Curled-toe Paralysis Research Articles

Vitamin supplementation in the treatment of curled toe paralysis in 50 CHABRO chicks

AbstractChickens are much more susceptible to deficiency diseases, especially vitamin deficiencies, than other animals. Chicken being the monogastric animal, the gut flora of chicken does not synthesise any vitamins rather competes with the host for dietary vitamins. In this case report, some of the 50 Chabro chicks showed reduced feed intake, toe deformities, unable to walk properly, loose faeces and mortality. The chicks were reared under a backyard poultry farm. All the chicks were given commercial ration. On clinical examination, the chicks had curled toes, feed particles in the beak, soiled feathers and mucus in the eyes. The chicks were given Vitaplex Pro in drinking water for 15 days. The chicks were found fully recovered after 3 weeks of treatment. This case report revealed the possibility of rearing newly hatched chicks with immediate access to feed and water along with supplementation of multivitamins for optimum growth performance.

Penentuan Secara Imunopatologi Organ Target Virus Flu Burung Menggunakan Streptavidin Biotin (DETERMINATION OF TARGET ORGANS OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS USING IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STREPTAVIDIN-BIOTIN)

Avian influenza is a viral disease in poultry caused by avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 with varying clinical signs are often similar to the clinical signs of other viral infections, such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The mechanism of disease pathogenesis to express clinical signs tightly correlated to the determination of the target organ seen from AIV H5N1 antigens distribution in organs, such as respiratory tract, brain and gastrointestinal tract. Immunopathological immunohistochemistry streptavidin-biotin (IHC SB) is a method for sensitive and accurate in detecting antigens of AIV on the tissues. In the present study, it was determined whether in laying hens with clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis, and pathologic anatomic lesions in the form of petechial and foci necrotic hemorrhages tested with immunopathological IHC SB is positive AIV H5N1 infection. IHC SB study results showed that the AIV H5N1 antigen were found in tissues of the lung, brain, duodenum and proventriculus. Based on these results, we can conclude that the IHC SB is a method that is highly sensitive and accurate to detect H5N1 antigens and its distribution in the host.

Immunopathological Approach for Avian Influenza Virus Detection in Brain of Laying Bird with Clinical Signs of Torticollis and Curled Toe Paralysis

Infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) in laying birds field cases often lead to clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis. Clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis is similar to the clinical signs of Newcastle disease virus infection in poultry, making it difficult for the confirmation of diagnosis of infection with both viruses. Immunopathological immunohistochemistry streptavidin-biotin (IHC SB) is an antibody-based test to detect the presence of pathogens, especially AIV in poultry with the principle of antigen detection in tissue specimens. This research aims to detect AIV infection in laying birds field case with clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis. The samples (brains from 20 layer chicken) were taken from the cases of the disease in poultry in several commercial poultry farms. The chickens showed clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis, and oedema in the brain suspected of being infected AIV. After being necropsied, then the brains were tested IHC SB and observed with a digital microscope camera system and analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results showed that the avian influenza virus antigens was found in the parenchyma, neural and endothelial cells of brain blood vessels. Based on these results, we can conclude that Immunopathologic immunohistochemical staining of streptavidin-biotin can be applied for confirmation of the diagnosis of avian influenza virus (AIV) on the brain of commercial laying chickens showing torticollis and curled toe paralysis. Keywords : AIV; IHC SB; brain; torticollis; curled toe paralysis

Detection of Newcastle Disease Virus by Immunohistochemistry on the Brains of Laying Birds with Clinical Signs Torticollis and Curled Toe Paralysis

Poultry is one of animal protein sources that have been consumed much in Indonesia. Various of health disorders are caused by environmental changes, woof and infectious agents have caused decline in production and economic loss. One of diseases that have a big impact on poultry husbandry is Newcastle disease (ND). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important disease in Indonesia, because this has spread around Indonesia and caused a big loss for poultry industry moreover, this has high morbidity and mortality and very rapid spread of the virus. The purpose of the research is to find out and determine a fast, exact and accurate, and efficient and effective application immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotin (IHK SB) test on NDV diagnosis affirmation and for NDV fast detection as a cause of disease on commercial laying hens with clinical torticollis and curled toe paralysis symptoms. The samples used in the form of tissues from 20 commercial laying hens with an indication of clinical torticollis and curled toe paralysis symptoms. Brains would be tested using streptavidin biotin. Inspection result data obtained by immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotin (IHK SB) method is analyzed in a descriptive and qualitative way. The result of the research proves that IHK SB coloration, NDV antigen could be detected on brains. Based on the result of the research, it could be concluded that IHK SB could be applied for NDV diagnosis affirmation and it proves that commercial laying hens with clinical torticollis and curled toe paralysis symptoms. Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotin, torticollis, curled toe paralysis

Pendekatan Diagnosis Avian Influenza Virus dan Newcastle Disease Virus pada Kasus Lapangan Ayam Petelur: Imunopatologis Streptavidin Biotin

Poultry can be infected not only by one type of virus, but also by more than one type of virus. Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two important pathogens in poultry that can cause recurrent outbreaks and often lead to clinical symptoms and pathological lesions similar in poultry with high morbidity and mortality causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. This study aims to detect and differentiate pathogenic viruses in commercial laying chickens with similar clinical symptoms, especially torticolis and curled toe paralysis, and anatomic pathological lesions, such as foci necrotic hemorrhages in the digestive tract by applying streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical immunological test (IHC SB). Samples (chickens) were taken from the cases of the disease in poultry in several commercial poultry farms. The layer chickens in which showed clinical symptoms of torticolis and curled toe paralysis, and hemorrhagic lesions in the lungs and / or digestive system are suspected of having AIV and NDV infections. After being necropsied, then lungs and gastrointestinal tract were tested IHC SB. The IHC SB results were examined with a digital microscope camera system. The results of the present study indicated that AIV antigen was detected in the lungs, but not in the digestive tract, whereas, NDV was detected in the digestive tract, but not in the lungs. It was concluded, that the IHC SB can be applied for confirmation of the diagnosis of AIV and NDV and indicated, that the commercial laying chickens with clinical symptoms of torticolis and curled toe paralysis, as well as pathological hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract could be infected by both viruses.

Riboflavin Requirement of Chicks Fed Purified Amino Acid and Conventional Corn-Soybean Meal Diets

Three experiments were conducted to determine the riboflavin requirement for maximal growth of young chicks. Graded levels of crystalline riboflavin were added to either riboflavin-free, purified amino acid diets or corn-soybean meal diets. Chick growth responses were obtained upon adding riboflavin to both diets. Chicks fed the purified diet required 1.8 mg of riboflavin per kg of diet, but those fed the corn-soybean meal diet required 2.63 mg of riboflavin per kg of diet. Retarded growth and leg paralysis, rather man curled-toe paralysis, were the predominant signs of riboflavin deficiency. Calculations suggested that riboflavin bioavailability in the corn-soybean meal diet was 59.1%.

A New Description of Riboflavin Deficiency Syndrome in Chickens ,

Day-old male broiler chickens were fed for three weeks with diets containing graded levels of riboflavin (0, 0.22, 0.52, 0.88, and 4.53 mg. added per kg. of basal diet). Curled-toe paralysis which is considered indicative of riboflavin deficiency occurred in less than 10% of the birds at the zero levels of added riboflavin while the mortality was about 25%. Commonly, the birds at the lower levels were paralyzed but with their legs spraddled out and without their toes curled downward and inward. The most senstive indicator of riboflavin deficiency was growth rate which was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at 0.88 mg./kg., a level of added riboflavin which did not cause curled-toe paralysis or death. Another sensitive indicator was altered posture with the head, tail, and wings carried lower than normal. It appears that curled-toe paralysis is a minor aspect of riboflavin deficiency in the modern broiler chicken.

Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the metabolism of oxypurines in chicks.

Day-old broiler chicks of both sexes were used in three experiments to determine the effect of riboflavin deficiency on oxypurine metabolism catalyzed by xanthine dehydrogenase, a riboflavin-containing enzyme. Chicks fed a riboflavin-deficient diet (1.38 mg/kg) for 3 weeks exhibited depressed growth and a high incidence of curled-toe paralysis (higher than 80%) as compared to control chicks (15.1 mg riboflavin per kilogram diet; no incidence of curled-toe paralysis). In addition, the precursors of uric acid, hypoxanthine and/or xanthine, accumulated in the liver and kidney of deficient chicks showing curled-toe paralysis. These observations show that dietary riboflavin being incorporated into xanthine dehydrogenase is essential for oxypurine metabolism. Moreover in the chick, the liver and the kidney may be important sites of uric acid synthesis. The low uric acid concentration in the plasma of the deficient chicks appeared to be indicative of a disturbance in uric acid synthesis in the liver and kidney.

Interrelationships between riboflavin and dietary energy and protein utilization in growing chicks.

1. Reduced intake of energy or protein per se decreased riboflavin requirement of the chicks under restricted feeding regimens.2. In severe riboflavin deficiency (2·26 mg/kg diet), efficiency of utilization of both energy and protein was decreased significantly under ad lib. conditions of feeding.3. Efficiency of utilization of energy (but not protein) was decreased significantly in border-line riboflavin deficiency (3·02 mg/kg diet), when chicks were fed ad lib.4. Efficiency of protein utilization was decreased significantly in severe riboflavin deficiency when chicks received an energy-restricted diet supplying 80, 70 or 60 yo of the energy intake of the controls.5. Neither energy nor protein utilization was affected by riboflavin deficiency when both energy and protein were restricted to 70 yo of that consumed by chicks fed ad lib. However, the riboflavin deficiency produced characteristic deficiency symptoms, namely heterophilia, curled-toe paralysis, and reduction in concentration of liver riboflavin.

Studies on the Vitamin Requirements of Poultry: 8. Genetic Differences in the Requirements for Niacin and Riboflavin of Meat-Type and Egg-Type Chicks

BEFORE 1959, little informtion was available on the vitamin requirements of chicks reared in Japan. Therefore, the recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, U.S.A. (1954) had been used as a guide in the practical formulation of poultry feed. Yoshida et al. (1959) reported that the White Leghorn chicks in Japan required more of some B-vitamins than the NASNRC recommended levels and subsequently experiments on the vitamin requirements of White Leghorn chicks were carried out at this Laboratory (Yoshida and Morimoto, 1960, 1961; Yoshida et al., 1962a, b). When the geneticists of this Institute introduced White Plymouth Rock chicks of U.S. origin in 1960, some of the imported chicks suffered leg weakness. The birds were fed the stock diet of the Institute, fortified with B-vitamins according to the data obtained in the experiments mentioned above with White Leghorn chicks. Curled-toe paralysis and perosis were observed among the …

The riboflavin requirement of the White Wyandotte chick. II. Pure crystalline riboflavin as the vitamin supplement

1. An experiment on the riboflavin requirement of the White Wyandotte chick is described.2. The minimal requirement for optimal food consumption was found to be 3·0 μg. riboflavin/g. food; for optimal growth 3·0 to 3·5 μg./g. food and for the prevention of curled-toe paralysis 3·6 μg./g. food.3. At levels of riboflavin intake ranging from 1·7 to 6·2 μg./g. food the uric acid content of the blood plasma remained unchanged at approximately 6 mg./100 ml.

Effect of Riboflavin Intake on the Content of Egg Whites and Yolks from Individual Hens

THE importance of riboflavin, also called vitamin B2 or vitamin G, in poultry feed is quite generally recognized. Numerous studies have been made concerning the relationship of riboflavin to hatchability, chick growth, and the prevention of curled-toe paralysis. The effect of riboflavin intake on the content of eggs has not been studied extensively and particularly since improved methods of analyses have become available. Eggs are one of the good sources of riboflavin in the human diet and the relationship of the amount of riboflavin in poultry feeds to the content in eggs needs further study.Ellis, Miller, Titus, and Byerly (1933) noted that the riboflavin content of the diet influenced the content of the eggs, which was further observed by Heiman (1935). A more complete study to show this effect was made by Norris and Bauernfeind (1940) in which they used groups of hens fed different levels of riboflavin. Their .

The riboflavin requirement of the White Wyandotte chick

1. Literature relevant to the elucidation of the role of riboflavin in chick nutrition is briefly reviewed.2. A series of experiments on the quantitative requirement of White Wyandotte chicks for riboflavin is described.3. The riboflavin requirement of White Wyandotte chicks for optimum growth to 6 weeks of age is the same as that for optimum efficiency of food utilization over the same period (3·0 μg. riboflavin per g. food).4. The riboflavin content for the prevention of curled-toe paralysis is 3·6 μg. per g. food, and is slightly greater than the requirement for optimum growth and food utilization.5. The curve relating the riboflavin content of the diet to the riboflavin content of the chick's liver has a sigmoid form, and in general tends to lie asymptotically to values of about 26 μg. riboflavin per g. fresh liver when the intake is grossly deficient, and 39 μg. riboflavin per g. fresh liver when the intake is fully adequate.6. It is suggested that the riboflavin content of the liver may be a more satisfactory criterion of the minimum riboflavin requirement for full well-being than the amounts necessary to secure optimum growth and prevention of curled-toe paralysis.

Riboflavin Deficiency in Fowls

DEFICIENCY of riboflavin (vitamin B2) in chick rations leads to poor growth and may give rise to, 'curled toe paralysis'. Where skim milk is available, this trouble is unlikely to occur; but under war-time conditions rearers are forced to depend chiefly on mashes. Official regulations have ensured that all rearing mixtures contain adequate riboflavin; but owing to the fact that essential ingredients such as dried skim milk and dried yeast are in short supply, the possibility of using an alternative source of the vitamin has been investigated by the Chemical Division of the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland.

The Relation of Riboflavin to Growth and Curled-toe Paralysis in Chicks

LEPKOVSKY and Jukes in 1936 showed that riboflavin was essential in chick nutrition. Similar observations were noted by Bethke, Record, and Wilder (1937). The later investigators also reported that riboflavin was effective in preventing the curled-toe paralysis originally described by Norris, Heuser, and Wilgus (1930). Stokstad and Manning (1938) observed that large amounts of riboflavin completely prevented curled-toe paralysis whereas small additions to the basal ration permitted the condition to develop. These findings are in accord with the earlier report of Norris et al. (1936) that the addition of small quantities of vitamin G supplement to the basal ration often increased the incidence of curled-toe paralysis whereas larger amounts decreased it. This led Norris et al. (1936) to suggest that the curled-toe paralysis was due to a deficiency of some other factor rather than to a deficiency of the growth-promoting vitamin G. The problem was greatly clarified when Phillips and .

The Effect of Some Riboflavin Supplements on Chick Growth and Curled-Toe Paralysis

THE early recognition of the importance of milk products as riboflavin sources in poultry rations has led to numerous riboflavin assays of these products, based largely on chick growth. Heiman (1935) showed the riboflavin content of dried skimmilk and of dried whey to be in a ratio of 1:1.5. Norris et al. (1936) confirmed this result and established the riboflavin content of dried whey and dried skimmilk at 30 and 20 micrograms per gram, respectively. Heiman and Carver (1937), assaying samples of neutralized dried whey, dried skimmilk, and dried sweet-cream buttermilk, obtained from the same processing plant and prepared within one week in April, concluded that the whey contained between 10 and 20 percent more riboflavin than the dried skimmilk and that the dried sweet-cream buttermilk contained 90 to 100 percent more riboflavin than the dried skimmilk and 60 to 70 percent more than the neutralized dried whey. Jukes (1937) .

The Effect of Riboflavin on the Incidence of Curled Toe Paralysis in Chicks

The Effect of Riboflavin on the Incidence of Curled Toe Paralysis in Chicks