Asia

Assessing the Resilience of Fintechs to Epidemic Crises from a Monetary Stability Perspective: Evidence from Africa

The paper aims to assess the resilience of fintechs to epidemic crises in Africa. This study is new in that it is one of the few to have examined the impact of fintechs on monetary stability in the African region, and it shows how digital tools have become crucial for regions to better manage their response to the crisis. To do so, we use the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique to investigate the complexity of the relationship between Fintechs and monetary stability during the years 2011, 2014 and 2017. The study confirms that debit card use leads to an increase in inflation and participates in the decline of the interest rate. We also find that the use of the internet during transactions plays a stimulating role in lowering inflation, encouraging currency transactions and reinforcing the increase in interest rates. Finally, we conclude that the stability of money in bank accounts decreases the effect of inflationary pressures but favors exchange rates and interest rates together as a result of the increase in money.

Analisis Akuntansi Untuk Transaksi Mata Uang Asing Pada Pt. Appipa Indonesia

This article will analyze foreign currency transactions at PT. Appipa Indonesia. In import-export transactions related to two different countries, using different currencies, namely foreign currency and local currency. Foreign currency transactions in their treatment can affect the financial statements of sales, purchases, accounts payable, receivables, and so on. This research method is descriptive qualitative. PT. Appipa Indonesia has implemented accounting treatment in accordance with PSAK No.10 regarding exchange differences on foreign currency transactions.

Analisis Perlakuan Atas Selisih Kurs Dan Transaksi Mata Uang Asing Terhadap Laporan Keuangan Pada Pt. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk

. Accounting for exchange rate differences and foreign currency transactions has a significant impact on annual financial reports. Companies that trade foreign currencies must apply appropriate accounting policies to record exchange rate differences that occur. This research aims to analyze the accounting treatment of exchange rate differences and foreign currency transactions at PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk The method used in this research is a descriptive method using secondary data obtained from the company's financial reports. The research results are based on the application of PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk's accounting principles in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards (SAK). The author notes translation differences when recognizing income or expenses and does not consider translation differences when recording assets or liabilities. This research also shows that the resulting exchange rate differences have a significant impact on PT's annual financial reports. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. A favorable exchange rate difference can increase the company's net profit, while an unfavorable exchange rate difference can reduce the company's net profit.

Currency calculations during the war

Introduction. The introduction explores the impact of war on foreign economic activity and currency transactions in Ukraine. It examines how the war influences the Ukrainian economy, emphasizing the importance for businesses to be aware of changes in currency transactions during times of war. The purpose of the paper is to analyze restrictions on currency transactions during the state of war in Ukraine and potential penalty sanctions for violations of currency legislation. Results. Currency transactions in Ukraine during the war impact a significant sector of the economy and the lives of the country's citizens. To ensure financial stability, the National Bank of Ukraine and the government have implemented a series of measures, creating challenges for businesses and the population. These measures include changes in the currency exchange rate, restrictions on the issuance of foreign currency, and limitations on cross-border transfers, and others/ Conclusions. During the period of martial law, currency transactions have faced significant challenges and changes. The National Bank of Ukraine and the government have implemented and continue to implement a series of measures to ensure stability in the currency market and mitigate the negative impact of the war on Ukraine's financial system. To minimize the adverse effects, restrictions on cash withdrawals, issuance of funds in foreign currency, cross-border currency transfers, and more have been introduced. Equally important, all economic ties with the aggressor country have been halted. Over the years of war, it has become clear that control over currency transactions plays a crucial role in ensuring economic stability. In turn, businesses need to monitor all these changes implemented by the country's leadership to continue developing successfully and contribute to the growth of our country's economy.

Analisis Perlakuan Akuntansi dalam Transaksi Mata Uang Asing terhadap Risiko Keuangan PT. Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk

This research aims to determine foreign currency transactions that occur at PT. Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk in its financial reports is because countries have different currency values. Foreign currency transactions at this company involve the sale and purchase of currency to support business needs and control company risks. The data collection technique used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. The results of the discussion stated that, PT. Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk noted that foreign currency transactions occur due to import-export, foreign funding and foreign investment. Foreign currency transactions are important in company risk management as a source of good financial strategy.

Implementasi PSAK 10 dalam Menyusun Laporan Keuangan (Transaksi Mata Uang Asing)

Accounting for foreign currency transactions is an important aspect in the scope of corporate finance, especially in the context of business globalization. PSAK 10 (Statement of Financial Accounting Standards) regulates this aspect and provides guidelines on how companies should account for transactions in foreign currencies as well as related financial reporting. This research explores the implementation of PSAK 10 in preparing financial reports, with a focus on foreign currency transactions. In PSAK 10, companies are directed to use the foreign currency exchange rate on the transaction date to measure transactions in foreign currency. In addition, significant changes in foreign currency exchange rates after the transaction date are also taken into account and recognized as exchange gain or loss. A deep understanding of the application of these provisions is crucial so that financial reports accurately reflect the company's financial position. Through literature research and analysis of accounting practices, this article investigates how companies effectively manage foreign currency risks and present relevant and reliable information in their financial reports. A comparison between the methods used by companies in implementing PSAK 10 and best practices in the industry is explained to provide a comprehensive picture. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide in-depth insight into the challenges, opportunities and best policies in dealing with foreign currency transactions based on PSAK 10. The practical implications of compliance with this standard, as well as the potential impact on corporate financial decisions, will also be reviewed. With a better understanding of foreign currency transaction accounting, companies are expected to improve the quality and credibility of their financial reports in an ever-expanding global market.

The Impact Of Accounting Standards for Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Statements Translation on Auditing Procedures: The Case of Iraq

This paper aims to convey the notion of auditing, its relevance, and the report's function in strengthening the recipients' trust. It also tries to study accounting rules for foreign currency transactions and interpret and unify financial statements for overseas entities. The research aims to study and analyze accounting for foreign transactions and the translation of financial statements in public sector corporations, the research sample, and compare these accounting treatments with those that should be included in the relevant accounting standards. The objective meaning of the word auditing is based on the fact that auditing is a search for the truth since this is the core of the auditing process. Auditing is fundamental to all operations, and its presence dates back to antiquity and the first civilizations. This study aims to shed light on the concept of foreign transactions, the translation of financial statements, the presentation and discussion of problems arising from them, the accounting standards for accounting for transactions in foreign currency, the translation and consolidation of financial statements for foreign units, their impact on auditing operations and what is reflected in the auditors' report. In addition to investigating the reality of accounting for transactions in foreign currency and translating the financial statements of public firms, the sample research also examines the validity of accounting for transactions in foreign currency. The findings indicate that the financial statements of the public sector enterprises comprising the study sample do not fairly represent their work and financial status outcomes.

Overview of the foreign exchange market of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law

The paper examines the peculiarities of the functioning of the currency market of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and takes into account the aspect of economic and political components. The data of the study of the currency market of Ukraine during the war period are presented and their content is analyzed. The causes and factors influencing the formation and activity of the foreign exchange market are identified, and proposals are given for carrying out stabilization measures and minimizing currency risks in conditions of stress and uncertainty caused by the war. The main elements of the NBU's regulatory easing policy on the currency market of Ukraine in wartime conditions are outlined. One of the first steps taken by the National Bank of Ukraine in times of macroeconomic and military-political instability were the measures of strict currency regulation aimed at minimizing currency risks. In order to maintain financial stability, the NBU had to introduce strict currency restrictions and fix the exchange rate of the hryvnia to the US dollar. Such administrative intervention helped to balance the foreign exchange market in conditions where it would have been impossible to do so by market methods. The temporary fixation of the exchange rate, strict restrictions on currency transactions, restrictions on withdrawals from currency accounts and other measures became a reliable basis for stabilizing both the currency market and the financial system of Ukraine. Of course, administrative restrictions smooth out temporary distortions in the foreign exchange market, but over time they can lead to the accumulation of imbalances, since the market mechanism of balancing the demand and supply of currency in search of exchange rate equilibrium ceases to operate, which sooner or later can lead to or to sudden major crises, or to endless stagnation. Therefore, long-term regulation of the foreign exchange market by strict administrative measures can have negative consequences. This prompted the NBU, in accordance with the new strategy of gradually abandoning the fixed exchange rate of the hryvnia, to switch to the strategy of easing currency restrictions and returning to flexible exchange rate formation and targeting. This strategy is one of the structural beacons of the memorandum with the IMF, which will determine the sequence of steps to liberalize currency restrictions and return to a more flexible exchange rate regime. If such mitigations are not made even in the conditions of a brutal war, the consequences for the country's financial system and the functioning of business can be negative.

PROOF-OF-STAKE CONSENSUS METHOD FOR UPCOMING BLOCKCHAIN NETWORKS

Currency transaction is a major part that had to be made secured. So rather than making usual currency transactions, there is a secured way of currency transactions by using cryptocurrency which has the concept of blockchain. In today's world, the advancement of cryptocurrency facilitates every individual to make use of cryptocurrency for investing savings and transactions. Hence we can witness the huge number of transactions are occurring per second. Hence it is transforming the way of understanding the currency in a digitalized manner. It invokes interposer to interlope in the particulars of the transactions. To make an ensured transaction, we are using APC cryptocurrency. This APC cryptocurrency transaction is made protected with the support of blockchain so that every user utilizing the APC for their transactions, can be more confident in doing their currency operations. The biggest demand of every user is securing their transaction details regarding the usage of cryptocurrency. Therefore, by using the hashing algorithm we are converting the values of the user’s transactions details into hash values. The transaction details are validated using a validator and the validations are fact-checked by the administration, with the implementation of the modal concept of “proof of stake”.

John Franklyn Venner FCA: An Orthodox Chartered Accountant Working in an Unorthodox Organization

ABSTRACT John Franklyn Venner was a chartered accountant and senior partner in an eminent City of London firm of accountants. However, between 1940 and 1945, Venner worked at the heart of the unorthodox and top secret Special Operations Executive (SOE), which was set up to facilitate clandestine warfare. Venner used the accounting orthodoxy of financial controls, the recording of transactions, and regular financial reporting to build a strong bond of trust and confidence with the Treasury and Bank of England. This provided space for Venner to develop unorthodox financing schemes, including black market foreign currency transactions, which generated millions of pounds of currency and made a major contribution to the war effort. Venner died in 1955 at age 52. This biographical microhistory, using archival sources, brings his story out of the shadows and demonstrates how an eminent chartered accountant navigated the unorthodox world of the SOE during the Second World War. Data Availability: All data used are available from the public sources cited in the text, apart from the transcripts of the two James Venner interviews.

Accounting Treatment of Prepayments (Payments) for Foreign Currency Transactions Under IAS 21 and IFRIC 22

Accounting Treatment of Prepayments (Payments) for Foreign Currency Transactions Under IAS 21 and IFRIC 22

The Peculiarities of Legislative Regulation and the Problems of Qualification of Evasion from the Performance of Duties on the Repatriation of Funds

This article analyzes the peculiarities of legislative regulation and the problems of qualification of the corpus delicti (criminal offense) provided in Article 193 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Evasion of obligations to repatriate funds in foreign currency or currency of the Russian Federation. Considering the background of the development of legal frameworks for currency transactions changes in approach to determining substantial damages resulting from the actions related to the non-repatriation of funds associated with capital outflows, and the emergence of new forms of participation in civil transactions, the noted criminal offense is revisited from the context of the legal landscape of monetary regulation. Additionally, the effectiveness of law enforcement is compromised due to the unclear delineation of the criteria for the objective elements and the involved parties as stipulated in the legal provisions. Analyzing these criteria in the context of judicial precedents, legislative regulation, and scholarly doctrine has enabled us to draw conclusions vital for accurately categorizing actions falling within the framework of the specified criminal offense. Simultaneously, it is deduced that addressing the problems identified in this study can only be achieved with a systematic change in the approach to countering the evasion of repatriating funds.

Study on Dispute Resolution of Tort Liability Disputes between Digital Currency Platforms and Users Case Analysis in China and Abroad

Numerous tort liability disputes have arisen from individuals registering to use digital currency trading platforms and investing in digital currencies in China. This paper mainly adopts the case analysis method and comparative research method through the analysis of the current situation and controversial focus issues of judicial rulings on tort liability disputes between digital currency platforms and users in China, combined with classic overseas cases, summarizes the lessons learned and put forward the proposed ideas for improving the comprehensive governance of digital currency. The study finds that the focal issues of disputes over tort liability between digital currency platforms and users include, but are not limited to, the definition of the nature of the digital currency, the compensation obligations of digital currency platforms, and the damage compensation methods of digital currency transactions. The dilemma of the judicial ruling is due to the incomplete legal system and inconsistent policy interpretation on the one hand and influenced by the macro regulatory attitude on the other. The experience of classic overseas cases in this paper can provide China with improvement ideas to a certain extent.

A study on the legal risk assessment of virtual currency transactions based on statistical analysis

Abstract This paper first analyzes the definition and characteristic attributes of virtual currency transactions, secondly constructs the legal risk indicator evaluation system, then pre-processes the evaluation data and assigns the indicators, and then constructs the legal risk evaluation model using TOPSIS-grey correlation. Finally, the quantitative data analysis was carried out by analyzing the indicator weights and evaluating indicators. The results show that the overall score of the trading platform is 73.86, with the evaluation scores of the first-level indicators being 24.56, 11.35, 16.23, 15.42, and 6.30, respectively. This study fully illustrates that the use of TOPSIS-grey correlation analysis can provide data support and a decision-making basis for legal risk assessment and prevention and new directions for reforming and developing the legal risks of virtual currency trading.

Brazilian coin counter research report

Though coins are less used in the informational era, a significant amount of the population still uses physical coins for financial transactions. Also, when the countrys government collects the coins for equivalent digital currency transactions, coin identification is still vital yet tedious. Moreover, the dated coins and the difference in illuminations. This novel presents a coin identification and validation model based on the Alex Net convolutional model. It identifies the value of a coin through the numbers, animals, and plants on the two sides. The model employs data enhancement, feature attention layers, max pooling, and residue groups. We collected 2826 images of Brazilian coins with reverse motifs, and the experimental accuracy of our model reached 0.97. The code part has shown here: https://github.com/Erik-Xie/-Brazilian-Coin-counter-Research-Report.git

State-of-the-Art Human-Computer-Interaction in Metaverse

With the increasing popularity of the Metaverse concept, human beings have stepped to a new height in the intelligent technology progress. This work presents a literature review of the current research on Human-Computer Interaction in the Metaverse. Keywords like “Metaverse,” “Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),” “virtual space,” “virtual technology,” “three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction,” “parallel universe,” “independent identity,” “access to interests,” and “blockchain” are used to search for relevant articles in the literature in databases like Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Academic. Nearly 100 advanced studies on the Metaverse are selected from over 20,000 documents covering 2018-2023. Finally, the current application state of the Metaverse’s underlying technologies is explored and described using the PRISMA principles; these technologies include the fifth-generation (5 G) communication, HCI, virtual technology, blockchain, and 3D reconstruction. Moreover, the predictions for HCI's future growth in the Metaverse are made. The review concludes that the rapid advancement of the 5 G connection has made the concept of the Metaverse possible. The blockchain ensures the safety of currency transactions in the Metaverse virtual space. There will be a shift toward “invisibility” in the way that humans and computers interact in virtual worlds. In other words, HCI will be transparent to the user in the digital realm, and people will get along with the computer in a natural and equitable way. In the interaction, wearable devices allow for an immersive experience in the interaction, but they restrict the participants’ freedom of movement and perception. The more humanized somatosensory connection will gain traction in the future, bringing people one step closer to the Metaverse.

MONETARY ANTI-CRISIS MEASURES IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

With the invasion of russian troops on the territory of Ukraine, the NBU faced the task of preventing the depreciation of the national currency, avoiding panic, and ensuring the stability of the banking system. This was achieved, in particular, due to anti-crisis monetary measures. The regulator was promptly making the necessary decisions, the review of which and the assessment of their effectiveness in the paradigm of the economy of war this study is devoted to. The set of tools of anti-crisis monetary management, prerequisites, factors and features of their application in the conditions of a full-scale military invasion are reviewed. A comparative-dynamic analysis of the main monetary indicators was conducted, which showed their manageability and relative stability. It’s proved that the main inflationary trend in Ukraine is characterized by uncertainty, formed under the influence of non-monetary factors of a subjective nature, which are outside the influence of monetary policy. These and other non-market factors provoked a reduction in international reserves and instability in the foreign exchange market. NBU reacted by introducing pre-emptive currency restrictions. It was determined that in order to avoid panic in the foreign exchange market, the NBU made such important and prompt decisions as fixing the exchange rate, introducing the necessary restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency and cross-border currency transactions, restricting withdrawal of funds from foreign currency accounts, providing the possibility of exchanging cash hryvnias abroad. To avoid uncontrolled devaluation and capital outflow, the NBU supported the foreign exchange market with interventions. Anti-crisis measures aimed at maintaining the liquidity of the banking system were analysed, including operations with certificates of deposit and government bonds, which in the conditions of martial law don't always achieve the goals of ensuring financial stability. These and other measures helped the regulator maintain the banking system's overall stability and uninterrupted operation.

RATS: A regulatory anonymous transaction system based on blockchain

With the rapid development of digital currency such as Bitcoin, the digital currency transaction system with blockchain as the key underlying technology is booming, but the traditional transaction system has the risk of revealing sensitive information such as transaction content and identity. In order to enhance the security, many transactions system with privacy preserving have been proposed, such as Zerocoin, Monero, etc. As there are a decentralized credit entity and strong anonymity in these transaction systems, the authorities can effectively audit and control the participants and transactions in the digital currency system, thus making digital currency a tool for illegal transactions. Recognizing the importance of privacy preserving and regulatory, in this paper, we propose a new regulatory anonymous transaction system based on blockchain—RATS, which can not only protect the privacy of transactions on the blockchain, but also regulate illegal transactions. Firstly, we introduce regulators into the system, and at the same time, we propose a regulatory mechanism that the regulator is allowed to trace the identity of the user without affecting the transaction operation of the system when suspicious transactions are found. In particularly, during the normal transaction, we protect the privacy of users' transaction contents and addresses without affecting the anonymity of the original system. We formalize the system model and security model of RATS. Moreover, the security of the proposed scheme is strictly proved and analyzed.