Synanthedon Tipuliformis Research Articles

OLD WORLD PHEROMONE STRAIN IN THE NEW WORLD: SEX ATTRACT ANT COMPOSITION FOR THE CURRANT BORER, SYNANTHEDON TIPULIFORMIS CL. (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE), IN CANADA

AbstractThe field attractivity of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienyl acetate (E,Z-2,13-18:OAc) (30 μg loaded on red rubber tubing) alone or in combination with (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate (E,Z-3,13-18:OAc) (0.9 μg added) towards the male currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis Cl., (Lepidoptora: Sesiidae), was compared in British Columbia (B.C.) and in Quebec (Canada) by means of trapping trial. The binary mixture attracted males in significantly higher numbers into sticky traps than E,Z-13-18:OAc alone [17.0 male captures/trap/inspection versus 1.7 in Langley (B.C.), 32.7 versus 11.9 in De Roche (B.C.), and 5.3 versus 0.2 in Ile d’Orleans (Que.), respectively]. These results suggest that the Canadian currant borer populations belong to the same strain as those in Europe and New Zealand, with E,Z-3,13-18:OAc remaining an important attractant-synergistic component.

Structure-activity correlations among analogs of the currant clearwing moth pheromone

Eleven analogs of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate1, a main pheromone component of the currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) were synthesized and tested for their biological activities by electroantennography (EAG). To correct the EAG data for differences in volatility of the analogs, their vapor pressures were estimated by a gas chromatographic method. All structural changes in the parent molecule were found to reduce the biological activity to various degrees. The most active analog tested was the carbamate12, whose activity was almost comparable to that of the pheromone component1. Structure-activity correlations showed that hydrophobic, steric, and electronic effects of chain terminal groups might be responsible for variations in biological activity of the conformationally unchanged (E,Z)-2,13-analogs.

Compounds modifying male responsiveness to main female sex pheromone component of the currant borer,Synanthedon tipuliformis clerk (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) under field conditions

Various blends of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (E,Z2,13-18: OAc), (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate (ZOAc) (two previously identified pheromone components of the currant borer,Synanthedon tipuliformis females), (E,Z)-, (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetates (E,Z- andZ,Z3,13-18:OAc), andZ,Z-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol (Z,Z3,13-18:OH) were evaluated in field traps in three geographic regions. MaleS. tipuliformis were attracted toE,Z2,13-18:OAc in Tasmania, New Zealand, and Hungary. Captures were not influenced by the addition ofZ13-18: OAc, tested in Tasmania and Hungary. In Hungary and New Zealand, the addition ofE,Z3,13-18: OAc toE,Z2,13-18:OAc in a ratio of 100:3 was strongly synergistic; however, in Tasmania captures were reduced. The addition ofZ,Z3,13-18: OAc toE,Z2,13-18:OAc in a ratio of 10∶1 resulted in strong inhibition of trap captures in Hungary. WhenZ,Z3,13-18: OAc was added in different ratios to a 100:3 binary mixture ofE,Z2,13-18:OAc/E,Z3,13-18:OAc in Hungary, it strongly reduced captures at, or above a ratio of 100∶3∶3 but no decrease was recorded at a ratio of 100∶3∶1. In New Zealand and Tasmania it reduced captures at a ratio of 100∶3∶1. Observations of behavioral responses of maleS. tipuliformis in Hungary to synthetic baits in the field showed thatE,Z2,13-18:OAcby itself evoked close-range approaches to the source from only 20% of males, whereas the addition ofE,Z3,13-18:OAc in a ratio of 100∶3 raised that value to 65 %. Landing on the source was significant only at sources with a 100∶3∶0.1∶3∶10 blend ofE,Z2,13-18:OAc/E,Z3,13-18: OAc/Z,Z3,13-18: OAc/Z,Z3,13-18: OH/Z13-18: OAc. A 100∶3 binary mixture ofE,Z2,13-18:OAc/E,Z3,13-18:OAc in a dose range of 10-1000 μg can be recommended for more effective field monitoring ofS. tipuliformis populations in Hungary and in New Zealand. In Tasmania, at present,E,Z2,13-18: OAc by itself is the most potent sex attractant of the species.

Sex pheromone of the female currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis: Identification and field evaluation

Abstract(E,Z)‐2,13‐octadecadien‐1‐ol acetate and (Z)‐13‐octadecen‐1‐ol acetate have been identified from the ovipositor extracts of the currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), by capillary GC, and the structures were verified by GC‐MS. The diene/monoene ratio in the extract was found to be 93:7. Mixtures of these two compounds as well as the diene alone attracted conspecific males in the field.ZusammenfassungDas Sexualpheromon des Johannisbeerglasflüglers Synanthedon tipuliformis: Strukturaufklärung und Freilandaktivität(E,Z)‐2,13‐Octadecadienylacetat und (Z)‐13‐Octadecenylacetat wurden in Ovipositor‐Extrakten des Johannisbeerglasflüglers Synanthedon tipuliformis kapillar‐gaschromatographisch nachgewiesen. Die Strukturen wurden mittels Gaschromatographisch‐Massenspektrometrie bestätigt. Das Verhältnis Dien/Monoen im Extrakt betrug 93:7. Mischungen der beiden Komponenten wie auch (E,Z)‐2,13‐Octadecadienylacetat allein lockten im Freiland Männchen dieser Glasflüglerart an.

Sex attractant for currant clearwing mothSynanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

The currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a pest in many parts of the world. In field tests it was found that (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate attracts males of this species. The synthesis of this compound and of its geometrical isomer (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate is described.

THE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF CURRANT BORER MOTH, SYNANTHEDON TIPULIFORMIS(CLERCK) (LEPIDOPTERA: AEGERIIDAE) IN TASMANIA

Abstract Synanthedon tipuliformis, which feeds during the larval stage on the pith of the stems of blackcurrants was studied in southern Tasmania. The insect is univoltine, with adults emerging and mating between November and early January. Most eggs are laid in late December and early January. The larvae hatch several weeks later and may enter the stems through existing tunnels, or tunnel into developing buds and then into the pith. The larvae undergo a quiescent period during winter and pupate in the spring or early summer. There are few parasites, predators or diseases of the insect in Tasmania.

Field testing of the insect parasitic nematode,Neoaplectana bibionis [Nematoda: Steinernematidae] against currant borer moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis [Lep.: Sesiidae] in blackcurrants

Spraying of water suspensions ofNeoaplectana bibionisBovien on established blackcurrant bushes infested with currant borer moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), resulted in up to 90% mortality of larvae. Mortality was influenced by dosage, water volume, age of wood and time of application. Some nematodes migrated to new tunnels resulting in an increase in parasitization with time. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the treated bushes. The cost of nematode application may be comparable to that of insecticides without any of the associated problems.

Natural mortality of currant clearwing,Synanthedon salmachus(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in New Zealand

Abstract In a wide-ranging survey of 11 blackcurrant blocks, mortality of currant clearwing, Synanthedon salmachus (L.), was found to range from 1.3% to 9.7% for larvae and from 5.3% to 23.0% for pupae. At least 51% of the mortality was caused by the fungal pathogens Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces farinosus, and Verticillium lecanii. One unidentified predatory carabid larvae was collected, and two parasites—Xanthocryptus novozealandicus and Diadegma sp.—were reared from clearwing larvae.

Disinfesting Blackcurrant Cuttings of Synanthedon tipuliformis1 , Using the Insect Parasitic Nematode, Neoaplectana bibionis2

Neoaplectana bibionis Bovien was found to be considerably more effective for disinfesting blackcurrant cuttings of Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) larvae than were two other insectparasitic rhabditid nematodes, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Kahn et al.). This species of nematode caused 99.4 and 99.8% mortality of currant borer larvae in two commercial consignments of canes destined to establish some 12 ha of borer-free plantation. Spraying bundles of cuttings, stacked as a wall, with 30,000 N. bibionis infective juveniles per ml was found to be a feasible method for economically dis infesting blackcurrant cuttings on a commercial scale. No phytotoxic effects were observed following any of the treatments.

Field observations on the effect of currant borer moth Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Aegeriidae) on the yield of blackcurrants produced in Tasmania

The relatively heavy population of larvae in the trial area reduced the yield of blackcurrants in years 4 and 5 by 25 and 33%, respectively. In part, these yield reductions were attributed to the invasion and death of fruiting buds by the larvae, plus loss of fruit on limbs that broke following their physical weakening by the larvae. However, the major part of the loss was not directly accounted for and it is suggested that it was the result of the removal of pith by the larvae. Fruit loss on limbs weakened by the larvae and subsequently broken by a mechanical harvester were minor.

Control of the currant clearwing

Control of the currant clearwing

Life tables of currant clearwing,Synanthedon tipuliformis(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in blackcurrant in Canterbury

Survivorship curves and life tables for the 1971-75 generations of currant clearwing in an unsprayed blackcurrant (cv. 'Cotswold Cross') plantation and for the 1972-74 generations in a sprayed blackcurrant plantation (cvs 'Cotswold Cross' and 'Magnus') are presented. The key element in the life cycle is identified as adult survival, and the density dependence of the various mortalities is identified by various indices. The possible effects on population levels of currant clearwing of the proposed pruning management for mechanically harvested blackcurrants is discussed.

The distribution and dispersion of life stages of currant clearwing,Synanthedon tipuliformis(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in blackcurrant

Abstract The distribution of life stages of currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), in blackcurrant bushes was investigated on two plots during 1971–75. Three ways of expressing the distribution are examined, none of which is totally acceptable. Generally less than 10% of eggs are found on the current season's growth, and since wood of this age group represents over 50% of the available universe, the proportion of eggs laid on it is relatively low. The proportion of the larval population in the younger wood increases until just before pupation, when over 80% of the population is in the most recent 2 years' growth. The 1-year-old wood harbours 50% of the early larval population, and a use for this information in assessments of the effectiveness of insecticide trials against adults is suggested. The dispersion of eggs and larvae of S. tipuliformis is shown by a number of indices to be aggregated. The frequency distribution is adequately described by the negative binomial. A common k, k c, of 0...

The biology and life history of currant clearwing,Synanthedon tipuliformis(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in Canterbury

Abstract Details of the life cycle and biology of currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), in Canterbury, New Zealand, are discussed. The adults live for about 7 days, and are found from mid November to early January. The sex ratio approximates 1:1. Adults are active only when the air temperature exceeds 15°c, and peak flight activity is observed on cloudy days at 20-23°c. Males are attracted to females between 1400 h and 1600 h, and mating lasts for over 2 h. Fecundity averaged about 100 eggs per female, and fertility exceeded 98%. Egg incubation required an average of 19 days in the field; the thermal constant is 91 day degrees. The mean number of eggs per blackcurrant cane varied in different years from 2.68 to 13.54; there was no significant difference between blackcurrant varieties in the same year. Larvae entered the cane through openings or axillary buds and then fed on the pith until late April or May. Quiescence occurred during winter, and feeding resumed in late August or September....

A sampling plan for population dynamics studies on currant clearwing,Synanthedon tipuliformis(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

Abstract Sampling techniques for eggs, larvae, and pupae of the currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), attacking blackcurrant were developed, and their precision was evaluated. Reliable population estimates for the egg and early larval stages (standard error < 10%) were obtained by sampling one cane with at least two age groups of wood from the north and south halves of seven bushes in nine blocks. Similar precision was obtained for post-winter larvae from samples comprising three canes from each half of the bushes, but using this sampling scheme a lower precision (S.E.≃25–30%) had to be accepted for overwintering mortality factors. The pupal population was estimated from the numbers of live larvae at the end of the post-winter feeding stage, and cross-checked from the number of emergence holes in the 1-year-old wood taken for egg sampling the following year. This procedure gave estimates of similar reliability to those for the egg and larval stages.

Incidence of currant borer moth, Synanthedon tipuliformis, in blackcurrants in Tasmania

The incidence of the currant borer moth, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), in blackcurrant plantations in southern Tasmania was assessed by a survey in 1973. On individual properties the mean larval density ranged from nil to 1.1 larvae m-1 of branch, but on most properties the larval density was considerably less than the overall mean of 0.21 larvae m-1. The survey suggested that the incidence of the moth was highest in a more inland district and in flat and north facing blocks; further, incidence increased with decreasing altitude.

Experiments on the Control of Currant Clearwing Moth (Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck)) on Gooseherries

SUMMARYSpraying trials against the currant clearwing moth (Synanthedon tipuliformis) on gooseberries during 1962–1964 showed that an application of 0·08 per cent azinphos‐methyl soon after harvest decreased the number of dying bushes and gave an increased yield of fruit. Further trials, using the same insecticide, in 1965–1966 showed that the larval population in the treated bushes was decreased by 50–67 per cent.

The currant clearwing moth (Aegeria tipuliformis (Clerck)) as a pest of black currants

SUMMARYThe bionomics of the currant clearwing moth in a heavily infested Lincolnshire black currant plantation were investigated from 1951 to 1960. 95% of overwintered larvae pupate in May; the remainder, chiefly in the older wood, carry over until the following season. The mean number of eggs laid per bush was ninety and the mean number of larvae surviving until winter was forty‐nine (59,000/acre). Pruning, parasitism and predation by tits reduced this to twenty by May, giving an overall loss of about 80% from egg to adult due to natural causes.Parathion, dipterex or gusathion, acting ovicidally, reduced surviving larvae by 80% compared with untreated controls, but a large‐scale experiment showed no crop increase in the year following successful treatment and the net economic effect of high larval infestation was negligible.